FILED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

APR 18 2022

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ANTONIO TORRES-SIMON, No. 21-70524

Petitioner, Agency No. A096-194-965

v.

MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted April 12, 2022** San Francisco, California

Before: BYBEE and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,*** District Judge.

Petitioner Antonio Torres-Simon seeks review of a Board of Immigration

Appeals (BIA) decision denying him asylum, withholding of removal, and

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). Petitioner alleges that he

has a well-founded fear of persecution from the Los Tequileros or Los Zetas cartels

because of his familial relationship to his physician brother or because of his

political opinion. The Immigration Judge (IJ) and BIA denied the petition, citing a

lack of nexus for the asylum and withholding claims and failure to qualify under

CAT. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) and deny the petition.

Where the BIA agrees with the IJ’s decision and supplements its own

analysis, we review both agency decisions. See, e.g., Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d

1037, 1042 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Tekle v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th

Cir. 2008) (looking to the IJ’s decision “as a guide to what lay behind the [BIA’s]

conclusion[s]” (quoting Kozulin v. INS, 218 F.3d 1112, 1115 (9th Cir. 2000))). We

review the BIA’s factual findings for substantial evidence. See Tamang v. Holder,

598 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2010). A petitioner contending that the BIA’s

findings are erroneous must establish that the evidence not only supports that

conclusion, but compels it. See Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051,

1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (“A finding by the IJ is not supported by substantial

evidence when any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary based on the evidence in the record.” (cleaned up) (quoting Zhi v. Holder,

751 F.3d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 2014))).

2 1. Petitioner challenges the IJ and BIA’s finding of no nexus between his

fear of persecution and his alleged particular social group of family or his political

opinion for both his asylum and withholding claims.1 The petitioner established

that his brother was briefly kidnapped in 2016 so that the Los Tequileros could

gain access to medications that his brother was transporting. Although the Los

Tequileros sought information about the petitioner and his family so that they

could later “extort [the petitioner] and [his] family in order to get money,” the

petitioner, who has never since been personally threatened or harassed by the

cartel, does not present evidence that compels the conclusion that this information

puts him at risk of persecution on the basis of a protected ground. See Li v. Holder,

559 F.3d 1096, 1111–12 (9th Cir. 2009) (“Persecutors’ motivation should not be

questioned when the persecutors specifically articulate their reason for attacking a

victim.”). Simply put, an “applicant’s membership in a family-based particular

social group does not necessarily mean than any harm inflicted or threatened by the

persecutor is because of, or on account of, the family membership.” See Matter of

L-E-A-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 40, 43 (B.I.A. 2017). Here, the cartel targeted petitioner’s

1 Petitioner does not contest the IJ and BIA’s findings with respect to his second particular social group of “Mexican males targeted by an uncontrolled criminal organization in Mexico” and any challenge to them is waived. See Tijani v. Holder, 628 F.3d 1071, 1080 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e generally will not take up arguments not raised in an alien’s opening brief before this court.”). 3 brother to acquire certain medications, and to the extent they have targeted

petitioner at all, their motivation appears to have been entirely financial.

Likewise, petitioner does not present evidence compelling the conclusion

that he will be persecuted on account of his political opinion. The mere refusal to

support or join a gang does not constitute a political opinion. See Santos-Lemus v.

Mukasey, 542 F.3d 738, 747 (9th Cir. 2008), abrogated on other grounds by

Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081, 1092–93 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc).

The BIA reasonably concluded that the petitioner fears general crime and violence

in Mexico. See Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010) (“An alien’s

desire to be free from harassment by criminals motivated by theft or random

violence by gang members bears no nexus to a protected ground.”).

2. Under CAT, it is the petitioner’s burden to establish that “it is more

likely than not” that he will be tortured if he returns to Mexico, either by

government officials or with government officials’ acquiescence. 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.16(c)(2); Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1033 (9th Cir. 2014).

He must show a “particularized threat” of torture. Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d

1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Lanza v. Ashcroft, 389

F.3d 917, 936 (9th Cir. 2004)). Petitioner is not entitled to CAT protection if his

claims of possible torture are speculative. See, e.g., Blandino-Medina v. Holder,

4 712 F.3d 1338, 1348 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding a “series of worst-case scenarios”

insufficient to compel the conclusion that petitioner was more likely than not to be

tortured upon return to his country); Zheng v. Holder, 644 F.3d 829, 835–36 (9th

Cir. 2011).

Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that petitioner

could not demonstrate that he had suffered torture in the past nor that it would be

more likely than not that he would suffer torture if he returned to Mexico.

PETITION DENIED

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