Appeal from the judgment given in favor of plaintiff upon the pleadings.

Plaintiff, the widow of Henry Hoeft, sued defendant, a benefit association, to recover two thousand dollars upon a certificate issued in her name, at request of the insured member, Henry Hoeft. The defendant supreme lodge for answer paid the monej'- into court, and asked that the children of Henry Hoeft be allowed to appear and contest. This was permitted, and the children— defendants and appellants herein—interposed a general demurrer to plaintiff’s complaint, and thereafter filed an answer and cross-complaint. The court, upon motion, gave plaintiff judgment upon the pleadings, and this appeal followed.

1. The objection that the court had no power to pass judgment until it disposed of the demurrer is sound as a proposition of law, but untenable under this record. It does not appear that the demurrer was not disposed of, and, as error will not be presumed, it will be assumed that it was. Moreover, the demurrer was without merit. (Loftus v. Fischer, 106 Cal. 616 .)

2. It is contended that the answer, by its denials, joined issue with plaintiff upon certain of her allegations, and that the issues were material, and required evidence for their determination. The denial that the certificate was issued to plaintiff in accordance with the regulations of the order is disposed of by the admission of the order that the certificate was actually issued, and by its payment into court of the money due thereunder. The regulations of the order are for its own protection, not for the protection of the beneficiaries, and the order has power to waive a strict compliance with them. It is not denied that the certificate to plaintiff was in fact issued. (McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 104 Cal. 171 ; 43 Am. *95 St. Rep. 83 ; Adams v. Grand Lodge, 105 Cal. 321 ; 45 Am. St. Rep. 45 ; Martin v. Slubbings, 126 Ill. 387 ; 9 Am. St. Rep. 620 ; Thomas v. Thomas, 131 N. Y. 205 ; 27 Am. St. Rep. 582 .) The principle enunciated disposes of all of the denials of the defendants which are similar, e. g., that the insured did not sign in the blank space left for his signature, and did not comply with all the requirements and regulations of the order in procuring the issuance of the certificate of plaintiff.

3. The principal question presented is raised by the new matter pleaded by defendants in their cross-complaint. They set forth that plaintiff is their stepmother. Originally their father—the insured—procured a certificate to be issued in the name of their mother, his then wife. Upon her death a certificate was issued in their favor. In the course of time he married plaintiff, and thereafter surrendered the certificate in favor of them, and caused the certificate, under which plaintiff claims, to be issued to her. The last change, it is averred, was accomplished through the fraudulent representations, undue influence, coercion, and duress practiced and exercised upon their father by his wife, this plaintiff. The specific averments to support this charge are'to the last degree meager and inconclusive, but passing that, under an assumption of their sufficiency we come to consider whether a cause of action is stated. If so, the judgment must be reversed; if not, it was properly given.

Defendants do not plead any contract with their deceased father, or any special equities which would deprive him of the right to make a change, huf stand' upon the ground that they may contest Jafhause the change was procured by fraud. But if j*Tas a fraud, did they have a right to complain? ü®[rly they had not unless either by contract or inj^f they had some vested interest or right in the cert^Kte which had formerly been taken out in theii^Bfar. They claim no such vested interest by conh^R. If it exists at all, then, it exists by operation^Kkw. But such rights are *96 either constitutional or statutory, and we are referred to no law which secures to them a right of action for such a cause. If they had a vested right in the certificate as such, then the insured himself of his own volition, and without the fraudulent contrivance of a third person, could not substitute a new beneficiary. But this is not, and cannot be claimed, for the contract is between the order and the insured. The beneficiary’s interest is the mere 'expectancy of an uncompleted gift which is revocable at the will of the insured, and which does not and cannot become vested as a right until fixed by his death. If it is said that a devisee under a will has, during the life of the testator, a like naked expectancy, it may be freely conceded that it is so; but to the heirs and devisees is confirmed a right of action for fraud, etc., by the provisions of the code. Otherwise they, too, would come within the scope of the general principle that a right of action for fraud is personal and untransferable. One cannot be defrauded of that in which he has no vested right. A vested right is property which the law protects, while a mere expectancy is not property, and therefore is not protected.

These views will be found supported without conflict by a multitude of authorities from which may be cited: Niblaek on Benefit Societies, 2d ed., sec. 234 a; Brown v. Grand Lodge, 80 Iowa, 287 ; 20 Am. St. Rep. 420 ; Schillinger v. Boes, 85 Ky. 357 ; Robinson v. United States etc. Assn., 68 Fed. Rep. 825; Supreme Conclave v. Cappella, 41 Fed. Rep. 1; Lamont v. Grand Lodge, 31 Fed. Rep. 177; Knights of Honor v. Watson, 64 N. H. 517; Appeal Beatty, 122 Pa. St. 428; Martin v. Stubbings, supra. IflÉMir own state the cases of Swift v. San Francisco etc. Board 67 Cal. 567 , Order etc. v. Griest, 76 Cal. 494 , Bowman v. Moore, 87 Cal. 306 , and McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, supra, Recognize the same general principles.

Jory v. Supreme Council, 105 Cal. 30 , 45 Am. St. Rep. 17 , and the cases ia^Iying a like consideration differ radically from the cas^^^>ar. There is no conflict in the decisions nor confu^^L in the principles. In the *97 Jory case the insured endeavored to change the beneficiary, and did everything possible to that end except to surrender the outstanding certificate. This he was prevented from doing by the fraud and contrivance of the beneficiary named therein, who refused to part with it. As between the two claimants .to the fund, namely, the holder of the earlier certificate which the insured had in effect canceled, and the beneficiary last named, equity, not demanding impossibilities, and not permitting one to take advantage of his own wrong, decreed that the latter had the better right. In other words, it gave complete effect to the acts of the insured. In this case appellants ask to have the acts of the insured nullified—an essentially different demand.

The judgment appealed from is affirmed.

Temple, J., and McFarland, J., concurred.