United States v. Fred Covarrubias Lopez

17 F.3d 397 NOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fred Covarrubias LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant. No. 92-50677. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted Dec. 8, 1993. Decided Feb. 17, 1994. Before: HUG, SCHROEDER, and BOOCHEVER, Circuit Judges. 1 MEMORANDUM * 2 The issues in this case are whether evidence concerning two prior drug deals that were not charged in the Indictment was properly admitted, whether the Government improperly vouched for the credibility of a witness, and whether certain jury instructions omitted elements of the crimes and created an impermissible presumption about the defendant's knowledge. We affirm Fred Covarrubias Lopez's convictions for conspiracy to distribute heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846 , and aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841 (a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 2 (a). I. 3 On redirect…