This is an appeal from a final judgment in favor of the corporation plaintiff, and from an order denying defendant’s motion for a new trial.

On the nineteenth day of November, 1887, the defendant and over sixty other persons entered into a written agreement with each other and one with the other to form a corporation under the name of the “San Joaquin Land and Water Company,” for the purpose of procuring water rights, purchasing and constructing dams, reservoirs, canals, aqueducts, etc.; and to conduct, supply, and sell water, for mining, farming, irrigation, and other purposes; to buy, sell, let, cultivate, and improve lands, etc., in certain named counties of the state of California. The capital stock of the corporation, it was provided, should be one million dollars, divided into ten thousand shares of one hundred dollars per share.

The parties to the agreement each agreed to take the number of shares set opposite his name thereunto subscribed, and to pay twenty per cent of the par value of the shares so subscribed, within five days after the articles of incorporation were filed in the office of the county clerk of the county of San Joaquin, payments to be made to F. M. West, at the Stockton Savings and Loan Society, at Stockton, California.

They further nominated and appointed L. U. Shippee, J. L. Beecher (the defendant and appellant herein), and George Gray, as their agents and the agents of the corporation to be formed, to negotiate for the purchase of any one or more water rights, canals, reservoirs, etc., for said corporation, and to pay for the same by drawing from West the money to be paid in by them under the contract, and further provided that all contracts of the *74 agents should be binding upon them and the corporation to be formed. The contract was signed- by all the parties thereto, the appellant included, and the number of shares subscribed by each affixed to his name, the aggregate of all the shares subscribed being in excess of three thousand, of which number the appellant herein subscribed for one hundred shares.

Questions growing but of and relating to the validity of this agreement have been twice before this court for adjudication, viz., in West v. Crawford, 80 Cal. 19 , and in San Joaquin Land and Water Co. v. West, 94 Cal. 399 . In each of these cases the body of the agreement above specified is set out at length, hence it is not deemed necessary to repeat it in full here.

On the seventeenth day of December, 1887, appellant and a majority of the persons who had signed said agreement, including persons who had subscribed for a majority of the shares of stock therein subscribed, met in the city of Stockton, county of San Joaquin, California, and organized for the purpose of forming a corporation in accordance with the agreement.

The appellant herein was selected, and acted as the presiding officer of said meeting. Nine of the persons who had signed the agreement of November 19th, including the appellant, were selected, voted for by the parties to the agreement, and elected directors of the corporation for the first year. A committee to prepare a set of by-laws was appointed, and an attorney chosen to prepare articles of incorporation.

A list of the subscribers to the capital stock was ordered to be placed in the hands of the president (appellant), until such time as the directors should be elected and qualified. Articles of incorporation of the “ San Joaquin Land and Water Company” (the plaintiff and respondent herein), were prepared with the name, capital stock, number of shares, and for the objects and purposes specified in the agreement aforesaid, and with the shares subscribed and names of subscribers as in said agreement, which articles of incorporation were signed *75 by the nine persons who had been selected as directors, who duly acknowledged the same (appellant included), on the nineteenth day of December, 1887, before a notary public, and thereafter, and on the twentieth day of December, 1887, said articles so executed were filed in the office of the county clerk of the county of San Joaquin, Stockton, in said county, being named as the principal place of business of said corporation.

A certified copy of the articles was duly filed in the office of the secretary of state for California, and on the twenty-first day of December, 1887, a certificate of incorporation of respondent was duly issued by said secretary of state under the seal of the state of California.

On December 23, 1887, the board of directors met at the office of appellant, and organized by electing appellant president to act until by-laws were adopted, and transacted corporate business, such as issuing a call for a meeting of stockholders for January 14,1888, to adopt by-laws, appointing a committee of three, including appellant, with full power to purchase water right, etc.

Appellant, as such president, gave notice, etc., of the meeting of stockholders as provided for by the directors, which meeting assembled January 14, 1888, pursuant to call. Appellant called the meeting to order, stated its object, and it appearing upon a call that stockholders representing two thousand two hundred shares of the subscribed capital stock were present, and that number being a majority of the capital stock subscribed, viz., a majority of three thousand three hundred and two shares. By-laws were thereupon adopted, a board of nine permanent directors elected, to which board power to purchase water rights was unanimously granted. On the same day the new board of directors organized by selecting L. U. Shippee as president, George Winter as secretary, and appellant as treasurer. Thereupon other corporate business was transacted.

Appellant acted for a time as treasurer of the corporation, and paid to it the twenty per cent on the one hun *76 dred shares of stock subscribed by him in the agreement of November 19, 1887.

Under the by-laws the board of directors held monthly meetings at the office of the corporation, in the city of Stockton, on the first Thursday of each month.

On the 7th of August, 1890, the corporation being largely in debt, levied an assessment of ten dollars per share upon the. subscribed capital stock of the company, payable September 20, 1890, etc., and provided for giving notice thereof as provided in sections 337-39 of the Civil Code. Notice was given of the levy of the assessment, in which notice it was stated that “an assessment of ten dollars per share was levied upon the capital stock of the corporation,” which notice, appellant contends, should have stated upon the subscribed capital stock.

On October 3, 1890, at a meeting of the board of directors, the assessment was declared delinquent, and a resolution adopted waiving proceedings for collecting such assessment by sale, etc., and electing to collect the assessment by action at law, etc., as provided in section 349 of the Civil Code, whereupon, after notice and demand, this action was brought, a trial had before the court without a jury, and, upon the written findings filed, judgment was entered in favor of plaintiff and against defendant for one thousand dollars and interest.

The first point made by appellant is that no action will lie against a stockholder of a corporation to recover assessments against members who subscribed for shares of stock when there is no express agreement to pay such assessment, and that plaintiff’s only remedy, if any, is the sale of the delinquent shares pursuant to statute.

In support of this proposition we are referred to Andover T. Co v. Gould, 4 Am. Dec. 80 ; New Bedford T. Co. v. Adams, 5 Am. Dec. 81 ; Atlantic Cotton Mills v. Abbott, 9 Cush. 423 ; In re South Mountain etc. Co., 8 Saw. 366 .

These cases, except the last cited, arose in Massachusetts, in which state there was no express statute au *77 thorizing an action to recover an assessment levied by a corporation, and in which state, contrary, as we think, to the great weight of authority, the courts hold that a mere subscription for shares in a corporation, without an express promise to pay therefor, or to pay assessments thereon, raises no implied promise to pay such assessments as may be levied by the corporation, and that the only remedy of the latter is by a sale of the delinquent shares under the statute.

In New York it is held that an agreement to take a certain number of shares of the capital stock of a corporation thereafter to be formed creates, if not an express, certainly an implied, promise to pay for the shares, and this implied promise will sustain an action by the company, on its complete incorporation, against the stockholders to recover calls duly made upon the stock. The interest acquired- by the subscriber upon the incorporation of the company is held a good consideration to support the implied promise to pay for such stock, and raises a sufficient mutuality of contract between him and the company to render the contract a binding one on him. (Buffalo etc. R. R. Co. v. Dudley, 14 N. Y. 336 ; Thompson on Stockholders, sec. 105; Lake Ontario etc. R. R. Co. v. Mason, 16 N. Y. 451 .)

The right of action in such cases is held cumulative to the right of the corporation to forfeit the shares of stock for nonpayment of calls under the statute. It is not deemed necessary to quote the decisions at length npon this point.

That they are not uniform is very apparent, and it may well be concluded that to settle this disputed question was one of the objects of adopting section 349 of our Civil Code, which is as follows:

It will be perceived the Civil Code provides two methods for the enforcement of the liabilities of stockholders to dhe corporation by reason of assessments levied upon the capital stock.

One by a sale of the stock, in pursuance of the plan devised in the statute; the other by an action of law, at the option of the board of directors. The latter method would seem equally valid, and may in many cases be much more efficacious than the former.

In In re South Mountain Consolidated Mining Co., 8 Saw. 366 , which was the case of a mining corporation, Sawyer, circuit judge, distinguished'mining corporations from the ordinary corporations, and held them to be in many particulars sui generis and denied an application of an assignee in bankruptcy of such a corporation for an order requiring the levy of an assessment on the stockholders for the payment of corporate debts, to be enforced by actions in personam, against delinquent shareholders.

That the doctrine of this case, if it can be upheld, is to be confined strictly to the class of corporations to which it applied is abundantly established by the later decisions of this court. (Harmon v. Page, 62 Cal. 459, 460 ; Baines v. Babcock, 95 Cal. 583 .) Sawyer, J., did not, however, hold that'an action could not be maintained to recover from a stockholder an assessment. In referring to that question he says:

Actions have been repeatedly brought and maintained without question under this section, and no good reason *79 is apparent why it should not he done as against the stockholder in a corporation organized like the present under the general law of the state. (Santa Cruz R. R. Co. v. Spreckels, 65 Cal. 193 ; California Southern Hotel Co. v. Callender, 94 Cal. 120 .)

The agreement of November 19th to form the corporation plaintiff herein, and to take the number of shares specified was, as to incorporating, executory, but when the promoters met and organized the corporation, under the name, for the objects, with the capital stock, the number of shares, etc., as specified in the agreement, and named the parties to said agreement with the shares subscribed by each, in the articles of incorporation, as subscribers to the capital stock to the extent of the shares agreed to be by them respectively taken, it was an acceptance by the corporation of such parties as stockholders, and they became thereby and thenceforth bound as such. (Lake Ontario R. R. Co. v. Mason, 16 N. Y. 452 ; Red Wing Hotel Co. v. Fredericks, 26 Minn. 112 .)

It was not necessary to the validity of the corporation, or to the subscribers becoming stockholders, that they should all sign the articles of incorporation. Those who sign articles of incorporation act as the agents of the others. (Monterey etc. R. R. v. Hildreth, 53 Cal. 129 ; Poughkeepsie & Salt Point P. R. Co. v. Griffin, 21 Barb. 454 .) In another action growing out of this agreement ( 94 Cal. 399 ) and in Marysville Electric Light Co. v. Johnson, 93 Cal. 538 , this court held that these preliminary agreements inured to the benefit of the corporations thereafter formed, as contemplated by the agreements.

To constitute the subscribers stockholders it was not necessary that the certificates of stock should have issued to them. (Civ. Code, sec. 323; California Southern Hotel Co. v. Callender, 94 Cal. 120 ; Mitchell v. Beck-man, 64 Cal. 117 .)

There are four separate appeals submitted here by as many defendants, depending upon the same general *80 principles, but differing somewhat in the evidence establishing the facts as to their becoming stockholders, and the foregoing remarks are indulged in part as applicable to all of the appellants. So far as this appellant is concerned, he signed the articles of incorporation, acted as an officer of the company, and in various ways attested his position as a stockholder in the company.

In view of the reasoning in Marysville Electric Light Co. v. Johnson, 93 Cal. 538 , in California Southern Hotel Co. v. Callender, 94 Cal. 120 , in Baines v. Babcock, 95 Cal. 581 , and in the two appeals heretofore prosecuted in matters growing out of the same agreement involved here, all recent cases, it is not deemed necessary to' extend the reasoning upon the point that the agreement of November 19th was valid and binding upon the subscribers, and sufficient, upon the organization of the corporation and acceptance by it of their subscriptions, to constitute them stockholders in the corporation which they had agreed to form, and in which they had bound themselves to become such stockholders.

The objection that the directors of the corporation were not elected by ballot, as required by law, and hence had no power to levy the assessment in question, is untenable.

1. The minutes of the secretary show that the directors were elected by ballot. (Trans., fol. 299.)

2. If not properly they were at least nominally elected, organized as a board of directors, and acted as such, and being de facto officers, their acts as such are valid.

It is further objected that the assessment in question, of ten dollars per share, was levied on the subscribed capital stock of three thousand three hundred and two shares, while the notice to the stockholders informed them that the board of directors had levied an assessment of ten dollars per share on the capital stock instead of upon the subscribed capital stock.

By section 331 of the Civil Code the directors were authorized, after one-fourth of its capital stock had been *81 subscribed, to levy and collect assessments upon the subscribed capital stock “in the manner and form and to the extent provided herein.”

The three thousand three hundred and two shares of stock subscribed was in excess of one-fourth of ten thousand shares, into which the capital stock was divided, and the shares so divided became the basis for the assessment, the capital stock upon which the assessment was to be levied.

The notice required to be given to stockholders of calls must be such as the charter requires, or what, with us, is the same thing, such as the statute prescribes, and in the absence of an express provision in the charter or articles of association, or the law under which they are formed, it is said no notice is requisite. (Morawetz on Corporations, sec. 147.)

Our Civil Code, section 335, prescribes the form of a notice to be given to stockholders of the levy of an assessment, which form was followed in the present case.

In describing the assessment it describes it as being “ levied upon the capital stock of the corporation” instead of upon the subscribed capital stock.

The legislature had authority to designate the form of notice to be given, and having done so, and the secretary having given the notice thus provided, it was sufficient.

The other matters discussed in the brief of appellant are not material to the result.

The judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed.

Vanclief, 0., and Haynes, 0., concurred.

For the reasons given in. the foregoing opinion the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.

Garoutte, J., Harrison, J., Paterson, J.