Action of the nature of the common-law action of trover to recover damages for an alleged wrongful taking and conversion of personal property.

At the time of the alleged taking the defendant was sheriff of Mendocino county, and in his answer alleges that he was justified in taking the property by virtue of an execution issued to him on a judgment against Montgomery Howe (plaintiff’s father) in favor of Phoebe Blair, and denies that plaintiff was the owner of the property so taken, or entitled to the possession thereof.

The cause was tried by the court, whose judgment was in favor of plaintiff for the sum of fifteen hundred and twelve dollars, with interest and costs. Defendant appeals from the judgment and from an order denying his motion for a new trial.

The plaintiff claimed title to the property by an alleged sale thereof from her father, Montgomery Howe.

Appellant makes the point that the sale was fraudulent and void as against the creditors of Montgomery Howe, because not accompanied by an immediate delivery and followed by an actual and continued change of possession of the property, and that the finding to the contrary by the court is not justified by the evidence.

The property in question consists of one-third undivided part of certain farming utensils, farm produce, and livestock, situate at the time of the alleged sale to plaintiff on a farm in Mendocino county, known as the “ Clay ranch.” On March 14, 1893, the ranch and all said personal property thereon was owned in equal parts by Montgomery Howe, Samuel Howe, and Mrs. Given. On that day Montgomery Howe and Samuel Howe (brothers) conveyed by deed all their interests in the ranch, and verbally sold all their interests in said personal property to the plaintiff. At the time of sale the plaintiff was at her father’s residence in Oakland where *71 she also resided, and the business of the sale on her part was transacted on the Clay ranch by her agent, Frank Teichman, whom she was then engaged to marry. Teichman did not receive possession of either the ranch or the personal property at the time of the sale, though the Howe brothers were then in actual possession of both, and were working on the ranch and using the personal property. Immediately after the execution of the deed for the land Teichman recorded it in Mendocino county, and returned to Oakland, whence he had been sent by plaintiff, and there delivered the deed to her. The only consideration for the deed for the land and the sale of the personal property was the personal services of plaintiff in keeping house for her father, as to which she testified as follows:

“ I made the contract with my father for wages when I was thirteen. The woman he had working left, and I told him I would do the work if he would pay me. During the first year he paid me sometimes three dollars, sometimes four dollars, not the full amount. I kept no memorandum of it; could not tell how much he paid me. He bought my clothes and boarded me. I was to receive five dollars a month for a time. Occasionally he gave me as much as five dollars per month. This continued until I was eighteen. When I was eighteen I was to get more. No sum was stipulated, but a different contract was made. My father said: ‘ When I am able I will pay you.’ At the time the ranch and personal property were conveyed to me the value fixed was a little over five thousand dollars—about five thousand five hundred dollars. There was an agreement made to pay me so much a year for the time that I had worked—one thousand dollars a year. The ranch was valued at five thousand five hundred dollars. My uncle had been on the ranch in charge of the personal property since February, 1891, and my father since July, 1891, but father was there only a portion of the time. I was in Oakland when the deed was made. My father *72 and uncle were both up on the ranch in charge of the property.”

She testified further that: “ Besides the deed to the ranch and personal property my father gave me a note for seven thousand five hundred dollars. That made thirteen thousand dollars—a note for seven thousand five hundred dollars and five thousand five hundred dollars’ worth of property. That was the way I accepted it at the time.” And also testified as follows: “ It was in the agreement when I took the ranch and personal property from my father and uncle that they should stay and help me out for a time. I did not understand farming. They agreed to stay on the place and help me out. That was the contract. My uncle, Samuel Howe, was to receive fifty dollars per month, and my father was to receive fifty dollars per month. They continued to work on the place, and I afterward paid them their wages. They were both busily engaged on the ranch, and it was a part of the agreement with them that they should have such employment. Under this agreement I purchased a two-thirds’ interest in this personal property and in the ranch. Mrs. Given owned the other undivided one-third interest.”

Between the day of the sale (March 14th) and April 1st, that is from ten to seventeen days after the sale, plaintiff again sent Mr. Teichman to the ranch as her agent with written instruction to take possession for her of the personal property and the ranch, which he assumed to do by remaining on the ranch directing the work and doing a part of it until about June 1st, when he went to Oakland and brought plaintiff to the ranch; and thereafter, until the personal property was levied upon by the sheriff, he and plaintiff formally directed the work, kept the books, employed and paid the help, bought supplies and sold whatever of the property that was sold. But during all that time the Howe brothers lived and worked on the ranch the same as before Teichman took possession. As to this Samuel Howe testified: “After Mr. Teichman came there my brother and I *73 worked on the ranch just the same as we did before, except that after Mr. Teichman came up we had a boss; previous to that I was boss. After that I was the servant. . . . . Sometimes my views were asked about running the place, but I had no authority.” The testimony of plaintiff and Samuel Howe was fully corroborated by Montgomery Howe, but none of them could remember any definite agreement between the father and daughter as to what wages he was to pay her for her services, or how much he had paid her 'before the sale in question. No accounts were ever kept between them. He testified: “ My wife died in 1876. Some time after my wife died my housekeeper talked of going away. The plaintiff and my eldest daughter came into the office and they said they would do the work, and it should not cost any more than it did to hire housekeepers. I told them all right.....They were to receive pay, but how much we agreed to pay them I do not remember now. I suppose we intended to pay them what it was reasonably worth. They did the work ever since that time. My oldest daughter is now dead; she has been dead some six or seven years. After plaintiff became of age I had a conversation with her. I do not remember how much I was to pay. I do not remember that we set any definite price. ' I cannot tell how long after she became eighteen years of age that her employment continued.....I think the services were reasonably worth from fifty to one hundred dollars per month. . . . . When my wife died plaintiff was eight or nine years old. My family consisted of three daughters and one son and a housekeeper. The plaintiff went to school until she was eighteen and I wished her to go to school longer. I furnished her with clothes and sent her to school, and she kept house and worked there. Q. You say no particular arrangement was made? A. I do not recollect any set sum. Q,. You do not recollect any particular time that you made any express bargains? A. They came to the office and told me what they would do; they would talk to me. I would agree to it. Q,. *74 Did you pretend to keep any account of the money you gave them? A. Ho, sir. I think sometimes they told me for so long a time they had had so much money. Q. Did you make any different arrangements with this daughter to what you had with your older daughter? A. My recollection is that she came in and talked with me sometimes, but I do not recollect what it was. I was not very particular.” .

The plaintiff testified that both her father and uncle agreed to pay her for housekeeping, though it does not appear that her uncle was a member of the family. But there is no evidence that her uncle so agreed until about the time of the sale in March, 1893. As to this he testified as follows:

It thus appears by her uncle’s estimate that plaintiff was allowed, in addition to her personal expenses, board, and schooling, one thousand dollars a year from the time she was about twelve years of age; for she testified at the trial that she was then (February 15,1894, eleven months after the sale), only twenty-six years of age. But she estimated the value of her services at only thirty dollars per month after she was eighteen years of age, and at only five dollars a month before.

It clearly appears from the evidence that the alleged sale was not accompanied by an immediate delivery of the property, as required by section 3440 of the Civil Code. On this point there is no conflict of evidence. The plaintiff, her father, her uncle, and Mr. Teichman, all testified that the sale of the personal property was made on March 14, 1893, at the same time the deed of the ranch was executed, and that the Howe brothers were then in actual possession of both the real and personal property; and also that there was no attempt to deliver to plaintiff the personal property until about two weeks after the sale. It follows that the sale is conclusively presumed to be fraudulent and void against Phoebe Blair, who is admitted to have been a creditor of Montgomery Howe at the time of the sale; and consequently, the finding that plaintiff was the owner of the property by virtue of that sale is not justi *76 fied by the evidence. (Cahoon v. Marshall, 25 Cal. 201 ; Bell v. McClellan, 67 Cal. 283 ; Newell v. Desmond, 63 Cal. 243 ; Bunting v. Saltz, 84 Cal. 168 ; Etchepare v. Aguirre, 91 Cal. 288 ; 25 Am. St. Rep. 180 ; Murphy v. Mulgrew, 102 Cal. 547 ; 41 Am. St.Rep. 200.)

The only attempted answer by respondent’s counsel to this view of the case is, that at the time of the sale Mrs. Given was a tenant in common of one-third of the property; that, upon the sale of the other two-thirds to plaintiff, Mrs. Given’s possession became plaintiff’s possession by construction of law, and that such .constructive possession of plaintiff satisfied the requirement of immediate delivery. As authority for this counsel cites Freeman on Cotenancy, section 167, which cites and seems to rest upon Brown v. Graham, 24 Ill. 630 , alone. But the Illinois ease is not in point. The decision in that case is fully expressed in the syllabus as follows: “ The possession of one of several tenants in common of personal property which is incapable of division is constructive possession of all. And when a tenant in common, not in possession, sells his interest the possession of another tenant in common becomes the constructive possession of the purchaser.”

And this was held in that case to satisfy the statute of frauds.

Conceding, for all purposes of this appeal, that a constructive possession thus acquired would satisfy section 3440 of our Civil Code, which, in view of the decisions of this court in Newell v. Desmond, supra, and Bunting v. Saltz, supra, seems extremely doubtful, still the Illinois case is not applicable, for the reason that the Howe brothers were in actual possession at the time they sold to plaintiff, and there is no evidence that Mrs. Given was ever in actual possession. (Brown v. O’Neal, 95 Cal. 262 ; 29 Am. St. Rep. 111 .)

The evidence shows that a portion of the property in question was produce of the ranch during 1893, after the sale, and, therefore, not the identical property sold, *77 the value of which is shown to be $627.63; and it is claimed that respondent is entitled to recover this sum, even though the sale of the personal property should be held void.

If the conveyance of the ranch was not void against creditors on the ground of actual fraud, I think this point well taken. While the evidence tends to prove that the conveyance of the ranch was actually fraudulent, as having been made to delay or defeat creditors of the vendors, it cannot be held that there was not such a conflict of evidence on this issue as to justify the finding of the court.

Should it be found on a new trial, however, that the conveyance of land was intended by the vendors to defraud their creditors, and that plaintiff did not purchase in good faith for a valuable consideration, and without notice of the intended fraud, then such conveyance should be held void as against all persons who were creditors of the vendors at the date of the conveyance; and, in that case, the produce of the land during 1893, under the circumstances of this case, should be held subject to the execution by virtue of which the defendant took it.

The answer contains no allegation of fraud, actual or constructive; nor was such allegation necessary; for since there was no indication in the complaint that plaintiff claimed title by sale from her father and uncle, the defendant was not bound to anticipate that she would do so. (Grum v. Barney, 55 Cal. 254 .) But now that defendant has notice of the nature of plaintiff's alleged title it may be questionable whether he should expressly plead the fraud on which he relies for his defense before the new trial.

I think the judgment and order should be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial, with leave to defendant to amend his answer if so advised.

Haynes, C., and Belcher, C., concurred.

*78 For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order are reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial, with leave to defendant to amend his answer if so advised.

McFarland, J., Temple, J., Henshaw, J.