The peti-

tioner and one Peter P. McDonough were tried and convicted for violations of the National Prohibition Act (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 1013814 et seq.). Judgment upon the petitioner was imposed as follows: “That Harry Rice pay a fine in the sum of one thousand ($1,000.00) dollars and be imprisoned for the period of six (6) months on the first count of the information, and be imprisoned for the period of six (6) months on the second count of the information; said judgments of imprisonment to run consecutively.”

The basis of the application for this writ is that the jail sentences should run concurrently, because the judgment does not specify which term of imprisonment should be first — that is, whether he was to serve the six months on the first count, and then the sentence on the second count, or vice versa. Motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment were made and denied. Then, after the imposition of sentence, another motion for a new trial was made and entertained by the court, upon the ground that the officer who had sworn to the complaint had committed perjury as to the defendant Mc-Donough.

*168 As to Rice, there was never any real contention that he was innocent; indeed, his own evidence was a practical admission of guilt. After this motion was denied, a writ of error was taken to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and the judgment affirmed. A rehearing was had in that court, and the judgment again affirmed. The case then went to the Supreme Court, and certiorari was' denied. It is worthy of note that neither in the motion after judgment here, nor in the Circuit Court of Appeals, nor the Supreme Court, was the question as to the form of judgment mentioned in any manner. On the contrary, the defendants strenuously urged in the Circuit Court of Appeals that the sentences were excessive. They treated them as amounting to one year for this petitioner, and 15 months for his eodefendant, Mr. Mc-Donough. Thát contention was considered by the Circuit Court of Appeals, as shown by the following language:

It is further worthy of note that the form of judgment here for consecutive sentences has always been used in this court fróm the earliest times. In other words, this defendant, at a time when the error — if it be one — could have been readily corrected, either failed to discover the point or studiously avoided all reference to it. Moreover, two years have elapsed .since this judgment was imposed. In that time, many such judgments, in other eases, have been rendered in the same form; and if that form be erroneous, that error could have been avoided, had the question been seasonably presented. Upon this phase of the question, the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Sixth Circuit, in Howard v. United States, 75 F. 986 , 21 C. C. A. 586 , 34 L. R. A. 509, says:

So, in Wiborg v. U. S., 163 U. S. 659 , 16 S. Ct. 1127 , 41 L. Ed. 289 , the Supreme Court said “that we may properly take notice of what we believe to be a plain error, although' it was not duly excepted to.”

It is now insisted that this judgment is “plain error,” although petitioner’s counsel did not raise it, nor did the Circuit Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court discover it. Moreover, if it be error, it is one that could not possibly prejudice the petitioner. What difference could it. make to him whether he served his sentence upon the first count prior to the sentence on the second, or the latter sentence first? It is, at best, a mere technicality, not in any way affecting the substantial rights of the petitioner — a technicality of the kind which tends to bring the whole administration of the law into disrepute.

Congress has attempted, at least, to' eliminate such technical matters by Judicial Code, § 269 (section 1246, Comp. St.), as amended by the Act of February 26, 1919 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 1246), which provides: “On the hearing of any appeal, certiorari, writ of error, or motion for a new trial, in any case, civil or criminal, the court shall give judgment after an examination of the entire record before the court, without regard to technical errors, defects, or exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the .parties.”

This is an extreme ease of the constantly repeated attempts of persons convicted of crime to make the writ of habeas corpus serve the purposes of a writ of error, or to hold a point in reserve on writ of error, and bring it up for summary adjudication after writ of error has failed. The courts have invariably discountenanced this procedure. Thus, in Howard v. Moyer, 206 F. 555 , Judge Newman, of the Northern district of Georgia, had before him, on habeas corpus, *169 a sentence of" 10 years in gross, after conviction on two separate counts; the limit upon either being 5 years. He said:

“Even if the court -committed'an error in imposing the sentence as it did, that cannot be corrected by a writ of habeas corpus. A writ of habeas corpus is not a writ to be used for the correction of errors. This question was before this court in the Glasgow Case (D. C.) 195 P. 780 , affirmed by the Supreme Court in Glasgow v. Moyer, 225 U. S. 420 , 32 S. Ct. 753 , 56 L. Ed. 1147 . In the opinion in that ease Mr. Justice McKenna said: The writ of habeas corpus cannot be made to perform the office of a writ of error. This has been decided many times, and, indeed, was the ground upon which a petition of appellant for habeas corpus to this court, before his trial, was decided. It is true, as we have said, that the ease had not then been tried; but the principle is as applicable and determinative after trial as before trial. This was decided in one of the eases cited. In re Lincoln, 202 U. S. 178 , 26 S. Ct. 602 , 50 L. Ed. 984 , which cited other cases to the same effect. Subsequent cases have made the principle especially pertinent to the ease at bar. Harlan v. McGourin, 218 U. S. 442 , 31 S. Ct. 44 , 54 L. Ed. 1101 , 21 Ann. Cas. 849, was an appeal from a judgment discharging a writ of habeas corpus petitioned for after conviction, and it was held that the writ could not be used for the purpose of proceedings in error, but was confined to a determination whether the restraint of liberty was without authority of law. In other words, as it was said: “Upon habeas corpus the court examines only the power and authority of the court to act, not the correctness of its conclusions.” Matter of Gregory, 219 U. S. 210 , 31 S. Ct. 143 , 55 L. Ed. 184 , was a writ of habeas corpus brought after conviction, and we said that we were not concerned with the question whether the information upon which the petitioner was prosecuted and convicted was sufficient, or whether the case set forth in an agreed statement of facts constituted a crime — that is to say, whether the court properly applied the law, if it be found that the court had jurisdiction to try the issues and to render judgment. And for this many eases were cited.'

This ease was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals in 208 F. 678 , 125 C. C. A. 576 , by the adoption of Judge Newman’s opinion in toto. The leading case on that subject is an opinion by Chief Justice Marshall in Ex parte Watkins, 28 U. S. (3 Pet.) 193 , 7 L. Ed. 650 , where it is said: “We have no power to examine the proceedings on a writ of error, and it would be strange if, under color of a writ to liberate an individual from unlawful imprisonment, we could substantially reverse a judgment which the law has placed beyond our control.”

In Ex parte Spencer, 228 U. S. 652 , 33 S. Ct. 709 , 57 L. Ed. 1010 , it is said:

There is also authority for the proposition that this writ, if granted, would be of no practical benefit. Thus, in Bryant v. U. S., 214 F. 51 , 130 C. C. A. 491 , the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that, even after the term had expired, the court on habeas corpus had the power to send the prisoner back for resentence, saying :

Nevertheless, if the judgment be entirely void, the petitioner is entitled to his writ. It is, of course, well settled that several sentences upon several indictments, or several counts in the same indictment, run concurrently, unless the judgment specifically and clearly provides that they shall be consecutive. Daugherty v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 2 F.(2d) 691 .

It is, of course, admitted that this judgment does specifically provide that they shall be consecutive. But it is contended that it is void, because it does not further provide the order in which they shall run. Reliance is placed upon United States v. Patterson (C. C.) 29 F. 775 . In that ease the judgment was as follows: “The court do order and adjudge that the prisoner, Oscar L. Baldwin, be. confined at hard labor in the state’s prison of the state of New Jersey, for the term of five (5) years upon 'each of the three indictments above named, said terms not to run concurrently; and from and after the expiration of said terms until the costs of this prosecution shall have been paid.”

As to that judgment Mr. Justice Bradley, sitting in the Circuit Court for New Jersey, said: “It is manifest that the judgment or sentence in this ease is uncertain in this respect: It imposes the penalty of imprisonment at hard labor in the state’s prison for the term of five years upon each indictment, and adds that the said terms shall not run concurrently, but does not specify upon which indictment either of said terms of imprisonment is to be undergone.” But in this case, the judgment does specifically provide for a sentence of six months on the first count, and six months on the second count.

Petitioner further relies upon Puccinelli v. United States, 5 F.(2d) 6 , recently decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. But this question was not involved nor discussed in that case, except that United States v. Patterson was cited. Now, in this judgment, the court imposed a sentence of six months on the first count, and six months on the second count, “said judgments of imprisonment to run consecutively.” Webster defines consecutive as “following in uninterrupted succession.” “ ‘Consecutive’ is synonymous with ‘successive,’ and these words are often used interchangeably.” Dever v. Cornwell, 10 N. *171 D. 123 , 86 N. W. 230 . The words “successive” and “consecutive” are synonymous. State v. Hitchcock, 124 Mo. App. 101 , 101 S. W. 117 .

The effect of the judgment, therefore, is: (1) The petitioner was to serve six months on the first count. (2) He was to serve six months on the second count. (3) Said judgments were to be consecutive; that is, successive.

From the most technical point of view, it seems to me that logically, if a thing is directed to be done, and then a second thing is directed to be done, and they are ordered to be done consecutively, it means that the first mentioned is to be done first, and then the second immediately after. It might be argued, perhaps, that they would be done consecutively if the last was done first; but that seems to me such a finespun technicality that it should not be allowed to defeat the ends of justice, after the petitioner had an opportunity to raise the point in every court in the land.

The courts have repeatedly held that, where there are several offenses, a judgment in gross, even though it may exceed the sentence allowed for any one offense, is sufficient if the sum of the sentences'allowed on each offense is less than, or equal to, the gross sentence. In re De Bara, 179 U. S. 316 , 21 S. Ct. 110 , 45 L. Ed. 207 ; Feigin v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 3 F.(2d), 866 ; Neely v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 2 F.(2d), 849 . Surely, if a mere sentence in gross is sufficient, one which so clearly allocates the punishments to the different counts should be upheld.

Demurrer sustained, rule to show cause discharged, and petition denied.