NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 1 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CLEMENT TAIWO BABATUNDE, AKA No. 19-70815 T. Clement Babatunde, Agency No. A206-881-658 Petitioner,

v. MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted May 12, 2022 Portland, Oregon

Before: BERZON and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and BLOCK,** District Judge.

Clement Taiwo Babatunde appeals the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) decision ordering him removed. We lack jurisdiction over two of the

issues Babatunde raises but remand for consideration of the third.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Frederic Block, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. 1. We do not have subject matter jurisdiction over issues a petitioner fails to

raise before the BIA. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 676–78 (9th Cir.

2004). We can consider some constitutional issues not raised before the agency,

but not procedural errors that the agency could have addressed had the claim been

raised before it. Id. at 778; see Sola v. Holder, 720 F.3d 1134, 1135–36 (9th Cir.

2013). Babatunde’s due process challenges concern procedural matters the BIA

could have addressed had he raised them, but he did not. We therefore lack

jurisdiction over the due process issues.

2. We also lack jurisdiction over Babatunde’s challenge to the BIA’s

determination that his conviction was a “particularly serious crime” that bars his

asylum and withholding of removal claims. Babatunde did not raise the

particularly serious crime issue at all in his brief before the BIA, Barron, 358 F.3d

at 676–78, and the BIA did not address the merits of the issue, Rodriguez-

Castellon v. Holder, 733 F.3d 847, 852 (9th Cir. 2013).

3. Babatunde did, however, exhaust his challenge to the IJ’s Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”) determination. To meet the exhaustion requirement, a

petitioner must specify which issues form the basis of the appeal, such that the BIA

is on notice and has an opportunity to correct any error. See Zara v. Ashcroft,

383 F.3d 927, 930–31 (9th Cir. 2004). We “do not employ the exhaustion doctrine

in a formalistic manner.” Diaz-Jimenez v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 955, 959 (9th Cir.

2 2018) (quoting Figueroa v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2008)); Bare v.

Barr, 975 F.3d 952, 960 (9th Cir. 2020). Where a petitioner “explicitly mentioned”

in his BIA brief that he was “requesting reversal of the IJ’s denial of relief under

the Convention Against Torture,” the request is “sufficient to put the BIA on notice

that he was challenging the IJ’s Convention determination,” and “the agency had

an opportunity to pass on this issue.” Zhang v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 713, 721 (9th

Cir. 2004).

When considering exhaustion, we construe pro se filings liberally. See

Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871, 878 (9th Cir. 2002). In Babatunde’s pro se brief

before the BIA, he stated he “appeals the honorable Immigration Judge’s (IJ) order

of Respondent’s removal following the court’s denial of his applications for

Asylum, Withholding of Removal and Protection Under the U.N. Convention

Against Torture.” He referred to the Convention Against Torture again when

challenging the IJ’s determination that because Babatunde provided “material

support” to Boko Haram under duress, he was barred “from establishing eligibility

for asylum, withholding of removal and withholding under CAT.” Finally,

Babatunde asserted the IJ “abused his discretion by neglecting to assign the

appropriate weight to the country conditions.” “Country conditions evidence can

play a decisive role in determining eligibility for relief under the Convention,”

Zhang, 388 F.3d at 721.

3 Babatunde explicitly mentioned the Convention Against Torture twice in

contexts sufficient to put the BIA on notice that he was challenging the IJ’s CAT

determination and also flagged the adequacy of the IJ’s consideration of the

country conditions report. See id. Although the latter mention was in connection

with “persecution,” adequacy of country conditions consideration is pertinent to

asylum and withholding relief and to CAT relief. As Babatunde was proceeding

pro se, the parallel reference to country conditions was sufficient for exhaustion

purposes.

The government next asserts that Babatunde failed to challenge the CAT

determination in his opening brief before this court, so he “waives any challenge to

the Board’s waiver finding.” Construing Babatunde’s pro se opening brief

liberally, he stated enough to preserve the claim. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S.

89, 94 (2007) (per curiam). In any event, the government addressed the merits of

Babatunde’s CAT claim in its answering brief, and it was discussed in Babatunde’s

counseled reply brief, so any failure by Babatunde to raise the issue “did not impair

the government’s position on appeal,” or our ability fully to consider the issue. See

Ullah, 976 F.2d at 514; Etemadi v. Garland, 12 F.4th 1013, 1027 (9th Cir. 2021).

We DENY the Petition as to Babatunde’s due process and particularly

serious crime challenges. We GRANT the Petition as to Babatunde’s claim for

deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture, and we REMAND to

4 the BIA to consider that claim for relief on its merits in the first instance.

5