Halim

*636 Following a joint human trafficking investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the United States Attorney's Office for the Central District of California (USAO) charged defendants Astati Halim and Hendra Anwar with harboring illegal aliens ( 8 U.S.C. § 1324 (a)(1)(A)(iii) ). Pursuant to plea agreements with the USAO, Halim pleaded guilty to misuse of visas ( 18 U.S.C. § 1546 (a) ) and Anwar pleaded guilty to minimum wage violations ( 29 U.S.C. §§ 206 (f), 215 ). The Los Angeles County district attorney *637 (District Attorney) 1 subsequently prosecuted defendants for violating California's anti-trafficking statute ( Pen. Code, § 236.1 ). 2 After the trial court denied defendants' motion to dismiss the grand jury indictment, Halim pleaded guilty to one count of human trafficking ( § 236.1 ) and Anwar pleaded guilty to being an accessory after the fact (§ 32).

On appeal, defendants contend the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss. Defendants principally argue they were entitled to Fifth Amendment double jeopardy protection, which they contend barred the subsequent state prosecution notwithstanding…