This action was brought June 16, 1894, by H. A. Ford and Edwin Clark to recover damages from J. J. Bushard and Joseph Mesmer for the violation of a written contract entered into by said defendants with the plaintiffs on September 11, 1890, for the sale and delivery by defendants to plaintiffs of say two thousand budded orange trees; five hundred thereof to be of the variety named Mediterranean Sweets and the remainder Washington Navels.

Plaintiffs claimed that, excepting a small number, the trees delivered were not of the varieties named in the contract.

Defendants answered separately, raising issues of fact, and defendant Mesmer denied the execution of the contract.

Thereafter and before the trial of the cause, upon the application of Carrie E. Ford, she was substituted as a party plaintiff in the cause in the place and stead of H. A. Ford, who it was shown had departed this life since the commencement of the action, and had before his death assigned all his right and interest in the contract to said Carrie E. Ford. The order of the court also granted her leave to file a supplemental complaint, which she did, setting out the death and assignment as aforesaid. Defendants answered the supplemental complaint, specifically denying the death of H. A. Ford, and the assignment by him to Carrie E. Ford.

The cause was tried before a jury, and a verdict ren. *276 dered in favor of plaintiffs for two thousand dollars. At the trial no evidence was offered to show the assignment by H. A. Ford to Carrie E. Ford.

The failure of evidence was assigned by defendants as one of the causes for a new trial. The motion for such new trial was denied, and defendants appeal from the judgment and from the order denying their motion for a new trial. Defendants claim that the order of substitution of Carrie E. Ford was made ex parte.

There is no showing in the record on the subject. If the order was made without notice, the answer of the defendants to the supplemental complaint without objection was a waiver of the error. (Smith v. Curtis, 7 Cal. 584 .) Were it otherwise, we are, in the absence of any showing on the subject, to presume in favor of the regularity of the proceedings that notice was given.

The point is this: Plaintiff, Carrie E. Ford, having been substituted as plaintiff, not as the personal representative of H. A. Ford, but as his assignee, and having set up an assignment of the contract to her, which assignment was- denied by the defendants, was it necessary for her to proye such assignment in order to a recovery against defendants? We think this question must be answered in the affirmative.

In Taylor v. Western Pac. Ry. Co., 45 Cal. 324 , it was held that the substitution of an executor or administrator could be made on ex parte motion.

In Campbell v. West, 93 Cal. 653 , it was said: “The other provisions of this section (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 385), relating to substitution in case of any other transfer of interest, when set in motion by a plaintiff, or the person to whom the transfer is made, or by the defendant, if for any reason he desires to avail himself of such transfer for any purpose, must be made by a supplemental complaint or answer.”

In case of an assignment the supplemental complaint should set out such assignment, -which is an issuable fact, and, if denied, its proof in such a case, as in all cases of assignment, is vital to a recovery. (Murdock v. *277 Brooks, 38 Cal. 596 ; Read v. Buffum, 79 Cal. 77 ; 12 Am. St. Rep. 131 ; Bowman v. Keleman, 65 N. Y. 598 .)

In case of an alleged assignment of the cause of action, the assignee is entitled to be substituted upon a showing of probable cause, but the defendant is not thereby precluded from denying such assignment, and if he does so the fact must be determined by the preponderance of evidence, as in the case of other issues.

Suppose, for instance, that in a case like the present, the motion for substitution is based, as is often the case, upon a supplemental complaint duly verified and setting out the issuable facts. Would it be contended that a defendant was thereby debarred from denying the facts alleged therein, or that, in case of such denial, the plaintiff was absolved from proving them? Manifestly, as we think, he would not.

Were it otherwise, a defendant would be liable to pay a demand a second time should it turn out and be shown by a preponderance of evidence that no assignment had in fact been made.

The issues in a case are not to be tried upon affidavit, but by such evidence as the law recognizes in open court.

A defendant may, for the purposes of an injunction or other ancillary process, admit all the allegations of a complaint to be true, but such admission would not serve as evidence in a trial upon the merits in the face of an answer denying such allegations.

For the total failure of testimony showing an assignment, the judgment and order should be reversed, and we so recommend.

Haynes, C., and Belcher, C., concurred.

For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order are reversed.

McFarland, J., Henshaw, J., Temple, J.

Hearing in Bank denied.