dissenting:

The majority holds that the absence of Rule 54(b) certification in consolidated cases can be cured by finalization of outstanding claims after the notice of appeal is filed, if there is no prejudice to the parties. I dissent because the majority’s broad rule, an uncodified extension of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), threatens to swamp the narrowly crafted Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(2). The rule announced by the majority takes over the function of Rule 4(a)(2) and allows appeals in situations that Rule 4(a)(2) does not cover. Moreover, the new rule creates uncertainty over jurisdiction, resulting in the potential for unfairness to litigants and in needless expenditure of judicial resources. Accordingly, I would not allow subsequent finalization of remaining claims in a consolidated case to substitute for certification under Rule 54(b).

The majority’s holding has its roots in the principle announced in Anderson v. Allstate Ins. Co., 630 F.2d 677, 680-81 (9th Cir.1980), that “subsequent events can validate a prematurely filed appeal.” Id. The principle was based on two cases, Ruby v. Secretary of Navy, 365 F.2d 385, 389 (9th Cir.1966) (en banc), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1011 , 87 S.Ct. 1358 , 18 L.Ed.2d 442 (1967), and Firchau v. Diamond Nat’l Corp., 345 F.2d 269 , 271 (9th Cir.1965), that subsequently formed the basis for Rule 4(a)(2). See Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(2) advisory committee’s note discussing 1979 amendments. Anderson itself was not mentioned by the advisory committee. Id.

Rule 4(a)(2) provides that, except as otherwise provided in Rule 4(a)(4), a notice of appeal “filed after the announcement of a decision or order but before the entry of the judgment or order shall be treated as filed after such entry and on the day thereof.” In the paradigmatic Rule 4(a)(2) situation, a decision ending litigation on the merits is announced from the bench. Notice of appeal is filed before judgment is actually entered. Rule 4(a)(2) allows the premature notice of appeal to ripen when judgment is entered. FirsTier Mortgage Co. v. Investors Mortgage Ins. Co., 498 U.S. 269 , 111 S.Ct. 648 , 112 L.Ed.2d 743 (1991).

Rule 4(a)(2) as adopted is narrower than the sweeping statements of Anderson , which has since been cited for the proposition that “judgments whose finality would normally depend upon a Rule 54(b) certificate may be treated as final if remaining claims subsequently have been finalized, even by developments occurring after appeal.” Baker v. Limber, 647 F.2d 912 (9th Cir.1981). In *536 FirsTier, the Supreme Court clarified the situations in which Rule 4(a)(2) may be used to validate a prematurely filed appeal. 1 Any doubt that 4(a)(2) is narrower than Anderson has been removed by Serine v. Peterson, 989 F.2d 371, 372 (9th Cir.1993) (holding that a notice of appeal from a magistrate’s order was not validated when those recommendations were later adopted by the district court).

Any appeal that fits under Rule 4(a)(2)’s narrow exception would also be allowed under Anderson’s sweeping principle. Rule 4(a)(2), and FirsTiePs and Serine’s careful consideration of its limits, would be entirely unnecessary if the language of Anderson and subsequent cases were given its full scope. Anderson and its progeny should, therefore,' be reconsidered.

On reconsideration, the Anderson principle should not be adopted. Neither Anderson nor its progeny gave adequate consideration to the potential problems of the Anderson approach. It is my view that confusion, unfairness, and waste of judicial resources result from allowing the absence of 54(b) certification to be cured by subsequent events disposing of outstanding claims or parties in consolidated cases.

In this Circuit, 54(b) certification obtained after the notice of appeal can validate a prematurely filed appeal if neither party is prejudiced. Freeman v. Hittle, 747 F.2d 1299, 1301-02 (9th Cir.1984). Because the danger of piecemeal appeals is even less when the entire case is wrapped up than when 54(b) certification is granted, it may seem like a natural step to allow subsequent events resulting in a final entry of judgment to substitute for the entry of judgment pursuant to 54(b). However, dispensing with the requirement of 54(b) certification means that our jurisdiction over an appeal could remain uncertain until the day of the hearing. If 54(b) certification is a prerequisite to jurisdiction, it becomes clear on the day that 54(b) certification is granted or denied that we either have or lack jurisdiction over the appeal. If certification is denied, the appeal may be dismissed. In contrast, settlement or other disposition of the case can happen at any time. Under the new rule allowing settlement or disposition to validate the notice of appeal, this court could obtain jurisdiction at any time, without warning.

The jurisdictional uncertainty created by the new rule can affect the appellant and appellee unequally. Under a rule clearly requiring 54(b) certification, appellant and appellee are both aware of any pending motion and are equally positioned to assess its chances of success. The same is not true of settlement or other disposition of remaining claims that might validate the appeal. The outstanding claims or parties may concern only the appellant or appellee. While one party is conducting negotiations or arguing summary judgment motions on the remaining claims with third parties, the other party to the appeal may be unaware that settlement or disposition is likely. If the subsequent settlement is allowed to validate the appeal, the other party may not realize that this court has jurisdiction until the day of the hearing — or after, as in the current appeal.

Inquiring whether the parties are prejudiced by subsequent validation of the appeal may not fully correct the imbalance created by a system in which 54(b) certification may be dispensed with. First, one party will generally know sooner than the other that argument on the merits will be necessary. Second, the fact that the validity of the ap *537 peal depends on the actions of one party but not the other gives one party unequal negotiating power during the pendency of the appeal.

The uncertainty over jurisdiction created by the new rule may not only cause unfairness to litigants, but also waste appellate court resources. This appeal is a case in point. A panel of judges prepared to hear the merits of the case, only to discover that the court lacked jurisdiction. The panel agreed to dismiss the case, only to discover, on petition for rehearing, that the court had jurisdiction after all. The panel will now reconvene to hear the merits. Attorneys will prepare a second time for oral argument and will travel again to where the panel sits. Such an expenditure of resources in this and similar cases could be saved by continuing to require 54(b) certification.

Once the rule requiring 54(b) certification is clear, dispensing with 54(b) certification yields no benefits to offset the potential unfairness and uncertainty. At best, the exception allows an appellant whose notice of appeal was premature to escape the consequences of his mistake. At worst, the exception opens the door to manipulation by litigants and removes the district judge as a check on procedural jockeying. Although I, too, would support “a pragmatic approach to finality in situations where events subsequent to a nonfinal order fulfill the purposes of the final judgment rule,” Dannenberg, 16 F.3d at 1073, I do not believe that the purposes of that rule are always filled by settlement or disposition of remaining claims. For this reason, I would hold that the absence of 54(b) certification can be cured only by 54(b) certification.

. In FirsTier, the Supreme Court stated:

498 U.S. at 276 , 111 S.Ct. at 653 .

Dannenberg v. Software Toolworks, Inc., 16 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir.1994), a recent case that adopted Anderson without mentioning Rule 4(a)(2) or discussing the implications of FirsTier, should not substitute for such reconsideration.