(after stating the facts).’-'

Two questions are presented: First, is American Falls reservoir district No. 2 a party in interest — the proper party defendant?

It is obvious from the findings of fact and the record that not only is title to the system in issue in the United States, but that it has exclusive control and entire supervision of construction and will have until the project is completed, and the management and operation will remain in it until otherwise provided by tifie Congress. 43 USCA §§ 498, 523, 524. Livanis v. Northport Irr. Dist., 121 Neb. 777 , 238 N. W. 757 ; Id., 120 Neb. 314 , 232 N. W. 583 .

Appellee has had no power over, or voice, control, or power in the management, control, or operation of the works or project, and no conceivable theory is pointed out, nor is such known to the court, how trespass of the United States in such construction, maintenance, or operation can be charged against appellee. Malone v. El Paso County Water Imp. Dist. No. 1 (Tex. Civ. App.) 20 S.W. (2d) 815 . There is no distinction between the principle involved in the Malone- Case and that involved in the instant case. The maintenance, operation, control, etc., in each case was in the United States, and section 6 of the Federal Reclamation Act (43 USCA §§ 491, 498) applies to eaeh. The findings, supported by the evidence, are conclusive that appellee had not succeeded to the management, operation, or control; and that is the decisive factor. The nature of the claim is not material. No liability against appellee is established.

Nor do the provisions of section 21 of the contract between appellee and the United States change the actionable relation. The most favorable cqnstruetion would make appellee surety to the United States, and subject it to no greater liability than accrued against the United States, and grant to the United States the right to sue appellee- as one for whose benefit the provision was made. 21 R. C. L. 974, 975.

“A surety is ‘a favored debtor.’ * * * His contract exactly as made is the measure of his liability; and, if the ease against him be not clearly within it, he is entitled to go acquit.” Magee v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 92 U. S. 93, 98 , 23 L. Ed. 699 . See, also, *23 City of Pocatello v. Fargo, 41 Idaho, 432, 242 P. 297, 307 .

Section 5662, Comp. Stat. Idaho, on which appellant relies, provides: “A contract, ma do expressly for the benefit of a, third person, may bo enforced by him at any time before the parties thereto rescind it.”

The contract referred to must he taken as a whole, and the concluding words of paragraph 21 thereof, “to keep the United States harmless therefrom,” must control. Tho limitation is specific. Appellant was not a party to the contract. Nor was benefit expressly, distinctly, or explicitly to accrue to it. No intention of the parlies to secure to appellant personally the benefits of this provision appears. There is nothing indicative that appellee and the United States had in view any other party or parties, or any other thing or person except their own advantage. Sayward v. Dexter, Horton & Co., 72 F. 758, 765 (C. C. A. 9). The contract is under seal, and appellant, not being in privity with either party, and it not being expressly made for appellant’s benefit, can claim no right thereunder.

“The rule that may be formulated under the federal decisions permits a third person not a pa tty to a contract to enforce the promisor’s obligation only where he is the beneficia rv solely interested in the promise.” In re Gubelman (C. C. A.) 13 F.(2d) 730, 731 , 48 A. L. R. 1037. See, also, Evans v. Sperry (D. C.) 12 F.(2d) 438, 440 ; Hendrick v. Lindsay, 93 U. S. 143 , 23 L. Ed. 855 ; Cavanaugh Bros. Horse Co. v. Gaston, 255 Mass. 587 , 152 N. E. 623 , 47 A. L. R. 1.

The foregoing shows affirmance. But, in view of the issue involved and the voluminous record, we follow Judge Cavanah, who tried the case, and proceed to consider the merits, and the second question: Does appellee transgress any right of appellant?

“The right to divert and appropriate tho unappropriated waters of any natural stream to beneficial uses, shall never be denied.” Article 15, § 3, Constitution of Idaho.

The south, north, and appellee districts each have appropriated water for beneficial uses. The trial court recognized the right of appellant to the volume of water actually appropriated for beneficial purposes, and the right to all water actually appropriated, dive lied, and used. The extent of beneficial use is an inherent and necessary limitation upon the right. There is no contention at bar or in brief that appellant is deprived of any water within a claim of right or at all. But contention is made that, but for the dam, the water in the river would not he raised to such level of tho base of the diversion canal as to enable the government, or appellee, to divert any of tho waters of the river; and for the benefits thus obtained appellee should contribute to the cost of construction and maintenance. If this contention is sound, the purpose of the laws (Comp. Stats. Idaho, §§ 5556, 5559, 5606) would be defeated and appellant would have the controlling interest of the river for 25 miles of slack water upstream, irrespective of beneficial use, and the policy of the state to reserve the waters of the river for public benefit would be defeated and result in such monopoly as to work disastrous consequences to the public good. Appropriation is not a,n unrestricted right, but a right which must be asserted with relation to the rights of the public; and to the extent that appellant has appropriated the water for beneficial uses the right has accrued and vested and appellant must be protected in the enjoyment thereof. Basey v. Gallagher, 87 U. S. (20 Wall.) 670 , 22 L. Ed. 452 . It would render meaningless section 5624 of the Compiled Statutes of the state, granting permission, on compliance with stated conditions, to use the bed and/or natural water course of Snake river for carrying the stored waters from American Falls reservoir and the Mini-doka project.

The trial court found for appellee, and, we think, in harmony with the law of Idaho and with the intent of section 946, title 43 USCA, which limits tho right to the extent of the ground occupied by the reservoir and canals and laterals, and provides that: “The privilege herein granted shall not he construed to interfere with the control of water for irrigation and other purposes under authority of tho respective States or Territories.” 43 USC A § 946.

And section 949, title 43, USC A, provides that: “Nothing in sections 946 to 949; inclusive, shall authorize such canal or ditch company to occupy such right of way except for the purpose of said canal or ditch, and then only so far as majr be necessary for the construction, maintenance, and care of said eanal or ditch.”

The provision of this section embraces, no doubt, the i-eservoir and entire property. United States v. Big Horn Land & Cattle Co. (C. C. A.) 17 F.(2d) 357, 365 ; United States v. Tujunga Water & Power Co. (C. C. A.) 48 F.(2d) 689, 692 .

In Hutchinson v. Watson Slough Ditch Co., 16 Idaho, 484 , 101 P. 1059 , 133 Am. St. *24 Rep. 125 , the court held that an acquired easement (as is appellant’s right) does not give the holder exclusive private control, or authorize obstruction of such highway to the use of other persons.

In Doherty v. Pratt, 34 Nev. 343 , 124 P. 574 , it was held that an appropriator of water has no right in appropriating a portion of a natural stream to divert the entire stream or assert a right to the exclusion of others. By the same token, the only right which appellant possessed is commensurate with its right to the water appropriated to beneficial use, and it can complain only when the act of another deprives it of a valid right in waters appropriated for a beneficial purpose, and it may not withhold waters from appropriation by another for beneficial use.

Section 372, title 43, USC'A,. provides that: “The right to the use of water acquired under the provisions of the reclamation law shall be appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of the right.”

See, also, Hayward v. Mason, 54 Wash. 649 , 104 P. 139 ; Glavin v. Salmon River Canal Co., 44 Idaho, 583 , 258 P. 532 ; Na-toma Water & Mining Co. v. Hancock, 101 Cal. 42 , 31 P. 112 , 35 P. 334 .

Appellant’s right is limited to the dam and the right to divert for beneficial use appropriated water, and no incidental right except such as is reasonably necessary to its enjoyment. It has no exclusive right to the water course below the head of slack water above the dam. There is no need therefor to the enjoyment of the .easement; and it may not deprive others of asserting the right, or infringe upon fixed rights, of appropriation by others. The land being public, reserved (see sections, supra), and the laws granting to appellee a right of way in the river to carry the water from the reservoirs above, and the right-of diverting the volume thereof by its gravity system, until the diversion- conflicts with the appropriated right of appellant and deprives it of necessary waters appropriated for public use, no right is infringed.

It may also be said that the purchase of one-eleventh interest in Milner Dam by ap-pellee from the North Side Canal Co., Limited, which had a right to sell it to any per-soh (Anderson v. Carrigan, 50 Idaho, 550 , 298 P. 673 ), gave to ‘ appellee a common undivided (one-eleventh) interest. Sections 5328, 5372, Comp. Stat. Idaho. Thereupon appellee became a tenant in common with appellant and the North Side Canal Company, Limited (except that appellant, by decree, in equity, has control, management, etc.), and became entitled to one-eleventh interest in the dam and water rights. The water right of appellant is approximately 2,500,000 acre feet per annum; of the North Side Canal Company, practically an equal right; and of appellee, 400,-000 acre feet per annum. The basis of interest must be measured by water right; and we conclude that appellee has by purchase paid for such interest at the point of diversion as would not afford any relief in this action.

Nor does the Fifth Amendment apply. The immunity to property afforded by the Fifth Amendment does not inhibit incidental consequences of lawful and proper exercise of governmental power for the common good. Gibson v. United States, 166 U. S. 269 , 17 S. Ct. 578 , 41 L. Ed. 996 . See, also, Bedford v. United States, 192 U. S. 217 , 24 S. Ct. 238 , 48 L. Ed. 414 ; Horstmann Co. v. United States, 257 U. S. 138 , 42 S. Ct. 58 , 66 L. Ed. 171 ; Omnia Commercial Co. v. United States, 261 U. S. 502 , 43 S. Ct. 437 , 67 L. Ed. 773 . The trial court found there was no talcing, and this is supported by substantial evidence. Common understanding indorses expert comprehension of the witness who said: “The additional burden would be merely one more headgate to operate, the same as you install any headgate any place there on the river.”

The right of the United States to its activity in the instant matter is not challenged. The land is used under claim of ownership and the United States may not be held upon implied obligation to pay. Langford v. United States, 101 U. S. 341 , 25 L. Ed. 1010 ; Hill v. United States, 149 U. S. 593 , 13 S. Ct. 1011 , 37 L. Ed. 862 .

In Tempel v. United States, 248 U. S. 121 , at page 129, 39 S. Ct. 56, 59 , 63 L. Ed. 162 , it is said: “As stated in United States v. Lynah, 188 U. S. 445, 462, 465 , 23 S. Ct. 349, 354 ( 47 L. Ed. 539 ) : ‘The law will imply a promise to make the required compensation, where property to which the government asserts no title, is taken, pursuant to an act of Congress, as private property to be applied for public uses.’ ”

If recovery could be had, it would be limited to the damages caused to its property having no relation to benefit accruing to ap-pellee. Tanner v. Provo Bench Canal & Irrigation Co., 40 Utah, 105 ; 121 P. 584 , affirmed, 239 U. S. 323 , 36 S. Ct. 101 , 60 L. Ed. 307 ; Salt Lake City v. East Jordan Irrigation Co., 40 Utah, 126 , 121 P. 592 .

*25 In Tanner v. Provo Bench Canal & Irrigation Co., supra, 40 Utah, 105 , 121 P. at page 589, the court said:

“Under such circumstances, the measure of damages was the ‘extent to which it (the easement) was rendered less valuable for the uses to which it was devoted.’ 2 Lewis, Eminent Domain (3d Ed.) § 723, and eases there cited. The question, therefore, is, To what extent is the value, or the value of the uso, of appellants’ canals reduced by enlarging them to the extent and the purpose permitted by the trial court? ^ ^

^ ^ “They are limited in their recovery by the amount of damages suffered by them. They eannot recover for any benefit respondent may receive.”

See, also, C., B. & Q. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226 , 17 S. Ct. 581 , 41 L. Ed. 979 ; Clayton v. Gilmer County Court, 58 W. Va. 253 , 52 S. E. 103 , 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 598; City of Lewiston v. Brinton, 41 Idaho, 317 , 239 P. 738 .

8. The exceptions to the findings have not been discussed seriatim, because no useful purpose would be served by unduly extending this opinion. Suffice it to say, there is substantial testimony to support the findings of the trial court. The trial court was in a position to weigh the testimony, to observe all that makes for credibility of witnesses, and its findings are binding upon this court. While there may be in one or two instances, due to typographical errors, misapprehension, or slight differences in figures, or with relation to acreage or reservoir capacity even though appellan t should he eorrect as to these particular exceptions, it would be immaterial and „ \ . ’ . . • rni baye no bearing upon our conclusions. The & i, j cases cited by appellant have been examined and considered, but are either not persuasive . , [. .717 or clearly distinguishable.

Affirmed.