ORDER

The panel has voted unanimously to grant the petition for rehearing. Accordingly, the petition for rehearing is GRANTED and the opinion filed November 1, 1991 and reported at 948 F.2d 575 is WITHDRAWN.

Plaintiff has no cause of action directly under the United States Constitution. We have previously held that a litigant complaining of a violation of a constitutional right must utilize 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . See, e.g., Bretz v. Kelman, 722 F.2d 503 (9th Cir.1983), vacated on other grounds, 773 F.2d 1026 (1985) (en banc); Ward v. Caulk, 650 F.2d 1144 (9th Cir.1981). Cf. Molina v. Richardson, 578 F.2d 846 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1048 , 99 S.Ct. 724 , 58 L.Ed.2d 707 (1978). See also, e.g., Thomas v. Shipka, 818 F.2d 496 (6th Cir.1987); Hunt v. Robeson County Dept. of Social Serv., 816 F.2d 150 (4th Cir.1987); Morris v. Metropolitan Area Transit Auth., 702 F.2d 1037 (D.C.Cir.1983); Beineman v. City of Chicago, 662 F.Supp. 1297 (N.D.Ill.1987), appeal dismissed, 838 F.2d 962 (7th Cir.1988). Section 1983 was available to Azul, but plaintiff failed to file its complaint within the applicable limitations period.

Even were we to allow Azul to pursue such a “direct” Constitutional claim it would also be barred by the statute of limitations. The cause of action accrued when the ordinance at issue here was enacted. De Anza Properties X, Ltd. v. Santa Cruz County, 936 F.2d 1084 , 1085 (9th Cir.1991). Azul should have filed its complaint within three years of the May 1982 date of enactment or within one year of the Supreme Court’s decision in Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261 , 105 S.Ct. 1938 , 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985). See Usher v. Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir.1987). The limitations period under those alternatives expired in May 1985. 1 Azul did not file its complaint until April 1987.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is VACATED and this appeal is DISMISSED because the federal courts do not have subject matter jurisdiction over Azul’s complaint.

. Wilson was decided in April 1985.