This case focuses on an apparent conflict between two legal principles: First, the well-established “first to file rule,” which allows a district court to transfer, stay, or dismiss an action when a similar complaint has already been filed in another federal court; second, the statutory right to appeal enjoyed by a party “dissatisfied” with a “decision” of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”).

Invoking the former principle, the district court dismissed a challenge to a Board decision filed by appellant Alltrade, Inc. (“Alltrade”), on the ground that it duplicated a prior suit. Claiming that the dismissal deprived it of its statutory right to appeal, Alltrade seeks review of the district court’s holding in the name of the latter. We hereby affirm the decision not to hear appellant’s complaint at this time. However, we also hold that, in order better to reconcile these twin principles, the district court should have stayed, rather than dismissed, the second-filed suit.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

On December 31, 1986, appellee Uniweld Products, Inc. (“Uniweld”), filed a petition pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1064 seeking cancellation by the Board of three federal trademark registrations owned by appellant Alltrade. In support of its petition, Uniweld alleged prior use of the mark “ALL-TRADES” and argued that continued use by appellant would be likely to cause confusion. In addition, Uniweld claimed that Alltrade had not complied with a number of statutory registration requirements, that the inferior quality of appellant’s goods damaged its reputation, and that Alltrade had committed fraud by using the registration symbol for goods not set forth in the registration.

The Board rendered its decision on December 12, 1989. In ruling for Uniweld, it held as follows:

En route to this conclusion, however, the Board rejected as bases for cancellation Uniweld’s contention that “actual confusion” had occurred, that Alltrade’s goods were of inferior quality, and that Alltrade had failed to comply with statutory requirements. Because appellee did not have to establish either of the above allegations in order to prevail, the essence of the Board’s decision was unaffected by these findings.

Under 15 U.S.C. § 1071 (b)(1), the deadline for seeking review of the Board’s decision was sixty days from issuance, or February 12, 1990. See 37 C.F.R. § 2.145 (d) (1990). In January and early February of that year, Alltrade conducted settlement discussions with Uniweld, interspersed with statements indicating that it intended to appeal the Board’s decision in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. According to appellant, the suggestion was explicitly made on February 2, 1990.

On February 8, 1990, Uniweld filed an action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Florida action”) charging Alltrade with federal and state unfair competition (Counts I & III), common law trademark infringement (Count II), and violation of Florida’s anti-dilution laws (Count III). Moreover, Uniweld sought review of those aspects of the Board’s decision with which it disagreed (Count IV). A day later, and unaware of the Florida action, Alltrade filed the action at issue in this appeal in the United States District Court for the Central District of California (the “California action”), seeking review of the Board’s decision (Count I) and a declaratory judgment stating that it did not infringe Uniweld’s trademark (Count II).

Finding the issues in the California action “duplicative of issues in the Action already before the Southern District of Florida,” and mindful of the presence of an additional defendant in the Florida suit, the California district court applied the first-to-file rule and dismissed Alltrade’s action. Alltrade then filed this timely appeal.

II. First-To-File Rule

The first-to-file rule was developed to “serve[ ] the purpose of promoting efficiency well and should not be disregarded lightly.” Church of Scientology v. United States Dep’t of the Army, 611 F.2d 738 , 750 (9th Cir.1979); see also EEOC v. University of Pennsylvania, 850 F.2d 969, 971 (3d Cir.), cert. granted in part, 488 U.S. 992 , 109 S.Ct. 554 , 102 L.Ed.2d 581 (1988), order amended, 490 U.S. 1015 , 109 S.Ct. 1660 , 104 L.Ed.2d 173 (1989), aff'd on other grounds, 493 U.S. 182 , 110 S.Ct. 577 , 107 L.Ed.2d 571 (1990). It may be invoked “when a complaint involving the same parties and issues has already been filed in another district.” Pacesetter Systems, Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 95 (9th Cir.1982). We review a court’s decision to accept or decline jurisdiction based on the first-to-file rule for abuse of discretion. Id.

a.

In the present case, two prerequisites clearly have been met. The first is chronology, as Uniweld filed its suit prior to Alltrade; the second is the identity of the parties involved. Nevertheless, as appellant points out, there is some doubt regarding the similarity of the issues at stake. As the losing party in the proceeding before the Board, Alltrade contends that it alone had the right to bring an appeal. Therefore, it argues, the Florida district court lacks jurisdiction to hear that portion of Uniweld’s action purporting to appeal the Board’s decision. As a result, appellant claims, a basic requirement for applying the first-to-file rule—that the issues in the two suits be identical—is not met. Indeed, even if the Florida court were to agree to hear Uniweld’s appeal, Alltrade contends that to prevent it from bringing its own appeal in the forum of its choice would frustrate the purpose of section 1071.

The ambiguity begins with the language of section 1071, granting a right of appeal to parties “dissatisfied with the decision ” of the Board. 15 U.S.C. § 1071 (b)(1) (emphasis added). While “dissatisfaction” hints at a broad construction of the statute—insofar as both parties might have cause for discontent—“decision” considerably narrows the scope—for a decision generally supports one party or the other. Courts that have construed this and analogous provisions typically have held that a party benefiting from a ruling, yet disagreeing with specific findings, cannot appeal.

Thus, in Maremont Corp. v. Air Lift Co., 463 F.2d 1114 (C.C.P.A.1972), the court confronted an appeal by Air Lift, the prevailing party below. Calling it “pure sur-plusage,” and carefully adorning every reference to Air Lift’s “appeal” with quotation marks, the court strongly suggested that it was improper. Likewise, in Klemperer v. Price, 271 F.2d 743 (C.C.P.A.1959), the appellant sought review of some of the Board’s rulings that did not affect its favorable decision. The court dismissed the appeal, reasoning that “[i]t is evident that [appellant] is not dissatisfied with the decision of the board. ... His dissatisfaction is merely with holdings of the board on other points not necessary to that decision.” Id. at 744 . See also W.W. Windle Co. v. Commissioner, 550 F.2d 43, 45 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 966 , 97 S.Ct. 2923 , 53 L.Ed.2d 1062 (1977).

The principle has roots in the more general proposition that “[ojrdinarily, only a party aggrieved by a judgment or order of a district court may exercise the statutory right to appeal therefrom.” Deposit Guaranty Nat'l Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333 , 100 S.Ct. 1166, 1171 , 63 L.Ed.2d 427 (1980); see also Clapp v. Commissioner, 875 F.2d 1396, 1398 (9th Cir.1989).

However, there stands a somewhat contrary tradition pursuant to which even a “winning” party can appeal those aspects of a ruling with which it is dissatisfied. In Electrical Fittings Corp. v. Thomas & Betts Co., 307 U.S. 241 , 59 S.Ct. 860 , 83 L.Ed. 1263 (1939), respondents had sued petitioners for patent infringement. The district court, in ruling for petitioners, found that there had been no infringement. Although it could have stopped there, it went on to adjudge the patent valid — a finding that, at that point, was purely superfluous. On petitioners’ appeal of that portion of the decree, the Supreme Court held as follows:

307 U.S. at 242 , 59 S.Ct. at 860 . Interpreting this holding some 40 years later, the Court wrote: “In a sense, the petitioner in Electrical Fittings sought review of the District Court’s procedural error. The District Court ... was incorrect to adjudge the patent valid after ruling that there had been no infringement. By doing so, the District Court had decided a hypothetical controversy.” Roper, 445 U.S. at 335 n. 7, 100 S.Ct. at 1172 n. 7; see also Restatement (Second) of-Judgments § 27, cmt. h.

By the same token, in the present case the Board unnecessarily decided the questions of actual confusion, inferior quality, and registration fraud — as, indeed, it acknowledged in its order. See Opinion of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, E.R. at 8 (“Actual confusion ... is not required”); id. at 9 (“Even if [petitioner’s argument that respondent’s goods are of inferior quality and that petitioner is damaged thereby] ... had been proved, it would be irrelevant”).

As a result, were Uniweld’s appeal construed as an attack on the Board’s procedurally erroneous decision to reach certain issues, the Florida court might have jurisdiction to entertain it. See, e.g., Weight Watchers Int’l, Inc. v. I. Rokeach & Sons, Inc., 546 F.Supp. 841, 842 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (although the word “decision” in section 1071 “refers to the actual result of a proceeding, as opposed to rulings and findings noted in the opinion but not essential to the judgment reached,” the winning party below was allowed to appeal the Board’s action in-needlessly reaching an issue).

Ultimately, reconciliation of the two principles in the context of section 1071 lies in the hands of the Florida court, not its California counterpart. As we conclude below, the fact that the Florida court’s jurisdiction over Uniweld’s Board appeal is questionable weighs against dismissing the instant litigation. See infra; cf. Jefferson Ward Stores v. Doody Co., 560 F.Supp. 35, 36 (E.D.Pa.1983). But, until the Florida district court has ruled on All-trade’s motion to dismiss, it cannot be said with certainty whether Alltrade will be able to bring its own appeal of the Board decision as a counterclaim to Uniweld’s. At this stage, we cannot conclude that application of the first-to-file rule deprives All-trade of its statutory right to appeal for, if the Florida court decides not to dismiss Uniweld’s appeal,'Alltrade could assert its claims in that forum.

b.

Appellant further argues that, even assuming these requirements have been met, equitable concerns militate against application of the rule in this case. In particular, Alltrade alleges that Uniweld filed its action with knowledge and in anticipation of appellant’s own suit. As evidence of appellee’s bad faith, appellant points to the fact that Uniweld requested release of the original Board record to file it with the Florida district court. Alltrade points out that Uniweld then hastily brought portions of the confidential business documents into the public record in violation of the Board’s protective order. Alltrade asserts that these actions were undertaken in order to present the courts with a fait accompli, in the hope of fortifying Uniweld’s first-to-file claim.

In addition, Alltrade argues that California is a more convenient forum than Florida because, heavily present in the former state, its offices, employees, and business records are virtually absent from the latter. Insofar as Uniweld also has significant ties to California, appellant argues that, on balance, it would make sense to overlook the first-to-file rule in this case. As for the presence of an additional party in the Florida action, Alltrade dismisses it both as another one of Uniweld’s subterfuges and as essentially irrelevant in light of the insignificance of appellee’s claims against Foreign and American.

We recognize that “[w]ise judicial administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and comprehensive disposition of litigation, does not coun sel rigid mechanical solution of such problems.” Kerotest Mfg. Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equipment Co., 342 U.S. 180, 183 , 72 S.Ct. 219, 221 , 96 L.Ed. 200 (1952); see also Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95 ; Church of Scientology, 611 F.2d at 750; Codex Corp. v. Milgo Elect. Corp., 553 F.2d 735, 737 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 860 , 98 S.Ct. 185 , 54 L.Ed.2d 133 (1977). The circumstances under which an exception to the first-to-file rule typically will be made include bad faith, see Crosley Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 130 F.2d 474, 476 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 681 , 63 S.Ct. 202 , 87 L.Ed. 546 (1942); anticipatory suit, and forum shopping, see Mission Ins. Co. v. Puritan Fashions Corp., 706 F.2d 599 , 602 n. 3 (5th Cir.1983) (“Anticipatory suits are disfavored because they are aspects of forum-shopping”); Factors, Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 217, 219 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 908 , 99 S.Ct. 1215 , 59 L.Ed.2d 455 (1979); Mattel, Inc. v. Louis Marx & Co., 353 F.2d 421 , 424 n. 4 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 384 U.S. 948 , 86 S.Ct. 1475 , 16 L.Ed.2d 546 (1965).

However, notwithstanding the fact that Alltrade has raised serious questions concerning Uniweld’s conduct, it has summoned the wrong precedents and addressed itself to the wrong court. The most basic aspect of the first-to-file rule is that it is discretionary; “an ample degree of discretion, appropriate for disciplined and experienced judges, must be left to the lower courts.” Kerotest, 342 U.S. at 183-184 , 72 S.Ct. at 221 ; see also Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95 . The cases cited by appellant are cases in which exceptions to the rule have been allowed; they stand for the proposition that district court judges can, in the exercise of their discretion, dispense with the first-filed principle for reasons of equity.

But it is not an abuse of discretion, and therefore not reversible error, for a district court judge to weigh the facts and conclude that the rule should apply. The decision and the discretion belong to the district court.

As for the respective convenience of the two courts,

Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 96 (citing Kerotest, 342 U.S. at 185 , 72 S.Ct. at 222 ).

Accordingly, neither fairness considerations nor equitable concerns bar the application of the rule to the instant case.

III. Dismissal, Stay, or Transfer

In the alternative, appellant urges that we reverse the district court’s decision to dismiss, rather than stay or transfer, this case. Because Alltrade has filed a motion to dismiss the Board appeal in the Florida court and to transfer the infringement and anti-dilution claims to California, it believes a stay would be preferable to dismissal pending a decision on its motion.

Although this court has on past occasions affirmed dismissal of second-filed actions, see, e.g., Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95 , we find that the district court erred in this case. As discussed earlier, doubts remain about the propriety of Uniweld’s appeal of the Board decision in Florida. While some district courts have ruled that such jurisdictional uncertainty warrants an exception to the first-filed rule, see, e.g., Jefferson Ward Stores, 560 F.Supp. at 36 ; Creighton Omaha Regional Health Care Corp. v. Lomas & Nettleton Co., 486 F.Supp. 392 , 397 (D.Neb.1980), at the very least it counsels against outright dismissal.

Indeed, were the Florida district court to dismiss Uniweld’s appeal, Alltrade would have to file a new suit in California and would risk encountering statute of limitations problems. In such cases, where the first-filed action presents a likelihood of dismissal, the second-filed suit should be stayed, rather than dismissed. See Asset Allocation & Mgt. v. Western Employers Ins., 892 F.2d 566, 571 (7th Cir.1989) (“Granted, the statute of limitations problems may not be serious.... But why take chances? It is simpler just to stay the second suit”.) Should the Florida court dismiss the appeal and transfer what remains of the first-filed action, “the stay could be lifted and the actions consolidated.” West Gulf Maritime Ass’n v. ILA Deep Sea Local 24, 751 F.2d 721 , 729 n. 1 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 844 , 106 S.Ct. 133 , 88 L.Ed.2d 110 (1985). Of course, should the Florida court decide that it has jurisdiction to hear Uniweld’s appeal of the Board’s decision, “the stay could be lifted and the second-filed action dismissed or transferred.” Id.

CONCLUSION

The district court’s decision to apply the first-to-file rule was not an abuse of discretion. However, in light of the motions to dismiss and to transfer pending in the Florida district court, and of the questions regarding appellee’s right to appeal the Board’s decision, we reverse the order of dismissal in favor of a stay. This case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Each party shall bear its own costs.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

. Appellee disputed the Board’s findings that there was no evidence (1) of actual confusion; (2) that Uniweld had been damaged by All-trade’s sale of inferior goods; and (3) that All-trade’s registrations were void for failure to comply with statutory requirements. . Alltrade first became aware of the Florida action on February 16, 1990. .On February 14, five days after Alltrade filed its action, Uniweld added a second defendant, Foreign and American Car Parts Warehouse, Inc. ("Foreign and American”), to its Florida suit. . Alltrade has filed a motion in the Florida district court requesting that it dismiss Uni-weld's purported appeal for failure to state a claim. As of the time of this appeal, the motion was still pending. . Alltrade has all but conceded that Count II of the California action—requesting a declaratory judgment of non-infringement—is a compulsory counterclaim to Uniweld’s action for unfair competition, trademark infringement, and dilution. Therefore, the dispute essentially revolves around the characterization of appellant’s and appellee’s respective appeals of the Board’s decision. . Under section 1071, a party "dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner or Trademark Trial and Appeal Board” can have further proceedings conducted as a civil suit in a district court. See 15 U.S.C. § 1071 (b)(1); Redken Lab., Inc. v. Clairol, Inc., 501 F.2d 1403, 1404 (9th Cir.1974). .The court’s decision to allow Air Lift to proceed stemmed from the fact that the losing party had also taken an appeal. The court explained: "Here ... the losing party below has taken an appeal, so there can be no question that a ‘case or controversy’ is properly before us, and the only question is whether Air Lift's action in separating some of its arguments into an unnecessary cross-appeal disables us from considering them. We conclude that it does not.” Maremont, 463 F.2d at 1117 . Had the losing party not appealed the decision, dismissal would have been proper and if "[the loser below] later sought review of the Board’s decision by way of its own appeal, the [winner below] would be entitled to raise in that appeal the issues he was prematurely seeking to raise by way of a separate appeal.” Id. at 1116 (emphasis in original). . Appellee relies on SCOA Industries, Inc. v. Kennedy & Cohen, Inc., 530 F.2d 953 (C.C.P.A.1976), for the contrary proposition. But the case is easily distinguishable. In SCOA, appellant sought review of a Board order striking its allegations of fraud from the complaint. While noting that "[a]ppellant’s dissatisfaction is evident," 530 F.2d at 955 , the court went on to find that the Board’s action was not a "decision," and therefore was unappealable. Id. How such a holding can provide support for Uniweld’s position is difficult to fathom. . We note however that on the face of Uniweld’s complaint, appellee clearly is appealing the merits of the Board’s decision on these issues. See Uniweld’s Amended Complaint, 90-6110-CTV-Roetgger, E.R. at 28. .Although Alltrade might feel that being forced to bring its appeal in Florida flouts the purpose of 1071, such a conclusion presupposes that section 1071 enables only losing parties to appeal. That, of course, is the question: For if Uniweld’s reading is correct, allowing it to choose the forum does no violence to the statute. One further point should be noted. In arguing that it should have a right to appeal the Board’s decision, Uniweld claims that inability to appeal unfavorable rulings might have an effect on subsequent litigation via collateral estoppel. For instance, in this case, Uniweld suggests that the Board’s finding on actual confusion and on product quality might estop it from making the claim in its infringement action. We find this argument without merit and emphasize that it is not one of the grounds of our decision. Uniweld simply has overlooked a critical fact: Findings that are immaterial to a decision, especially if they cannot be appealed, are devoid of preclusive legal effect. See, e.g., Partmar Corp. v. Paramount Pictures Theatres, 347 U.S. 89 , 99 n. 6, 74 S.Ct. 414 , 420 n. 6, 98 L.Ed. 532 (1954) (noting that “[i]t is only when a finding of law or fact is not necessary for a decree that the prevailing party may not appeal and the finding does not form the basis for collateral estoppel”); Restatement, Judgments, § 68 (“Where a party to a judgment cannot obtain the decision of an appellate court because the matter determined against him is immaterial or moot, the judgment is not conclusive against him in a subsequent action on a different cause of action.”). . In Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Products, Inc., No. 90-6507-CIV-KING, the district court for the Southern District of Florida held that by alleging that Uniweld had placed records in an open court file, Alltrade had stated a cause of action for misappropriation of trade secrets and breach of confidence sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. The court in which the records were filed subsequently ordered that the records be returned to the board. . Foreign and American has requested that the Florida court stay Uniweld’s action against it and sever it from Uniweld's suit against All-trade. . Of course, if the issues or parties involved in the two suits were not the same, adherence to the first-to-file rule would be reversible error for it would constitute a misapplication of the law. Cf. Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 96. . The applicable regulation provides that "[t]he time ... for commencing a civil action ... is two months from the date of the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board or the Commissioner, as the case may be." 37 C.F.R. § 2.145 (d) (1990). . As the Seventh Circuit remarked, of course, dismissal of the duplicative suit is justified where there is a finding of harassment. Id. .Although the court in West Gulf held dismissal to be proper in most cases, it specifically remarked that ‘‘[a] stay may, for example, be appropriate to permit the court of first filing to rule on a motion to transfer.” Id.