Yazzie

MEMORANDUM

William Yazzie appeals his convictions on three counts of abusive sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2244 (a)(1) and (a)(3), and one count of sexual abuse of a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2243 (a). We affirm.

Yazzie lived on the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona with his extended family. Trisha James, Yazzie’s niece, and Jovonna Yazzie, Yazzie’s granddaughter, were members of Yazzie’s household. Allegations that Yazzie had sexually abused Trisha and Jovonna surfaced in 1995. Trisha was eleven years old when the abuse began. Jovonna was five years old.

In 1997, an FBI Agent and a Navajo Nation investigator went to Yazzie’s home and asked to speak with him about the abuse allegations. The officex’s identified themselves as law enforcement personnel and told Yazzie that he would not be arrested at the end of the conversation that day. Yazzie was also told that he could refuse to talk to the officers and could terminate the conversation at any point. Yazzie freely agreed to talk. He followed the officers to their unmarked vehicle and sat in the passenger seat with the car *822 windows open. The officers did not give Yazzie Miranda warnings at any…