NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 18 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PATRICK DANIEL KENNY, No. 21-35417

Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:21-cv-00023-SLG

v.

MEMORANDUM*

GRACE-ANNE MCCANN DAVIS; JAMES

LAVERN DAVIS; MEGAN MCCANN

DAVIS,

Respondents-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Alaska Sharon L. Gleason, Chief District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 14, 2022** San Francisco, California

Before: GOULD and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges, and ADELMAN,*** District Judge.

Petitioner-Appellant Patrick Daniel Kenny appeals from a district court order

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Lynn S. Adelman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation. denying his petition to have his toddler son repatriated from the United States to the

Republic of Ireland for custody proceedings against Respondent-Appellee Grace-

Anne Davis. This petition was filed pursuant to the Hague Convention on the Civil

Aspects of International Child Abduction, as implemented by the International Child

Abduction Remedies Act, 22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing the district court’s legal rulings de novo and its factual

findings as to the habitual residence of the child for clear error, Monasky v. Taglieri,

140 S. Ct. 719, 730 (2020), we affirm.

1. Kenny argues that the district court clearly erred in finding that Alaska was

his son’s habitual residence immediately before the July 9, 2020, wrongful retention

date.1 He cites an out-of-circuit opinion in suggesting the relevant inquiry is

“whether the parents or guardians . . . shared an intent to change the child’s habitual

residence. The unilateral intent of a single parent will not suffice to change a child’s

habitual residence.” Calixto v. Lesmes, 909 F.3d 1079, 1084 (11th Cir. 2018).

Kenny urges reversal on grounds that he and Davis only brought their son to Alaska

to see Davis’ parents, and they never mutually intended to change his habitual

residence from Ireland to the United States.

1 Kenny claims the district court incorrectly set the date of wrongful retention as July 9, 2020. But this assertion is unsupported by citations to the law or record, so it is waived. See United States v. Graf, 610 F.3d 1148, 1166 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Arguments made in passing and not supported by citations to the record or to case authority are generally deemed waived.”).

2 But this reasoning is inconsistent with controlling Supreme Court precedent.

It is true that, because “children, especially those too young or otherwise unable to

acclimate, depend on their parents as caregivers, the intentions and circumstances of

caregiving parents are relevant considerations” in identification of a child’s habitual

residence. Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 727. The Supreme Court has, however, held that

“[t]here are no categorical requirements for establishing a child’s habitual

residence—least of all an actual-agreement for infants.” Id. at 728. By contrast, “a

wide range of facts other than an actual agreement, including facts indicating that

the parents have made their home in a particular place, can enable a trier [of fact] to

determine whether an infant’s residence in that place has the quality of being

‘habitual.’” Id. at 729. And this factual inquiry is guided by common sense. See

id. at 727. Kenny’s narrow focus on mutual intent misstates and unduly restricts the

law. See id.

Applying these principles, the district court’s factual finding that “the place

of habitual residence of the child immediately prior to July 9, 2020, was Alaska” is

not clearly erroneous. Kenny’s father sold the Irish business for which Kenny was

working. After Kenny, Davis, and their son traveled to Alaska, Davis began working

at her mother’s business. Kenny applied for Legal Permanent Resident (LPR) status

and work authorization. Davis and her mother testified to the district court that

Kenny had explored working as a real estate agent in Alaska. And Davis researched

3 Alaskan apartments where she could live with Kenny and their son after Kenny got

into a fight with Davis’s brother and was allegedly told to leave his accommodations

at the home of Davis’s parents. When aggregated, these facts can properly be

construed as indicating that Kenny and Davis made their home in Alaska, so the

district court did not clearly err in making its factual finding that Alaska was the

child’s habitual residence immediately before the July 9, 2020, wrongful retention

date. See Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 729; Brnovich v. Dem. Nat’l Comm., 141 S. Ct.

2321, 2348–49 (2021) (“If the district court’s view of the evidence is plausible in

light of the entire record, an appellate court may not reverse even if it is convinced

that it would have weighed the evidence differently in the first instance.” (cleaned

up)).

Kenny urges the panel to reach a contrary conclusion on the grounds that the

district court improperly disregarded evidence and testimony allegedly establishing

that Kenny’s son was a habitual resident of Ireland at all relevant times. This

discussion is inapposite. See Brnovich, 141 S. Ct. at 2349 (“Where there are two

permissible views of the evidence, the fact-finder’s choice between them cannot be

clearly erroneous.” (cleaned up)). Kenny alternatively argues that the district court

erred by not resolving the factual issues of whether he had in fact agreed to change

his son’s habitual residence from Ireland to the United States, whether this

agreement was contingent on the family staying together, and whether Davis

4 breached that condition. But parents need not actually agree to move a child’s

habitual residence. See Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 728. And Kenny did not present his

conditional agreement claim to the district court, so it is waived on appeal. See In

re Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 754 F.3d 772, 780 (9th Cir. 2014).

2. Apart from the habitual residence issue, Kenny claims that he holds custody

rights over his son under Irish law. Kenny relatedly argues that the district court

erroneously concluded that he “at least implicitly, if not explicitly, consented to the

child remaining in Alaska” because the record does not reflect explicit consent and

the district court ignored the alleged hostility Davis’s family exhibited toward Kenny

in Alaska. Here, Kenny seemingly suggests the district court should have granted

his petition on the basis that he was exercising his custodial rights over his child as

of the wrongful retention date, and has continued to exercise these rights. But this

discussion is inapt because Hague Convention relief is available only if a child is

wrongfully removed or retained from his or her country of habitual residence, and

the district court did not clearly err in finding that Kenny’s son was a habitual

resident of Alaska immediately prior to the wrongful retention date. See Monasky,

140 S. Ct. at 723, 730.

AFFIRMED.

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