The only issue in this appeal is how we review a Board of Immigration Appeals affir-mance which adopts the decision of the immigration judge, instead of articulating the Board’s reasons in its own words.

FACTS

Alaelua came to the United States from Western Samoa in 1978, when he was 21. He was admitted as a lawful permanent resident. In 1987, he was convicted of selling heroin five times on five separate dates during May of 1986. Despite the apparent seriousness of the conviction, he was sentenced only to probation and restitution of $880, the money which the undercover agent paid him for the narcotics. After this criminal conviction, he was ordered to show cause why he should not be deported. He conceded de-portability, and applied for section 212(c) relief under 8 U.S.C. § 1182 (c).

The Immigration Judge (IJ) who heard the evidence carefully recited the factors bearing upon this discretionary decision, then explained orally why he thought the better exercise of discretion in this particular case was to deny relief. Here is the critical portion of his oral decision:

On review, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) adopted the decision of the IJ. The BIA did not write its own decision analyzing the relevant factors. In a one paragraph opinion, the BIA said that it had reviewed the record, as well as the IJ’s decision. It took special note of how comprehensive and well reasoned the IJ’s decision was, and affirmed based on his reasons:

ANALYSIS

Alaelua petitioned this court for review pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1105a. See Tapia-Acuna v. INS, 640 F.2d 223, 223 (9th Cir.1981). We review only for abuse of discretion, not de novo. Vargas v. INS, 831 F.2d 906, 908 (9th Cir.1987). Alaelua argues that the BIA’s failure to discuss in its own written decision all favorable factors constitutes an abuse of discretion. He correctly points out that the BIA decision “must show that the BIA weighed both favorable and unfavorable factors,” and that the BIA must “state its reasons and show proper consideration of all factors when weighing equities and denying relief.” Mattis v. INS, 774 F.2d 965, 968 (9th Cir.1985). But he errs in arguing that an opinion of the BIA fails this standard if it adopts the decision of the IJ instead of discussing the favorable factors in its own words.

The BIA argues that when “the Board explicitly states that it is adopting the reasons and the conclusions of the IJ, and not substituting its judgment for that of the IJ, it is the IJ’s opinion that serves as the Board’s articulation and is held to the abuse of discretion standard,” citing Yepes-Prado v. INS, 10 F.3d 1363, 1367 (9th Cir.1993). The argument is correct, but the citation is not dispositive. We publish today to make it clear that the BIA can adopt the IJ’s decision. If it is clear to us that it gave individualized consideration to the particular case, but chose to use the IJ’s words rather than its own, this is sufficient. See, e.g., Castaneda-Suarez v. INS, 993 F.2d 142, 146 (7th Cir.1993) (“[W]e find that, the Board adequately explained its decision by adopting the reasoning of the IJ,... the IJ’s explanation for denying the [motion] was clearly spelled out in his decision.”). The IJ’s analysis was careful and thorough, so the BIA saw no reason to say the same thing in its own words; it just incorporated his words. The BIA may incorporate the IJ’s opinion if the BIA opinion makes it clear it is doing so. When the BIA clearly incorporates the IJ’s, opinion, as it did in this case, then under Yepes-Prado , we treat the IJ’s statement of reasons as the BIA’s and review the IJ’s decision for abuse of discretion.

In Yepes-Prado , the BIA did not review the IJ’s decision de novo; it reviewed only for abuse of discretion. We held that where the BIA so reviews the IJ’s decision regarding 212(c) relief, we review the decision of the IJ, not the BIA, for abuse of discretion. Yepes-Prado, 10 F.3d at 1366-67 . The importance of this is that sometimes the IJ gives significant weight to a factor that is not “grounded in legitimate concerns about the administration of the immigration laws.” INS v. Rios-Pineda, 471 U.S. 444, 451-52 , 105 S.Ct. 2098, 2102-03 , 85 L.Ed.2d 452 (1985). This was the situation in YepesPrado. If, however, the BIA reviews de novo, and does not consider the inappropriate factor, then our review is limited to the BIA’s exercise of discretion. See Castillo v. INS, 951 F.2d 1117, 1120-21 (9th Cir.1991); Castillo-Villagra v. INS, 972 F.2d 1017, 1022-23 (9th Cir.1992). In Yepes-Prado the limited extent of BIA review gave us the authority to look past the BIA decision to the IJ decision. Yepes-Prado, 10 F.3d at 1366-67 .

In the ease at bar, the BIA plainly reviewed de novo. The BIA opinion says that it reviewed the record of the proceeding. The BIA made an independent decision that the IJ adequately and correctly addressed the issues. A footnote to the BIA decision intimates that the IJ may have used an inappropriate threshold requirement of outstanding equities for aliens with criminal convictions, but “[i]n the context of the case presently before us, the ultimate decision remains the same.” This shows that the BIA independently considered the case without the threshold requirement. The BIA then “affirmed based upon and for the reasons set forth in” the IJ’s oral decision.

The BIA’s review here differed from a determination that an IJ did not abuse his or her discretion. A decision may be affirmed under an abuse of discretion standard where the reviewing tribunal would not reach the same result, but nevertheless concludes that the result was within the range of permissible discretion. Here, the BIA reviewed the evidence, applied a slightly different standard from the IJ, but reached the same conclusion for the same reasons.

The adoption of a lower tribunal’s reasons is a valid practice on review. 5 C.J.S. Appeal & Error § 898 (1990). We do this. See, e.g., Cappa v. Wiseman, 659 F.2d 957, 960 (9th Cir.1981); United States v. Corbin Farm Svc., 578 F.2d 259, 260 (9th Cir.1978); San Manuel Copper Corp. v. Brian Jackson Assoc., 384 F.2d 487 , 487 (9th Cir.1967). Tribunals conducting hearings and trials have different functions from appellate tribunals, and typically write differently to perform those functions. On the other hand, an oral decision, such as the IJ’s in this case, has the virtue that it reflects the actual decision-maker’s mind at work. An oral decision made in public cannot be the result of a decision-maker choosing a result and directing a staff attorney to justify that result in a written opinion.

Once we look to the IJ decision in this case, the case is over. The petition for review does not argue that the IJ’s decision faded to meet the Mattis requirement that its “stated reasons evidence its consideration of all relevant factors.” Mattis , 774 F.2d at 967. The IJ’s decision demonstrates careful and proper consideration of all relevant factors.

PETITION DENIED.