Kohler, defendant below, was convicted of unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor, and by due procedure on writ of error presents the question of the validity of a search warrant issued on August 20, 1924, and the admissibility of personal property-taken and seized thereunder.

The material recitals of the search warrant are that, whereas, William R. Donnelly, a prohibition agent, Was on the 29th day of September, 1924, duly sworn and examined under oath, and made affidavit, which is made part of the warrant; and “whereas, from the said examination and facts set out in said affidavit, I, B. J. Dillon, being there-* upon and therefrom satisfied of the existence of the grounds of the application, and that there is probable cause to. believe that the grounds of and upon which the application is based do exist: I find that there is probable cause for the issuance of this warrant; that the particular ground and probable cause for the issuance of this search warrant are the facts and circumstances set out in the affidavit of William R. Donnelly, hereto attached and made a part hereof, as hereinbefore set out.”

The'affidavit of Donnelly, dated September 29, 1924, after setting up that he makes the affidavit to obtain a search warrant to search the .dwelling house, outhouses, and premises occupied by Kohler, situate at 1337 Broad street, San Luis Obispo, Cal., and especially the garage, avers that on the premises, about the - day of -, 1924, intoxicating liquor was being kept, sold, possessed, and bartered, and continues: “The affidavit is made upon information sworn to by persons who have repeatedly bought of said Hansen, and seen him go back theréto and get the liquor before delivering it to them; also by others who have seen Hansen carrying what was supposed to be liquor from the said garage.”

Before trial a motion to quash was heard. The motion was supported by affidavits setting forth that a raid had been made on the premises, which were the private residence of Kohler. In opposition to the motion the court had the affidavits of certain police offieers'and prohibition agents, who stated that they had participated in the raid on the premises, and that “on or about the 30th of September, 1924,” Mrs. Weidenauer and her sister made joint affidavit that they had purchased liquor from Kohler, and that the said affidavit was on file with the commissioner. The court then heard the oral evidence of Donnelly, the prohibition agent, who said that he knew Commissioner Dillon, that he was present when the search -warrant was issued, that the women named in the affidavit heretofore referred to had filed an affidavit to the effect that they had purchased liquor at Kohler’s place, and that he believed that their affidavit was made and filed September 28th, about two days prior to the issuance of the search warrant. No affidavit of Mrs. Weidenauer and her sister was produced. Donnelly was then asked if he knew of his own knowledge whether Judge Dillon “considered those affidavits in issuing the search warrant in question.” The answer was: “I did.” Thereupon the court denied the motion to quash, and exception was saved.

It is said that the record was incomplete, but that the testimony of Donnelly to the effect that the commissioner considered the affidavit of the women before he issued the warrant was enough to show that the warrant was issued on probable cause. Title 11 of the Espionage Act, 40 Stat. 217 , 228 (Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, §§ 10496%a-10496:J4v), when construed with the Fourth Amendment, authorizes search warrant to seize liquor to be issued only on probable / cause, supported by affidavit, setting forth the facts “tending to *25 establish the grounds of the application or probable cause for believing that they exist.” Such is the opinion of the court in Steele v. United States, 267 U. S. 498 , 45 S. Ct. 414 , 69 L. Ed. 757 , and Lochnane v. United States (C. C. A.) 2 F.(2d) 427 , where it was also said that the warrant must state the particular grounds or probable cause for its issue, “and the names of tho persons whose affidavits have been taken in support thereof,” etc. Again, in Agnello v. United States, 46 S. Ct. 4 , 70 L. Ed.- (Oct. 12, 1925), the Supreme Court puts stress upon special limitations which surround the obtaining of a search warrant to search a private dwelling.

In this matter the commissioner was not called as a witness, nor was any record of his official acts produced; so that, except for the testimony of Donnelly that before he issued the warrant the commissioner considered the affidavits of the women, there is nothing whatever to negative the statement in the warrant itself that from the examination and facts set out jn the affidavit of Donnelly he was satisfied of the existence of the grounds of and upon which tho application was based, and that there was probable cause. The defects in Donnelly’s affidavit are glaring. The spaces for the day and the month are not filled in, and while •affiant states that sales are being made on the premises, he does not set forth a fact or a circumstance showing he had any ground for his conclusion, or tending to support his conclusion. On the contrary, he shows that he had no personal knowledge by his statement that his affidavit was made on information sworn to by others who had seen defendant get liquor for delivery, and others who had seen defendant carrying what was supposed to be liquor. Such a showing, made for the issuance of a search warrant to enter one’s private dwelling, is radically insufficient. It affords no reasonable ground for issuance of the process by which an entry can be made, and cannot stand.

In United States v. Casino (D. C.) 286 P. 976 , Judge Learned Hand referred to the constitutional protection as intended to prevent violent entries until evidence is obtained independently of the entries themselves, or of the admissions involved in seeking redress for the wrong done. “Were it not so,” ho wrote, “all seizures would be legal which turned out successful.” He continued : “Por a similar reason it is not material that the other evidence is absent, which was before the commissioner, and which may have induced him to deny quashal of the warrant. While under section 16 he must decide after hearing whether on all the facts there were reasonable grounds for the warrant, that does not dispense with the necessity for allegations in the affidavits themselves, which, if true, show a self-subsisting ground for the issuance of the warrant. It is not enough that on the hearing other grounds may appear, even though not upon evidence extracted by the search itself. The showing for the issue must be enough to stand alone, and must be proved upon the hearing, if challenged. It will not do to abandon tho ‘reasonable cause’ first asserted, and support the search upon a new charge. In this respect the affidavits are like pleadings. Other corroborative evidence, no doubt, is admissible for the United States; but the original allegations must in the end be supported. * * * Hence, as it seems to me, the petitioner, however guilty in fact, was the subject of an illegal search, and is entitled to a return of the property seized.” People v. Knopka, 220 Mich. 540 , 190 N. W. 731 .

As it did not appear that the search warrant was issued upon the constitutional and 'statutory requirements of a showing of probable cause, it should have been held that the evidence procured was inadmissible. Judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.