Chiang

At issue is the legality of $519 million in loans between state funds to help balance the state budget during times of fiscal crisis. We conclude that the loans are lawful. The loan provisions, contained in annual budget bills, are germane to the subject of appropriations and thus do not *469 violate the single-subject rule prohibiting legislation having multiple subjects. (Cal. Const., art. TV, § 9.) Nor do the loans interfere with the lending fund’s regulatory purpose or object. (Gov. Code, § 16310, subd. (a).) We affirm the trial court order denying petitions for a writ of mandate seeking compelled repayment of the loans.

I. BACKGROUND

The loan transactions are complex and require an understanding of state finances generally, and the specific operation and purpose of the state fund that lent money to other funds.

A. State finances

State government programs are financed, in large part, by expenditures from the General Fund and special funds. (Cal. Dept, of Finance, Finance Glossary of Accounting and Budgeting Terms [as of Sept. 22, 2011] (hereafter, Finance Glossary).) “The General Fund consists of money received…