FACTS

CFS began investigating this family for physical abuse in January 2019 after one

of mother’s children died in her care and the autopsy revealed the child bore signs of

nonaccidental trauma. At the time, mother and D.’s father, D.M., were living together and

caring for K.T. and his younger half brother, D.M., Jr., who is not a party to this appeal.

D. had not yet been born, and K.T.’s father, was incarcerated.

At the initial detention hearing in March 2019, mother claimed Blackfeet ancestry

through the maternal grandfather. She provided his full legal name and phone number, as

well as the name, phone number, and address of the maternal aunt. The maternal

grandmother, who was also present at the hearing, provided dates and places of birth for

the maternal grandfather and great-grandmother. The juvenile court told mother CFS

would try to obtain additional information from these family members, but the record

contains no indication they ever did. Instead, a few weeks later, CFS sent notice to the

Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana that omitted tribal and

biological information for the maternal great-grandmother, despite the maternal

grandmother having provided some of that information at the detention hearing.

On April 12, 2019, father filed an ICWA-020 form claiming Cherokee and

Blackfeet ancestry through the paternal great-grandfather and his relative “Edna C.” A

few days later, he made his first court appearance, accompanied by the paternal

grandmother. He reported possible Choctaw ancestry, and the paternal grandmother

4 provided dates and places of birth for herself and the paternal great-grandfather. On April

29, he filed a second ICWA-020 form listing only Choctaw ancestry.

On June 20, CFS sent notice to the Blackfeet and Cherokee tribes but did not send

notice to any of the three federally recognized Choctaw tribes. (86 Fed.Reg. 7554-7558

(Jan. 29, 2021); see also 25 U.S.C. § 5131 [requiring the Department of the Interior to

publish a list of federally recognized tribes in the Federal Register every year].) As with

the earlier notices, these also omitted tribal and biological information about the maternal

great-grandmother. They also omitted tribal information for father and the paternal

grandmother and contained no information regarding the paternal great-grandfather.

The court held the jurisdiction and disposition hearing for K.T. and D.M., Jr., on

June 24, 2019. It sustained allegations of physical abuse against mother and D.M., took

dependency jurisdiction over the children under section 300, subdivision (a), removed

them from mother and D.M.’s custody, and ordered family reunification services. The

court also found father was K.T.’s presumed father and, because he was in the process of

serving a lengthy prison sentence, denied him reunification services under section 361.5,

subdivision (b)(12).

Shortly after mother gave birth to D. in October 2019, CFS filed a dependency

petition on the infant’s behalf under section 300, subdivision (j) (abuse of a sibling). At

the detention hearing that same month, mother again reported having possible Blackfeet

ancestry. When the court asked her if her family was affiliated with any other tribes, she

said she didn’t know. However, D.’s counsel told the court that some of mother’s

5 relatives who were sitting in the back of the courtroom claimed Cherokee heritage.

Without identifying the relatives or inquiring about their claim, the court noted there was

a dependency proceeding for D.’s siblings and ICWA was being addressed in that case.

The court ordered the parents to cooperate if there was any missing information from the

prior ICWA notices and ordered CFS to consult with their counterparts in K.T.’s case, as

well as any available relatives, before preparing ICWA notices for D. Again, the record

contains no indication CFS did so, and on December 2, they sent notice to the Blackfeet

Tribe and three federally recognized Cherokee tribes containing the same information

about mother’s side of the family as the notices they sent on K.T.’s behalf in June.

In February 2020, the court took dependency jurisdiction over D. and removed her

from mother and D.M.

By June 2020, the Blackfeet Tribe and two of the three federally recognized

Cherokee tribes—the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the United Keetoowah Band

of Cherokee Indians—had responded that D. did not qualify for membership. The court

found CFS had completed ICWA noticing for D. and ICWA did not apply.

In August 2020, the juvenile court returned K.T. and D. to mother and D.M. after

finding they had made sufficient progress on their case plans and no longer posed a

substantial risk of harm to the children. About two months later, mother inflicted serious

injuries upon D. when she threw her to the floor. The court immediately detained the

children in foster care and, in April 2021, sustained supplemental dependency petitions

and bypassed reunification services to all three parents.

6 On April 14, 2021, the court found ICWA did not apply to either K.T. or D. At the

children’s permanency planning hearing several months later in September 2021, the

court terminated mother’s, D.M.’s, and father’ss parental rights. The court found both

K.T. and D. were bonded to their current caregivers and selected adoption as their

permanent plan.

II

ANALYSIS

Mother and father argue CFS failed to adequately investigate the children’s status

as Indian children, and D.M. joins mother’s argument as it relates to D. (See In re T.G.

(2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 275, 291 [“Non-Indian parents have standing to raise issues of

ICWA compliance on appeal”].) CFS concedes their error.

A. ICWA’s Purpose and Protections

Congress enacted ICWA over 40 years ago to address “‘abusive child welfare

practices that resulted in the separation of large numbers of Indian children from their

families and tribes through adoption or foster care placement, usually in non-Indian

homes.’” (In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7.) Congress found “‘that the States,

exercising their recognized jurisdiction over Indian child custody proceedings through

administrative and judicial bodies, have often failed to recognize the essential tribal

relations of Indian people and the cultural and social standards prevailing in Indian

communities and families.’” (In re W.B. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 30, 48, quoting 25 U.S.C.

§ 1901(5).) As a result, ICWA’s express purpose is “to protect the best interests of Indian

7 children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the

establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from

their families and the placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will

reflect the unique values of Indian culture.” (25 U.S.C. § 1902.)

In short, ICWA’s aim is ‘“that, where possible, an Indian child should remain in

the Indian community.”’ (In re W.B., supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 48.) ICWA effectuates this

goal by giving Indian tribes concurrent jurisdiction over state court child custody

proceedings that involve Indian children living off of a reservation. (25 U.S.C. § 1911(b)-

(c).)

When ICWA applies, the Indian tribe has a right to intervene in or exercise

jurisdiction over the proceeding. (25 U.S.C. § 1911.) If the tribe does not assume

jurisdiction, the state court must nevertheless follow various heightened procedural and

substantive requirements, such as stricter removal standards and mandatory placement

preferences that promote keeping Indian children with family members or members of

their tribe. (25 U.S.C. § 1912(f); see also In re W.B., supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 48-49

[describing ICWA’s procedural and substantive requirements].) Importantly, violations of

ICWA “‘render[ ] the dependency proceedings, including an adoption following

termination of parental rights, vulnerable to collateral attack if the dependent child is, in

fact, an Indian child.’” (In re E.H. (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 1058, 1072; see 25 U.S.C.

§ 1914.)

8 B. Notice to Tribes

ICWA applies to any child custody proceeding involving an “Indian child,” which

is defined as an unmarried person under 18 who is either a member of an Indian tribe or

is eligible for membership and is the biological child of a tribe member. (25 U.S.C.

§ 1903(4).) In any state court proceeding seeking to place a child in foster care or

terminate parental rights where the court or social worker “knows or has reason to know”

that an Indian child is involved, ICWA requires that notice be sent to any tribe to which

the child belongs, or in which they may be eligible for membership, informing the tribe

of the pending proceedings and its right to intervene. (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); Welf. & Inst.

Code, § 224.3, subds. (a), (a)(3), (a)(5)(H)(ii), (d).)

Under section 224.2, subdivision (d), “There is reason to know a child involved in

a proceeding is an Indian child under any of the following circumstances: [¶] (1) A

person having an interest in the child, including the child, an officer of the court, a tribe,

an Indian organization, a public or private agency, or a member of the child’s extended

family informs the court that the child is an Indian child. [¶] (2) The residence or

domicile of the child, the child’s parents, or Indian custodian is on a reservation or in an

Alaska Native village. [¶] (3) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court,

Indian tribe, Indian organization, or agency informs the court that it has discovered

information indicating that the child is an Indian child. [¶] (4) The child who is the

subject of the proceeding gives the court reason to know that the child is an Indian child.

[¶] (5) The court is informed that the child is or has been a ward of a tribal court. [¶] (6)

9 The court is informed that either parent or the child possess an identification card

indicating membership or citizenship in an Indian tribe.”

Because ICWA defines “Indian child” in terms of tribal membership, not race or

ancestry, “the question of membership is determined by the tribes.” (In re T.G., supra, 58

Cal.App.5th at p. 294; see also Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978) 436 U.S. 49, 65,

fn. 21 [the Indian tribe is final arbiter of its membership rights].) Notice to the tribes is

therefore “central to effectuating ICWA’s purpose” because it enables the tribe “to

determine whether the child involved in a dependency proceeding is an Indian child and,

if so, whether to intervene in, or exercise jurisdiction over, the matter.” (In re T.G., at

p. 288.)

Notices must include the identifying information for the child’s biological parents,

grandparents, and great-grandparents, to the extent known. (§ 224.3, subd. (a)(5)(C).) As

a best practice, they should also contain “all available information about the child’s

ancestors, especially the ones with the alleged Indian heritage.” (In re Francisco W.

(2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 695, 703.) The child protective agency must send notice of all

hearings until the court determines ICWA does not apply. (§ 224.3, subd. (b).) But even

after such a determination, if the court or the child protective agency receives new

information that was required to be in the ICWA notice, the agency must provide the new

information to the applicable tribes. (§ 224.2, subd. (j).)

10 Failure to comply with ICWA’s notice provisions and determine whether the

statute applies constitutes prejudicial error requiring reversal. (In re L.S. (2014) 230

Cal.App.4th 1183, 1197; In re B.H. (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 603, 608-609.)

C. Initial Inquiry

To ensure that tribes receive notice when required, the court and child protective

agency have an “affirmative and continuing duty to inquire” whether a child in

dependency proceedings “is or may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subds. (a) & (b), italics

added.) The duty to inquire “begins with initial contact . . . and obligates the juvenile

court and child protective agencies to ask all relevant involved individuals whether the

child may be an Indian child.” (In re T.G., supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p. 290.)

The court and child protective agency are obligated to ask all relevant individuals

involved, including the person who reported the abuse or neglect, “whether the child is,

or may be, an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subds. (a) & (b).) The court is required to ask of

each at the first appearance in court “whether the participant knows or has reason to

know that the child is an Indian child” and to “instruct the parties to inform the court if

they subsequently receive information that provides reason to know the child is an Indian

child.” (Id., subd. (c).)

D. Further Inquiry

Effective January 2019, the Legislature imposed a duty to conduct additional

investigation into a child’s possible status as an Indian child if the court or agency has

“reason to believe” the child is an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (e).) In urgency legislation

11 effective September 18, 2020, the Legislature defined “reason to believe” as having

“information suggesting that either the parent of the child or the child is a member or may

be eligible for membership in an Indian tribe. Information suggesting membership or

eligibility for membership includes, but is not limited to, information that indicates, but

does not establish, the existence of one or more of the grounds for reason to know

enumerated in paragraphs (1) to (6), inclusive, of subdivision (d).” (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(1);

Assem. Bill No. 2944 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) Stats. 2020, ch. 104, § 15, italics added.)

Thus, the obligation—commonly referred to as the duty of further inquiry—applies even

if the information suggesting a child may have an affiliation with a tribe “isn’t strong

enough to trigger the notice requirement.” (In re S.R. (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 303, 314.)

To satisfy the duty, the agency must, “as soon as practicable,” interview the

parents and extended family members, contact the BIA, and contact “the tribe or tribes

and any other person that may reasonably be expected to have information regarding the

child’s membership, citizenship status, or eligibility.” (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(2)(C).)

Contacting the tribe entails “sharing information identified by the tribe as necessary for

the tribe to make a membership or eligibility determination.” (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(2); see In

re D.F. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 558, 567.)

E. CFS Did Not Adequately Investigate the Parents’ Claims of Indian

Ancestry

CFS is correct to concede their failure to satisfy the duty of further inquiry. The

claims of Indian ancestry and the family information provided by mother, the maternal

great-grandmother, father, and the paternal grandmother at the outset of this case

12 unquestionably provided reason to believe that K.T. (and later D.) is an Indian child,

thereby triggering a duty investigate. But, as far as the record shows, CFS made no

investigation. As to mother, they should have tried to contact the maternal grandfather or

maternal aunt to obtain additional information about possible Blackfeet and Cherokee

heritage, and they should have contacted BIA and the Blackfeet and Cherokee tribes to

inquire about mother’s family. (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(2); see also In re T.G., supra, 58

Cal.App.5th at p. 297 [child protective agency had a duty to contact any tribes that may

have information regarding the children’s tribal membership or eligibility for

membership].)

As to father, CFS should have contacted his mother, the paternal grandmother—

who appeared in court and whose contact information they had—to obtain more

information about the paternal great-grandfather and the relative named Edna that father

had listed on his ICWA form. Also, given the disparity between the two forms father

submitted—the first claiming Blackfeet and Cherokee heritage; the second claiming

Choctaw heritage only—CFS should have followed up with father and/or his mother to

ask if they were claiming Choctaw heritage in addition to or instead of Blackfeet and

Cherokee heritage. And, as they should have done with regards to mother’s claim of

Indian ancestry, they should have contacted BIA, the Blackfeet tribe, the Cherokee tribes,

and, depending on father’s response, the Choctaw tribes, to inquire about his family.

13 CFS does not discharge their duty of further inquiry until they make a “meaningful

effort” to locate and interview extended family members and to contact BIA and the

tribes. (In re K.R. (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 701, 709.) “[J]ust as proper notice to Indian

tribes is central to effectuating ICWA’s purpose, an adequate investigation of a family

member’s belief a child may have Indian ancestry is essential to ensuring a tribe entitled

to ICWA notice will receive it.” (In re T.G., supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p. 289.) Mother’s

and father’s claims of Indian heritage may lead to a dead end, but that determination

should be the result of investigation not assumption.

And, because CFS didn’t adequately investigate those claims, the juvenile court

should not have found that ICWA did not apply. (In re T.G., supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at

p. 293.) “[T]he court had a duty either to require [CFS] to provide a report with complete

and accurate information regarding the results of [their] inquiry and notice or to have the

individual responsible for notice to testify in court regarding the inquiry made, the results

of the inquiry, and the results of the notices sent. Only then could the court determine

whether [ICWA] applied.” (In re L.S., supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 1198.)

Over the past three years there have been a significant number of cases from this

county in which the failure to adequately investigate ICWA’s application required the

reversal of orders terminating parental rights. Our division has recently published two

such decisions, but the vast majority of cases—at least seventeen by our count—were

resolved in unpublished decisions. (In re S.R., supra, 64 Cal.App.5th 303 [failure to

satisfy duty of further inquiry required reversal of order terminating parental rights]; In re

14 Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th 735 [failure to satisfy duty of initial inquiry required

same]; see also In re A.C. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 1060 (dis. opn. of Menetrez, J.)

[disagreeing with the majority’s conclusion that CFS’s failure to satisfy duty of initial

inquiry was harmless].) This is concerning, especially considering our court’s

admonishment from nearly a decade ago that we were “well past the stage of ‘growing

weary of appeals in which the only error is the [agency’s] failure to comply with []

ICWA.’” (In re B.H., supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 607.)

ICWA is a vital aspect of our dependency framework, and both social workers and

judges have affirmative and continuing duties to follow it—regardless of the actions of

the parents involved or the underlying reasons for the dependency. As our Supreme Court

explained in In re Isaiah W., our state’s goal of providing children with permanent and

stable homes does not override the importance of properly determining a child’s Indian

status and protecting the integrity and stability of Indian tribes. (In re Isaiah W., supra, 1

Cal.5th at p. 12.) ICWA compliance should be “swift and early.” (Ibid.)

III

DISPOSITION

We conditionally reverse the section 366.26 orders. On remand, the juvenile court

shall (1) direct CFS to comply with the inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA and

sections 224.2 and 224.3 and update the court on their inquiry and the tribes’ responses

and (2) determine whether ICWA applies. If the court determines ICWA does not apply,

the orders terminating parental rights shall be reinstated and further proceedings

15 conducted, as appropriate. If the court determines ICWA does apply, the court shall

proceed in conformity with ICWA and related state law.

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

SLOUGH

Acting P. J.

We concur:

RAPHAEL

J.

MENETREZ

J.

16