FACTS

Ryan is 28 years old. He has cerebral palsy and epilepsy, as well as developmental

impairments that affect his speech and cognition. The consensus of the various medical

and psychological professionals who have assessed him over the years is that he has the

1Ryan is represented on appeal by the same attorneys whom Sean hired to represent him during trial—Mark Flory and Jack Osborn from the law firm of Brown White & Osborn LLP. 2 mental capacity of a five to six year old. He requires assistance with daily tasks like

dressing and bathing and with administering the medications he takes to manage his

condition.

Ryan also has two sides of family who have long been fighting over who should

be able to see him and who has his best interests at heart. On one side is his adoptive

family. When Ryan was a young child, he was removed from his parents’ custody and

placed in the care of Michelle M., who runs a foster care facility for medically fragile

children out of her home and who later adopted Ryan. On the other side is his biological

mother’s family, which includes his twin brother, Ronald, his grandmother, and his aunt,

Monica. According to these family members, as Ryan was growing up, Michelle

thwarted their efforts to be part of his life, and Sean continued the trend once he became

conservator.

Ryan met Sean in 2011 when he was 17 and Sean was 35. At the time, Ryan was

living at the home of his adoptive mother, Michelle. A few years later, in 2014, Sean and

Ryan married, and Ryan moved in with Sean, who lives with his parents in Romoland.

Sean is a truck driver and when he goes on long-distance jobs he either brings Ryan with

him or leaves him home in the care of his parents.

Shortly after the wedding, Ryan filed a petition to remove his current

conservators—Michelle and her daughter—and appoint Sean as his conservator. In

September 2015, the co-conservators resigned, and the following month the court

appointed Sean as Ryan’s conservator. Under the terms of the conservatorship, Sean was

3 granted the right to set Ryan’s residence, give or withhold medical consent, and make

decisions about Ryan’s education, but Ryan retained the right to marry or enter a

domestic partnership and to control his own social and sexual contacts and relationships.

About six months into that arrangement, in March 2016, Ronald petitioned to

remove Sean and appoint himself and Monica as conservators. The petition alleged Sean

was (a) isolating Ryan by prohibiting him from seeing his biological family and

threatening to punish him for wanting to spend time with them; (b) keeping Ryan in a

violent and disruptive living environment; and (c) emotionally abusing Ryan. The

petition also alleged that Sean was forcing Ryan to remain in the marriage despite the fact

he lacked the capacity to marry Sean in the first place and didn’t want to remain married.

In response to these allegations, court-appointed investigators and social workers

visited the parties involved and submitted reports containing their assessments. At an in-

home visit in June 2016, Sean’s mother told a probate investigator she was afraid to be

alone with Ryan because he had assaulted her on multiple occasions. She said she didn’t

object to the appointment of a public guardian for Ryan and just wanted the “ordeal

over.”

At an in-home visit in June 2016, a public guardian investigator learned that Ryan

had recently been placed on an involuntary psychiatric hold after the Sean’s parents

called the police on him for hitting Sean’s mother. The investigator also learned that, as a

result of his marriage to Sean, Ryan stopped receiving supplemental security income or

SSI benefits. During an interview with Sean’s parents, the investigator observed their

4 “knowledge of the needs of persons with intellectual disabilities were limited.” During an

in-home visit with Ronald and Monica at Monica’s house, the investigator watched the

video of Ryan and Sean’s wedding ceremony. She found it “evident that Ryan had no

comprehension of the marriage ceremony.” During the video Ryan asked, “What is this

Sean?” when he was asked to put the ring on Sean’s finger, and Sean replied, “You are

getting married to me.” At two different points during the ceremony, Ryan made it clear

he thought he was at a baptism and Sean told him, “This is not a baptism. This is a

wedding.”

In her report filed with the court, the investigator concluded Ryan lacked the

capacity to marry and the ability to resist undue influence. She found it “concern[ing] that

during the course of Sean’s conservatorship . . . Ryan was left without his own income,

no health insurance, has increasing episodes of tantrums, violent acting out, and flip-

flopping his acceptance or denial of people in his life. Ryan currently spends weeks at a

time on a long-distance truck driver schedule. He is not enrolled in school, provided

optimum health care services, or activities compelling him to academic growth.” The

investigator recommended appointing Monica or the public guardian as Ryan’s

conservator.

In September 2017, when the probate investigator asked Ryan about his marriage

to Sean, Ryan said he loves his husband because “he takes me to Disneyland.” That same

month, another public guardian investigator visited the home and spoke with Sean and his

mother. Sean’s mother said she had recently tried to kill herself because Ryan’s assaults

5 on her had made her depressed. She described her son’s role in the relationship as “a

father protecting [his] son.” She also said Ryan was manipulative and always demanding

they buy things for him. In her report filed with the court, the investigator concluded

Sean “may be inadequate to address the overall needs presented by Ryan.”

The following month, Ryan was placed on another involuntary psychiatric hold for

once again assaulting Sean’s mother. After that incident, the mother told the probate

investigator Perez she was scared of Ryan and wanted him out of her home.

In February 2018, a social worker for Adult Protective Services (APS) interviewed

Ryan at his home. She observed that Ryan seemed nervous or scared and didn’t know his

own age. He responded “don’t ask me that” when Madrid asked him what marriage

means. Sean told the social worker his sex life with Ryan is limited because he didn’t

want to make Ryan uncomfortable.

Trial began in the courtroom of Riverside County Superior Court Judge Sunshine

Sykes on February 28, 2018. During his testimony, Sean admitted he and Ryan had been

in violent altercations before and that Ryan had been violent with his mother on multiple

occasions. He acknowledged that Ryan had been taken to “ETS” (emergency treatment

services) for involuntary psychiatric holds on three separate occasions since he had

become conservator. Despite knowing Ryan did not like ETS, he admitted he had, on

occasion, threatened to send Ryan there as a form of punishment when he was

misbehaving.

6 Sean made several other admissions on the stand. He admitted that he would take

his ring off and threaten divorce when Ryan misbehaved; that he would hang up the

phone when Ryan was talking to his biological family; that he wouldn’t let Ryan see his

biological family as another form of punishment; that his mother had cut her wrists in

front of Ryan in an attempt to commit suicide; and that, during his first 10 months as

conservator, he did not enroll Ryan in any type of school, therapy, or other services and

did not take him to the dentist.

Due to his speech and intellectual impairments, most of Ryan’s deposition and

testimony was elicited in the form of questions with yes or no answers and the answers

were often inconsistent. Nevertheless, he agreed, during his deposition, that he did not

want to live with Sean’s parents, did not want to be married to Sean (and only wanted to

be friends), and did not want Sean to be his conservator.

At trial, Ryan said Sean had told him to scream at his deposition and say bad

things about Ronald and his aunt. He said Sean’s mother had cut her wrists in front of

him, and he did not want to live with her.

Ryan also confirmed various forms of punishment Sean used. Sean would tell him

to “follow the rules or ETS,” would take his phone away if he tried to call his brother or

aunt, and would yell at him and threaten to divorce him if he saw his brother. Ryan said

he did not like going to ETS because his arm had been broken there by a “big guy.” Ryan

said the police had come to his house after he punched Sean. He agreed he only wanted to

be friends with Sean and wanted his adoptive uncle to be his conservator. Ryan had told

7 interviewers on various occasions that he liked going to his uncle’s house because he had

a pool and they could play video games.

Sean’s father testified he was concerned for his wife’s safety around Ryan because

he had hit her several times, necessitating professional intervention and involuntary

psychiatric holds. He also said Ryan would go on “rage[s]” and that he had seen Ryan hit

Sean, too.

Monica, Ryan’s aunt, testified Sean refused to let Ryan see her side of the family

despite the fact that, as far as she could tell, Ryan wanted to spend time with them. She

said Ryan would tell her he loved and missed her and would leave voice messages saying

he wanted to see her and Ronald. After Sean became conservator, he had prohibited

phone contact with her side of the family and would hang up the phone if he caught Ryan

talking to them. She finally saw Ryan at an informal meeting between the parties and

their counsel in May 2016. She said Ryan had hugged her and told her he was afraid of

Sean and didn’t want to leave with him.

The first public guardian investigator to visit Ryan’s home testified that she

believed Sean had been neglecting Ryan’s educational opportunities and attempting to

coach and influence Ryan during interviews. The second public guardian investigator

testified Sean was evasive and uncooperative during her investigation. She believed Sean

was an inadequate conservator for Ryan and was unable to meet his special needs.

Ryan’s caretaker at basic operational training testified Ryan would arrive at his

sessions dirty, unkempt, and with body odors that suggested poor hygiene. The basic

8 operational training supervisor also testified Ryan arrived at sessions disheveled and

unwashed. The supervisor also said Sean restricted Ryan’s biological family members

from visiting despite the fact that visits were common and encouraged.

Psychotherapist Elizabeth Rivas testified as an expert on domestic violence and

abuse. Having reviewed Sean’s and Ryan’s deposition testimony, the investigative

reports and other court documents, she concluded Sean was emotionally abusing,

isolating, and coaching Ryan, and that Ryan’s disabilities made him particularly

vulnerable to such conduct. She also believed Ryan’s physical aggression towards Sean

and Sean’s mother was a reaction to the abuse and manipulation.

After both sides rested and submitted closing argument briefs, the judge reopened

evidence on her own motion and ordered an independent expert evaluation under

Evidence Code section 730 to assess whether Ryan had the capacity to marry (both at the

time of his wedding and presently); what would be the most appropriate placement for

him; and whether it was necessary to revisit the allocation of powers between the

conservator and conservatee. The judge appointed licensed psychologist Dr. Gary

Freedman-Harvey to conduct the evaluation and submit a report.

After reviewing the trial evidence and evaluating Ryan over two approximately

90-minute sessions, Dr. Freedman-Harvey concluded in his report that Ryan has, at all

times, lacked the capacity to marry, that Sean was not an appropriate conservator, that

Ryan should be placed in a neutral and therapeutic living environment, and that the court

should consider temporarily limiting his right to marry and control his social and sexual

9 relationships. Dr. Freedman-Harvey agreed with previous assessments placing Ryan’s

cognitive capacity at around the kindergarten level. He said Ryan “appeared to have been

coached” and “cannot demonstrate reliable understanding of most concepts other than

rote repetition of the phrases taught to him.” He found Ryan could not comprehend

abstract concepts like love or marriage but could learn concrete rules (if-then logic) and

appears to have done so with regard to his marriage. When he asked Ryan if he had

wanted to get married, Ryan responded, “We made a deal. That if I get married, I’d have

a cell phone.” When asked who made the deal, Ryan said, “It was my mom . . . If I got

married” then he pointed to his cell phone.

At trial, Dr. Freedman-Harvey expressed several concerns about Sean’s care of

Ryan and the conflict of interest he believed had arisen as a result of his dual roles of

conservator and spouse. Like investigator the first public guardian investigator, Dr.

Freedman-Harvey had reviewed the wedding video and concluded Ryan did not know

what type of ceremony he was attending or his role in it. Dr. Freedman-Harvey found it

concerning that he could hear in the video female voices seeming to coach Ryan, telling

him things like, “You can do it.” He believed Sean’s threats to divorce and abandon Ryan

if he did not behave only served to confuse Ryan because he lacked the capacity to know

whether Sean was speaking to him as his husband or as his conservator. In his opinion,

Sean was isolating and exerting undue influence over Ryan, and restricting Ryan from

seeing his biological family did not serve his best interests.

10 On May 17, 2019, the trial judge granted the petition to remove Sean as

conservator, explaining the bases for her decision in a written ruling. She found Sean was

“unable to suitably perform the duties of [] conservator” because the “lines between

spouse and conservator have been blurred” to the point Sean had a conflict of interest.

She found Sean had engaged in “numerous instances of abusive behavior,” used

inappropriate means of punishment, isolated and exerted undue influence over Ryan, and

kept him in a “volatile home.” She identified two examples of how Sean’s behavior as

Ryan’s spouse was adverse to the conservatorship. “Based upon all of the evidence,

including the wedding video, it appears that Ryan does not have the mental capacity to

understand what a marriage is and therefore does not have the capacity to understand

consent to be and remain married. That in and of itself places him in a vulnerable position

as Sean is not only his spouse, but his conservator. Ryan expressed at deposition that he

no longer wanted to be married to Sean, but wanted to be friends. Ryan retains the right

under the conservatorship to make that decision, but practically speaking would have to

rely upon Sean in the role as his conservator to make that happen.” (Italics added.)

“Equally, it is clear that continuing to live in the [] home is detrimental to Ryan. . . . With

the conservator hat on it would be in the best interest of Ryan for Sean to move [him]

from the residence, but with the spouse hat on it may be difficult to do. Hence another

conflict. A conflict that at present causes grave concern for the well-being of Ryan.”

The judge appointed the public guardian to serve as Ryan’s temporary

conservator. She ordered the public guardian to remove Ryan from Sean’s home and

11 place him in the “least restrictive suitable environment in consultation with the Inland

Regional Center.” She also ordered that Ryan be allowed visits with Sean, his adoptive

family, and his biological family in a therapeutic setting.

II

ANALYSIS

A. General Legal Principles

Under Probate Code section 2650, a conservator may be removed for several

reasons, including the conservator’s “failure to perform duties or incapacity to perform

duties suitably” and the conservator having an adverse interest that creates an

“unreasonable risk” they will fail to perform their duties faithfully. (Prob. Code, § 2650,

unlabeled statutory citations refer to this code.) In addition, section 2650 allows for

removal “[i]n any other case in which the court in its discretion determines that removal

is in the best interests of the . . . conservatee.” (§ 2650, subd. (j).)

We review an order removing a conservator for cause under section 2650 for

abuse of discretion. (Guardianship of Davis (1967) 253 Cal.App.2d 754, 761 [whether

there is sufficient cause to remove a guardian or conservator “is a question of fact to be

determined in the broad discretion of the trial judge, whose determination will not be

disturbed except upon a showing of manifest abuse of discretion”].) We will not find an

abuse of discretion unless “under all the evidence, viewed most favorably in support of

the trial court’s action, no judge could have reasonably reached the challenged result.”

(Conservatorship of Scharles (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 1334, 1340.) “[A] trial court’s

12 exercise of discretion will not be disturbed unless the record establishes it exceeded the

bounds of reason or contravened the uncontradicted evidence [citation], failed to follow

proper procedure in reaching its decision [citation], or applied the wrong legal standard to

the determination.” (Ibid.)

B. Discussion

Before we turn to the arguments contained in Ryan’s opening brief, we find it

necessary to address what the brief does not contain: a summary of the facts. The brief’s

factual background section consists of three pages summarizing the procedural posture of

the case and lacks any reference to the facts we summarized above.

This violates the California Rules of Court, which require appellants to provide a

summary of the significant facts from the record in their opening briefs, and each factual

reference must be supported “by a citation to the volume and page number of the record

where the matter appears.” (Id., rule 8.204(a)(1)-(2).) We remind Ryan’s counsel that an

“appellant defaults, if the appellant predicates error only on the part of the record he

provides the trial court, but ignores or does not present to the appellate court portions of

the proceedings below which may provide grounds upon which the decision of the trial

court could be affirmed.” (Osgood v. Landon (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 425, 435, italics

added.)

This rule derives from the cornerstone of appellate review—that we presume the

appealed judgment is correct unless the appellant affirmatively shows the trial court

committed reversible error. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; Dietz v. Meisenheimer & Herron

13 (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 771, 799.) Whether intentional or inadvertent on counsel’s part,

the complete failure to acknowledge any of the evidence that came out during the

thirteen-day trial severely impairs our ability to analyze the arguments in the opening

brief and is grounds for deeming the arguments forfeited. (E.g., Landry v. Berryessa

Union School Dist. (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 691, 699-700.) We will, however, exercise our

discretion to overlook this failing and reach the merits of the appeal.

First, the opening brief argues the basis for removal was improper. According to

the brief, the judge removed Sean based on her determination that Ryan lacked the

capacity to marry, which is a right expressly reserved to Ryan under the conservatorship

and not one of the enumerated grounds for removal under section 2650. But Ryan’s lack

of capacity to marry was not the basis for removal. As the judge’s written ruling makes

clear, she found two of the grounds for removal specified in section 2650 applied to

Sean—he was failing to faithfully perform his duties as conservator and his dual role as

Ryan’s spouse created a conflict of interest. (§ 2650, subds. (c) & (f).) These findings are

amply supported by the record. Though the judge did conclude Ryan lacked the capacity

to marry Sean, that conclusion did not form the basis for removal nor did she make any

rulings that affected the legal status of the marriage. She expressly stated in her ruling

that Ryan retains the right to enter into marriage and choose his social and sexual

contacts.

In a somewhat related argument, the opening brief contends the judge improperly

expanded the scope of trial by ordering an Evidence Code section 730 evaluation of

14 Ryan’s capacity to marry. However, trial judges have broad discretion to determine

whether expert opinions are necessary and on which topics. (E.g., Hulbert v. Cross

(2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 405, 417.) And here, Ryan’s capacity to marry had been a

contested issue from the start—Ronald’s petition alleged Ryan lacked the capacity to

marry, and Ryan opposed that allegation, arguing he was able to understand and

appreciate the decision. But even if that wasn’t the case, after reading the public guardian

investigator’s report and hearing her testimony regarding the contents of the wedding

video, the judge could reasonably conclude that Ryan’s capacity to marry was relevant to

the ultimate question of whether Sean was faithfully performing his duties as conservator.

And in any event, as noted, Ryan’s married status remains intact, as do his specific rights

under the conservatorship.

Finally, the opening brief argues the standard of proof for removing a conservator

under section 2650 should be the same as the one required for the establishment of a

conservatorship under section 1801—clear and convincing evidence—and because the

trial judge did not apply this heightened standard, we should reverse. We are not

persuaded. Section 1801, which governs the establishment of a conservatorship, affects

the proposed conservatee’s fundamental rights and explicitly states the clear and

convincing standard applies. (§ 1801, subd. (e); Conservatorship of Sanderson (1980)

106 Cal.App.3d 611, 620.) In contrast, the decision whether to remove a conservator for

cause once the conservatorship has already been established does not affect the

conservatee’s fundamental rights. And, unlike section 1801, section 2650 doesn’t specify

15 a standard of proof, which means the default standard of proof for civil provisions—

preponderance of the evidence—applies. (See Evid Code, § 115 [unless otherwise

provided, the burden of proof in civil cases is preponderance of the evidence]; see also

Masellis v. Law Office of Leslie F. Jensen (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1077, 1083 [“In

California civil litigation, a preponderance of the evidence is the default burden of

proof”].)

III

DISPOSITION

We affirm the judgment. Respondent shall recover his costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

SLOUGH

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

FIELDS

J.

16