United States v. Leonard Martin Rubidoux

68 F.3d 482 NOTICE: Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3 provides that dispositions other than opinions or orders designated for publication are not precedential and should not be cited except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Leonard Martin RUBIDOUX, Defendant-Appellant. No. 94-50455. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. Argued and Submitted Sept. 15, 1995. Decided Oct. 16, 1995. 1 Before: BROWNING and PREGERSON, Circuit Judges, and TANNER, * District Judge 2 MEMORANDUM ** 3 We affirm Leonard Martin Rubidoux's conviction for armed bank robbery. I. Evidentiary Rulings A. Suppression of Evidence 4 Accepting, arguendo, Rubidoux's contention that his encounter with Detective Spidle constituted a nonconsensual seizure, we nonetheless agree with the district court's conclusion that Detective Spidle had probable cause to arrest Rubidoux. Probable cause to arrest exists when "the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer's knowledge are sufficient to warrant a prudent person to believe a suspect has committed ... a crime." United States v. Hoyos, 892 F.2d 1387, 1392 (9th…