The issue on appeal is whether Jeff Lie-bling, a non-signatory to a contract entered into by a company he later purchased, may invoke the contract’s arbitration clause.

We find that Liebling may not invoke the contract’s arbitration clause because: (1) Plaintiffs 1 are not estopped from claiming Liebling has no standing to compel arbitration; (2) Liebling was not a third party beneficiary or successor in interest to the contract; and (3) Although Liebling became an agent, officer and employee of the original contracting party, none of his allegedly wrongful acts arose out of or were related to the contract.

The decision of the district court is affirmed.

Facts and proceedings below

This appeal is part of a class action alleging that defendants perpetuated a securities fraud scheme by selling a fraudulent tax shelter investment and that Liebling engaged in fraudulent activity after the initial sales. Plaintiffs signed a contract for the allegedly fraudulent securities with Gold Depository and Loan Company (“GDL”). This contract contained an arbitration provision. Liebling, a non-signatory to the contract who later bought GDL, demanded arbitration but the plaintiffs refused. His motion to compel arbitration was denied by the district court, which found that he had waived arbitration. Liebling appealed, and while his appeal was pending, the district court entered a default judgment against him as a discovery sanction.

This Court reversed. Britton v. Co-op Banking Group, 916 F.2d 1405 (9th Cir.1990). The Britton panel, which chronicled the facts and proceedings in this ease in more detail, concluded that Liebling had not waived his right to compel arbitration. The panel also found that the district court had not addressed the threshold issue of Lie-bling’s standing to compel arbitration and remanded the case to the district court for further determination and fact-finding on that issue. The panel concluded that if Lie-bling does not have the right to have this dispute submitted to arbitration, the “default *744 judgment” may stand. On the other hand, if Liebling proves to be correct on the arbitration question, the “default judgment” will have to be set aside.

The district court, on remand, concluded that Liebling lacked standing under the contract to assert a right to arbitrate and that the “default judgment” therefore remains in effect. Liebling timely appealed and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (a)(1) and 9 U.S.C. § 15 (a)(1)(A), (B).

Standard of review

The denial of a motion to compel arbitration is reviewed de novo. Pipe Trades Council, Local 159 v. Underground Contractor’s Ass’n, 835 F.2d 1275, 1273 (9th Cir.1987).

Discussion

Plaintiffs are not estopped from claiming Liebling has no standing to compel arbitration.

Liebling argues that judicial estoppel should bar the plaintiffs from denying the allegations in their complaint regarding his status as an agent or successor in interest of GDL. We disagree. This circuit has declined to adopt either the majority or minority view of judicial estoppel. See, e.g., Yanez v. Broco, 989 F.2d 323 (9th Cir.1993).

This court recently described the two competing views of judicial estoppel as follows:

In re Corey, 892 F.2d 829 , 836 (9th Cir.1989).

Under the majority view, Liebling’s estop-pel argument fails, simply because he has neither alleged nor proven that the court below ever adopted plaintiffs’ prior position that he was liable as agent or employee of GDL. To the contrary, the granting of a default was a sanction for discovery violations, unrelated to the allegations in the complaint.

Under the minority view, it is a closer question, but the argument still fails. Plaintiffs did not truly obtain relief by “asserting and offering proof to support one position” and then contradict themselves to establish a second claim. Arizona v. Shamrock Foods Co., 729 F.2d 1208, 1215 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1197 , 105 S.Ct. 980 , 83 L.Ed.2d 982 (1985). Again, they obtained relief via Liebling’s refusal to comply with the discovery order.

Neither do we consider plaintiffs to be playing “fast and loose” with the courts. This characterization is reserved for more egregious conduct than just “threshold” inconsistency, Yanez, supra, especially where, as here, the complainant has not been prejudiced by the inconsistency.

Liebling did not have standing to compel arbitration.

Liebling contends that he has standing to enforce the contract’s arbitration clause for one or more of three reasons: (1) he is a third party beneficiary of the contract; (2) he is a successor in interest to the contract; or (3) he is an agent, officer, and employee of GDL.

The right to compel arbitration stems from a contractual right. Britton, 916 F.2d at 1413 . That contractual right may not be invoked by one who is not a party to the agreement and does not otherwise possess the right to compel arbitration. Lorber Industries of California v. Los Angeles Printworks Corp., 803 F.2d 523, 525 (9th Cir.1986). An entity that is neither a party to nor agent for nor beneficiary of the contract lacks standing to compel arbitration, E.E.O.C. v. Goodyear Aerospace Corp., 813 F.2d 1539, 1543, n. 2 (9th Cir.1987) (citing Lorber).

With that framework in mind, the following facts regarding the relationship between GDL, plaintiffs and Liebling become pivotal:

*745 Defendant GDL allegedly sold marine dry cargo containers and then acted as an agent for purchasers in leasing those containers. According to plaintiffs, GDL was sued as a principal actor in the alleged securities fraud scheme. Eventually, plaintiffs obtained an order of default against GDL, but never proceeded to judgment.

According to Liebling’s motion to intervene, he is an international business consultant and the sole proprietor of International Business Services (“IBS”). In May, 1985, he claims he was offered a seat on the board of USA/GDL, a California corporation that later acquired GDL. During the summer of 1985, USA/GDL hired Liebling, doing business as IBS, to serve as its representative agent. In September, Liebling/IBS was retained to handle contacts with investors in GDL’s allegedly fraudulent container program. At that time, Liebling relates:

He says he learned of allegations of wrongdoing in October, 1985, and as he learned more facts he became suspicious about whether his supposed job — “to protect GD & L’s goodwill by helping [pjrogram investors” — was the true motive of USA. He continues:

He claims to be “president, board and shareholder” of GD & L. Documentation proving his ownership includes a sales contract signed by Liebling and an officer of USA-GDL on Nov. 25, 1985. Plaintiffs’ complaint against Liebling (reprinted below) charges him with acts starting in June, 1985 and continuing through 1987.

The original sale and leasing contracts GDL entered into with various plaintiffs contained the following arbitration clause:

As the district court noted, this arbitration clause is broad on its face, and in fact, it is routinely used in many securities and labor agreements to secure the broadest possible arbitration coverage. However, as explained above, because Liebling was not a party to the agreement, he must fit into one of the three categories that follow in order to invoke the right to arbitrate.

1. Was Liebling a third-party beneficiary to the contract?

Courts have held that nonsignatories of arbitration agreements may be bound by the agreement under ordinary contract and agency principles. Letizia v. Prudential Bache Securities, Inc., 802 F.2d 1185, 1187 (9th Cir.1986).

If the parties to the contract had no intention to benefit a third party, that third party has no rights under the contract. Sherman v. British Leyland Motors, Ltd., 601 F.2d 429, 440, n. 13 (9th Cir.1979) (citing Martinez v. Socoma Cos., Inc., 11 Cal.3d 394 , 113 Cal.Rptr. 585 , 521 P.2d 841 (1974)). Liebling offers declarations that he believes GDL officers and others connected with the company meant for the arbitration clause to be very broad and allow invocation by employees and other third parties. However, he has offered no evidence that that was actually the parties’ intent.

As stated above, the law requires a showing that the parties to the contract intended to benefit a third party. Liebling has made no such showing, as the district court noted, and accordingly has failed to establish that he was a third-party beneficiary under the contract.

*746 2. Was Liebling a successor in interest to the contract?

An assignee of a contractual right must prove the validity of his ownership claims. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. WH Venture, 607 F.Supp. 478 , 476 (E.D.Pa.1985). Additionally, general contract principles dictate that to prove an effective assignment, the assignee must come forth with evidence that the assignor meant to assign rights and obligations under the contracts. See generally Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 317(1) (1981) (“[a]n assignment of a right is a manifestation of the assignor’s intention to transfer it”); id. at § 324 (“[i]t is essential to an assignment of a right that the [assignor] manifest an intention to transfer the right to another person”). A contract provision specifying such is evidence of such an intent, of course.

The sales contract between IBS and GDL, which provides a purchase price of $10, does not contain language that could be considered an effective assignment of rights specified in the container contracts.

Indeed, the plain language of the contract indicates that the parties had just the opposite intent: that USA-GDL would defend any lawsuits related to the container program. In analyzing whether or not Liebling was a true successor in interest, the district court considered relevant contract clauses and found that the intent of IBM and USA-GDL was that USA would defend all lawsuits. The relevant clause reads:

(CR 833 Ex. A.)

An additional clause specifies that Liebling will not be responsible for any “debts, obligations, defenses and liabilities” of GDL incurred prior to the date of the sale contract. As the district court concluded:

We agree that Liebling is not a successor in interest to the contract for purposes of standing to compel arbitration.

3. Is Liebling within a class of agents intended to benefit from the arbitration clause?

Here Liebling is on stronger ground. He claims that from May to December 1985, he had an “ever increasing active role in the activities of GD & L as its corporate agent and as an officer and director.” He says his work included:

(Emphasis added). On remand the district court restricted review to Liebling’s sale of investments to plaintiffs and ruled Liebling’s agency theory failed because, “Liebling has presented no evidence that he, as agent of GDL, sold investments to plaintiffs.” The district judge cramped his review too tightly. He should have examined any acts of Lie-bling as an agent that arose from the contract. We now undertake to do so because there is no factual dispute on this issue.

As mentioned, the first amended complaint filed by plaintiffs, who are now trying to defrock Liebling as an agent of GDL, alleged that Liebling “sought to profit from the events alleged in this complaint and from the class members.” The complaint further states:

Significantly, plaintiffs allege that the operative time for these acts was starting in June, 1985. Liebling presented an affidavit documenting that he became an officer and director of GDL in May, 1985, and later that same year bought the company.

Plaintiffs do not present any rebuttal evidence to Liebling’s factual proffer and the district court made no factual findings to contradict Liebling’s role as director, agent and employee of GDL. Thus, we accept Liebling’s assertion that he was an agent, officer and employee of GDL, starting in May and running through the end of the operative period, for acts, if any, arising under the contract.

That leads us to the key question: Did any of Liebling’s alleged wrongdoing as agent, officer or employee of GDL during this alleged period of time relate to or arise out of the contract containing the arbitration clause?

Plaintiffs’ only contact with GDL appears to have been through the container lease investments, but that does not answer the key question. The only relevant acts charged against Liebling are set forth in the complaint and none of them seek to impose liability from the contract. In abbreviated form, the allegations are essentially as follows:

(1) He sent letters to class members soliciting money to join an investors’ assistance group;

(2) He suggested class members not start or pursue law suits against salespersons who sold the securities under the contract;

(3) He sent letters to class members soliciting monies and implied he was acting to assist them;

(4) He bought GDL to provide consulting services to class members; and

*748 (5) He discouraged class members from pursuing their remedies by purporting to pursue their remedies when in fact he was not.

The sum and substance of these allegations are that he in some way attempted to defraud the investors into not pursuing their law suits against the persons who originally sold the securities under the contract. These acts are subsequent, independent acts of fraud, unrelated to any provision or interpretation of the contract. They simply do not impose any contractual liability, vicariously or otherwise, upon Liebling. As such, we find that Liebling has no standing to compel arbitration, even though he was an agent, officer and employee of GDL during its later months of existence.

Conclusion

We conclude that the district court was correct in determining that Liebling lacked standing to enforce the arbitration clause. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order denying Liebling’s motion to compel arbitration.

AFFIRMED.

. We refer to appellees as “plaintiffs” in this opinion.

. The district court noted that the proper interpretation of the phrase, "especially to defend against all law suits,” appears to be that it modifies the first clause of the sentence, "to strictly abide by all lawful obligations,” etc.