This appeal presents a novel question: Does section 3006A of the Criminal Justice Act require a district court to compensate an attorney who serves solely as an advisor at the request of an indigent defendant who has asserted his or her right to self representation? We conclude that section 3006A does not authorize a district court to compensate an attorney whose service as a legal advisor is requested by the defendant.

Salerno’s appellate counsel also challenges the order granting the Government’s motion to set aside the plea, agreement, and the validity of the court’s sentencing decision. We consider each of these issues in this opinion. We have jurisdiction to review the judgment of conviction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 , and the validity of the sentencing decision under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 (a).

Salerno’s request that he be permitted to file a pro se supplemental brief in this matter was granted by this court. None of the issues raised in the supplemental brief meet the criteria for publication set forth in our Circuit Rule 36-2. We have addressed these separate contentions in an unpublished memorandum disposition filed on this date.

I

No issue has been raised by Salerno’s counsel concerning the sufficiency of the evidence to support the judgment of conviction. Accordingly, a brief summary of the pertinent facts and procedural background will serve as a prelude for our analysis of the issues presented for review by Salerno’s counsel.

Salerno’s recorded criminal history began in 1965. At the age of 21, he was convicted in Pennsylvania of forging cheeks on the account of a college fraternity. In 1977, Salerno was convicted of mail fraud in- the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in connection with the sale of short-term, high interest notes from an insolvent company. In 1980, Salerno was convicted in a Pennsylvania state court for writing a check with insufficient funds in his bank account. In 1982, Salerno was’ again convicted of forgery in Pennsylvania.

His criminal activity in Pennsylvania overlapped with his fraudulent conduct in Florida. In 1980, Salerno purchased a bankrupt Florida airline company by promising to pay $250,000. He submitted false financial documents to demonstrate his ability to perform his part of the bargain. Salerno failed to pay the purchase price. Meanwhile, he illegally converted some of the airline’s assets. These activities resulted in a 1983 conviction in the District of Florida for wire fraud, transportation of fraudulent securities, and embezzlement.

While on parole from his Florida conviction, Salerno moved to Arizona and submitted falsified financial statements to Western Savings & Loan in an attempt to procure a real estate loan. Salerno also wrote thousands of dollars worth of bad cheeks. In 1985, he was convicted for these offenses in an Arizona state court and sentenced to seven years in prison.

In 1988, Salerno was placed in a Phoenix, Arizona halfway house in the waning phase of his imprisonment. While on leave from the halfway house, Salerno commenced loan negotiations with several financial institutions. Salerno represented that he was a wealthy New York businessman who visited Phoenix on the weekends. To disguise the fact that he was really an unemployed pris oner, Salerno stayed at an expensive suite and often negotiated his deals by the pool of the luxurious Princess Resort. To create a false impression of his financial status, Sale-mo arranged to have expensive Rolex watches delivered to him during these poolside meetings. Salerno also purchased a new $30,000 Corvette with a fraudulently obtained loan, leased a new SEL Mercedes Benz, and arranged to have a stretch limousine service on call 24 hours a day. Over the course of his negotiations, Salerno submitted a false social security account number and numerous falsified financial documents to several banks. Salerno also arranged to have an accomplice contact the institutions to “verify” his bogus financial status.

By the time Salerno was arrested in December 1988, Salerno had managed to negotiate a $30,000 loan from Citibank. Salerno also had attempted to obtain a $450,000 loan from Guardian Bank, a $2.4 million loan from Pioneer Bank, and a $4.3 million loan from Chase Bank. In addition, Salerno was $12,502 overdrawn on his Citibank account and was delinquent in making payments for purchases made with his Citibank credit card. He had also failed to meet the payment schedule on the lease agreement for the use of the Mercedes.

On October 4,1989, a federal grand jury in the District of Arizona indicted Salerno on six counts of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343 , eight counts of false statements to financial institutions in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1014 , and three counts of the use of false social security account numbers in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 408 (g)(2). On May 8, 1990, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Salerno entered pleas of guilty to five of the seventeen counts. Under the plea agreement, Salerno was released from custody, prior to sentencing, so that he could cooperate in an investigation conducted by the Pennsylvania Crime Commission.

Once in Pennsylvania, however, Salerno sought to defraud two banks by opening checking accounts and depositing several hundred thousands of dollars of worthless checks. Salerno was arrested on October 2, 1991, for bank fraud in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

On December 12,1991, the district court in Arizona sentenced Salerno to. 176 months. Salerno appealed from this sentence. On March 25, 1993, we vacated the guilty plea because of a violation of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and remanded this matter to the district court for further proceedings. United States v. Salemo, C.A Nos. 92-10029, 92-15170, 1993 WL 84961 (9th Cir. March 25, 1993). While this matter was pending in the district court, Salerno went to trial in the District of Pennsylvania. On April 5,1994, he was convicted of bank fraud. He was sentenced to serve eight years in prison.

On June 7, 1994, the district court granted the Government’s motion “to vacate and/or reject the plea agreement” and set the matter for trial. On July 13, 1994, Salerno proceeded to trial. The jury returned guilty verdicts on all counts. On January 6, 1995, the district court sentenced Salerno to a term of imprisonment of 120 months. The district court ordered that the sentence be served consecutively to the sentence imposed by the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

II

Salerno’s counsel contends that the district court erred in ruling that, as a matter of law, the Criminal Justice Act does not confer discretion to compensate advisory counsel with public funds. He further asserts that the failure to allow Salerno to represent himself with the assistance of a “standby counsel,” compensated pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act, is a structural defect compelling reversal without a demonstration of prejudice.

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s ruling on a request for advisory counsel from an indigent defendant who has elected to represent himself. Locks, 703 F.2d at 407; United States v. Halbert, 640 F.2d 1000, 1009 (9th Cir.1981). We review de novo a district court’s interpretation of a statute. United States v. Ripinsky, 20 F.3d 359, 361 (9th Cir.1994).

Salerno’s counsel has directed our attention to the fact that in 1992, the district court had granted Salerno’s request for the appointment of advisory counsel to consult with him during contempt proceedings. The district court approved vouchers submitted by Salerno’s counsel for these services.

On June 29, 1994, Salerno filed his motion for “leave to proceed in pro se with advisory counsel” at the guilt phase of the trial in this matter. The district court informed Salerno that “there is no provision for compensation [for advisory counsel] under the Criminal Justice Act.” Salerno argued that he had a statutory and constitutional right to proceed with advisory counsel who would be compensated under the Criminal Justice Act. The district court denied Salerno’s request that advisory counsel be appointed and compensated under the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act. The court ruled that Salerno “had an absolute right to represent [himself], presuming the court can make certain findings, but that there will not be paid advisory counsel if the Court grants the motion.” The court also advised Salerno that he could represent himself with advisory counsel who was willing to serve pro bono publico. Following this ruling, Salerno informed the court that he did not wish to represent himself if his advisory counsel would not be paid for his services under the Criminal Justice Act. Salerno was represented by appointed counsel at his trial.

Salerno’s counsel has not cited any authority to support his argument that the Criminal Justice Act authorizes payment for the services of an attorney who served as a legal advisor to a defendant acting in pro se. In fact, he concedes that the Criminal Justice Act “does not specifically address the practice of appointment of standby counsel at public expense,” and that the appointment of “standby counsel” is discretionary.

A proper resolution of this question requires an examination of the case law which sets forth the circumstances that compel a trial court to appoint counsel. We must also construe section 3006A of the Criminal Justice Act to determine whether it authorizes payment for the legal advice rendered by an attorney requested by a defendant who has waived the right to be represented by counsel.

The Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Supreme Court has construed the words “Assistance of Counsel” to mean representation by counsel. In Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), the Court instructed that “[t]he constitutional right of an accused to be represented by counsel invokes, of itself, the protection of a trial court, in which the accused — whose life or liberty is at stake — is without counsel.” Id. at 465 , 58 S.Ct. at 1023 . In Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 , 92 S.Ct. 2006 , 32 L.Ed.2d 530 (1972), the Court held that “absent a knowing and intelligent waiver, no person may be imprisoned for any offense, whether classified as petty, misdemeanor, or felony, unless he was represented by counsel at his trial.” Id. at 37 , 92 S.Ct. at 2012 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court has not addressed the question whether an attorney appointed to represent an indigent is entitled to be compensated out of public funds.

In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 , 95 S.Ct. 2525 , 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975), the Court held that the Sixth Amendment also “grants to the accused personally the right to make his defense.” Id. at 819 , 95 S.Ct. at 2533 . Thus, an indigent defendant facing criminal prosecution for a crime that is punishable by imprisonment has a federal constitutional right to be represented by court appointed counsel, or to present his or her own defense, without the assistance of counsel.

The First Congress incorporated the right of an accused to be represented by counsel, or to present his or her own defense in section 35 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73 , 92 (1789). Section 35 of the Judiciary Act provided “[t]hat in all the courts of the United States, the parties may plead and manage their own causes personally or by the assistance of such counsel or attorneys at law as by the rules of the said courts respectively shall be permitted to manage and conduct causes therein.”

In 1948, these rights were codified in 28 U.S.C. § 1654 . Section 1654 provides in pertinent part that “[i]n all courts of the United States the parties may plead and conduct their own cases personally or by counsel....” Section 1654 does not authorize federal courts to compensate counsel appointed to represent indigent defendants.

From 1937 until 1963, the American Bar Association, the Department of Justice, and the Judicial Conference of the United States sponsored or endorsed legislation to provide compensation for counsel appointed to represent indigent defendants in the federal courts. H.R.Rep. No. 88-864, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. (1964), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1964, p. 2990. During that period of history, several bills were introduced in the House of Representatives which would have authorized compensation for appointed counsel. Prior to 1963, none of this proposed legislation was reported out of committee.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy urged Congress to enact legislation to provide funds to compensate counsel appointed to represent persons accused of a federal crime. President Kennedy expressed his concerns in the following letter to House Speaker John W. McCormack:

H.R.Rep. No. 88-864, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. (1964), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1964, p. 2990 (emphasis added).

In his letter to President Kennedy, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy set forth the reasons that persuaded him to seek Congressional approval for compensation for court appointed counsel:

H.R.Rep. No. 88-864, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. (1964), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1964, p. 2990 (emphasis added).

Congress adopted the Criminal Justice Act in 1964. Section 3006A was added to Title 18. Pub.L. No. 88-455 ; 78 Stat. 552 (codified as 18 U.S.C. § 3006A (1964)). It expressly authorized the federal courts to compensate counsel appointed to provide “representation” for indigent defendants in section 3006A(a) and (d). The statute does not authorize payment for the services of “standby” or “advisory” counsel.

Salerno’s counsel asserts correctly that the Supreme Court approved the appointment of standby counsel where the defendant has waived his right to counsel. In Faretta , the court observed that:

Faretta; 422 U.S. at 835 n. 46, 95 S.Ct. at 2541 n. 46. In McKaskle, the court stated:

McKaskle, 465 U.S. at 184, 104 S.Ct. at 954.

The Supreme Court’s observation, that it may be wise to appoint standby counsel for a defendant who wishes to waive representation by counsel, does not resolve the question whether a district court is compelled to grant a.defendant’s pro se request for the appointment of advisory counsel, and to order that this service must be compensated under section 3006A.

In United States v. Kienenberger 13 F.3d 1354 (9th Cir.1994), the district court ap pointed the public defender to represent the appellant. The court granted the appellant’s request to replace his court-appointed counsel. The court appointed a second public defender. Id. at 1356 . Thereafter, the appellant informed the court that he was dissatisfied with his attorney. He advised the court that he wanted to represent himself and requested advisory counsel to assist him on procedural matters. Id. The trial court admonished the appellant that he had a constitutional fight to represent himself, but had no right to advisory counsel. Id. In affirming the district court’s denial of advisory counsel, we held that a defendant does not have a constitutional right “to represent himself and have access to- ‘advisory5 or ‘consultative’ counsel at trial.” Id. We ruled in Kienenberger that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the appellant’s request for advisory counsel. Id. We also concluded that because the appellant’s request to represent himself was accompanied by his insistence that the court appoint advisory or standby counsel, “Kienenberger never relinquished his right to be represented by counsel at trial.” Id.

Here, Salerno, in asserting his right to self representation not only insisted that the court appoint advisory counsel, but also argued that the court was required to compensate his consultant pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act. Thus, Salerno did not unequivocally relinquish his right to representation by counsel. When advised that he did not have a right to the appointment of an advisor to be paid at public expense, Salerno withdrew his waiver of counsel. The district court’s instruction to Salerno that he had a constitutional right to represent himself, but had no right to advisory counsel, was consistent with the law of this circuit as reflected in Kienen-berger. The district court did not err as a matter of law in holding that section 3006A does not authorize payment for the services of advisory counsel. As discussed above, section 3006A(d) of the Criminal Justice Act authorizes payment for the services of an attorney appointed to represent an indigent defendant. It does not authorize a district court to compensate advisory counsel requested by a defendant who has waived his right to representation by counsel.

In his reply brief, Salerno’s counsel argues that the district court failed to exercise its discretion to appoint advisory counsel because of its belief that the Criminal Justice Act does not authorize compensation for consultative or advisory services. We review de novo a district court’s ruling that it lacks legal authority to exercise its discretion. United States v. Belden, 957 F.2d 671, 676 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 882 , 113 S.Ct. 234 , 121 L.Ed.2d 169 (1992). Because we conclude that the Criminal Justice Act does not authorize payment for the services of advisory counsel, the district court lacked the power to grant Salerno’s motion.

Ill

Salerno’s counsel argues that the district court erred in failing to sentence him according to the terms of the plea agreement. We review a district court’s interpretation of the tenns of a plea agreement de novo. United States v. Floyd, 1 F.3d 867, 869 (9th Cir.1993). We consider whether the facts demonstrate that there was a breach of a plea agreement under the more deferential clearly erroneous standard of review. United States v. Roberts, 5 F.3d 365, 370 (9th Cir.1993).

The record shows that Salerno and the Government entered into a plea agreement on May 8, 1990. Salerno entered a plea of guilty to five of the seventeen counts in the indictment on the same date. Sentencing was delayed, pursuant to the plea agreement, to permit Salerno to cooperate with the Pennsylvania Crime Commission in its investigation of organized crime in that state. While awaiting sentencing, Salerno committed new crimes in the State of Pennsylvania. This post plea criminal activity was reflected in the presentenee report. Salerno was sentenced to serve 176 months on December 12, 1991. Pursuant to the plea agreement, the remaining counts were dismissed. We vacated the sentence on March 25, 1993, because of a Rule 11 violation.

On June 7,1994, the district court granted the Government’s motion to vacate and/or reject the plea agreement. The court denied Salerno’s motion for a declaration that the sentencing provisions of the plea agreement would be applicable if the jury were to find him guilty. The court reinstated the dismissed counts. Salerno was found guilty of each of the seventeen counts in the original indictment filed October 4, 1989. Salerno was sentenced on January 6,1995, to serve a term of 120 months in prison. The sentence was ordered to be served consecutively to the sentence imposed by District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

There is no factual dispute regarding whether Salerno breached the plea agreement. Instead of cooperating with the Pennsylvania Crime Commission, Salerno engaged in fraudulent criminal activity. The plea agreement expressly provided that Salerno “shall comply with all release conditions imposed by the court, including those conditions set forth by the court, on April 27, 1990.” The release conditions included the following restriction: “The defendant shall not commit any offense in violation of federal, state or local law while on release.”

Salerno’s counsel argues that the Government waived its right to claim that Salerno breached the plea agreement when it failed to move to vacate it prior to the imposition of sentence on December 12, 1991. This argument has no relevance to the validity of the sentence imposed by the court on January 6, 1995. Whether the' Government had the right to repudiate the plea agreement prior to the imposition of sentence on December 12,1991, became moot when we vacated Salerno’s plea of guilty.

The plea agreement also provided that:

(emphasis added). Thus, when. Salerno’s plea was vacated, the plea agreement was nullified ex proprio vigore. The Government and Salerno were restored to the position they were in before Salerno agreed to enter a plea of guilty to five counts in exchange for a promise by the Government to recommend a reduced sentence that would reflect the extent of Salerno’s cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of others. The vacation of Salerno’s guilty plea, and the automatic reinstatement of the dismissed counts also served to nullify the plea agreement. In light of Salerno’s flagrant breach of the promises he had made to induce the Government to recommend a plea to only 5 of 17 counts, the Government was understandably unwilling to bargain with him again.

Salerno’s reliance on United States v. Garcia, 519 F.2d 1343 (9th Cir.1975), is misplaced. In Garcia , the Government failed to abide by the express terms of a deferred prosecution agreement. The Government had agreed to delay indicting the defendant for a period of time to allow him to attempt to produce a drug dealer. Id. at 1344 . If the defendant failed to produce, the Government had a fixed period of time to seek an indictment. Id. No dealer was produced and, after the time had elapsed, the Government belatedly sought and obtained an indictment. Id. The defendant unsuccessfully moved the district court for ■ an order dismissing the indictment. Id. at 1344 . Because thé defendant had relied to his detriment on an agreement violated by the Government, we reversed the district court with instruction to dismiss the indictment. Id. at 1345 .

Salerno relies on Garcia for the proposition that the fact that a defendant has breached a plea agreement does not relieve the Government from its duty to perform its promises. Garcia is inapposite because it involved a breach of an agreement by the Government. In this case, notwithstanding Salerno’s material breach of the agreement, the Government did not seek to repudiate the agreement on December 12, 1991, prior to the imposition of sentence on the five counts to which Salerno pled guilty. Furthermore, the Government agreed to the dismissal of the remaining counts in the indictment. Unlike the situation in Garcia , the Government fulfilled its obligations under the plea until it was nullified by this court’s order vacating the guilty pleas. Each of the other cases cited by Salerno’s counsel to support the proposition that the Government must fulfill' its promises, notwithstanding a defendant’s material breach, involved a breach of an agreement by the Government. In United States v. Shapiro, 879 F.2d 468 (9th Cir.1989), we held that the Government’s breach of its stipulated agreement with the defendant that it would not put on evidence of prior arrests compelled reversal. Id. at 472 . In United States v. Myers, 32 F.3d 411 (9th Cir.1994), we reversed because the Government breached its agreement to recommend a sentence at the low end of the Sentencing Guidelines range. Id. at 413 . In United States v. De la Fuente; 8 F.3d 1333 (9th Cir.1993), we held that the Government’s breach of its agreement to disclose the defendant’s cooperation to the sentencing judge provided grounds for resentencing. Id. at 1341 .

Here, Salerno breached the plea agreement. Salerno’s counsel has not cited, nor have we discovered, any principle of contract law that would require the Government to perform its obligations pursuant to a plea agreement, following a breach of the agreement by the defendant, and a trial on the merits on all counts. The district court did not err in disregarding the terms of the plea agreement in imposing sentence on January 6,1995.

IV

Salerno’s counsel argues that the district court violated the . Double Jeopardy Clause by considering subsequent uncharged crimes Salerno committed in Pennsylvania in fixing the sentence in this matter. We review de novo a contention that a district court violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. United States v. Wolfswinkel, 44 F.3d 782, 784 (9th Cir.1995).

Salerno’s counsel relies on United States v. McCormick, 992 F.2d 437 (2nd Cir.1993), and United States v. Koonce, 945 F.2d 1145 (10th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 998 , 112 S.Ct. 1705 , 118 L.Ed.2d 413 (1992), to support his argument that the Double Jeopardy Clause prevents a second punishment for uncharged conduct previously considered by a court in imposing punishment in a prior prosecution. After Salerno’s counsel filed the opening brief in this matter, the Supreme Court published its opinion in Witte v. United States, — U.S.-, 115 S.Ct. 2199 , 132 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995). In Witte , the Supreme Court rejected the rationale employed by the authors of the McCormick and Koonce decisions. The Court held that consideration of uncharged conduct in arriving at a sentence “within the statutorily authorized punishment range” does not constitute punishment for the prior acts. Id. at-, 115 S.Ct. at 2205 . “[A] defendant in that situation is punished for double jeopardy purposes, only for the offense of which the defendant is convicted.” Id.

In his response to this court’s request for a supplemental brief on the applicability of Witte to this matter, Salerno’s counsel argues that Witte only applies to a sentence that does not exceed the “legislatively authorized guideline range.” The Court rejected this notion in Witte with the following words:

Id. at-, 115 S.Ct. at 2206 .

The district court did not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause in considering the uncharged Pennsylvania crimes in departing upward from the applicable guideline range because the punishment it imposed did not exceed the maximum penalty authorized by Congress.

V

Salerno’s counsel asserts that the Arizona district court should not have imposed a sentence consecutive to the unexpired term imposed by the Eastern District of Pennsylvania because fraud is a “groupable offense under [U.S.S.G.] § 3D1.1.” This issue has become moot since the filing of the notice of appeal. On July 26,1995, the Third Circuit vacated the judgment in Salerno’s Pennsylvania matter and remanded it for resentencing. United States v. Salerno, 61 F.3d 214 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 546 , 133 L.Ed.2d 449 (1995). Accordingly, the portion of the district court’s sentence that directs that Salerno’s sentence must be served consecutively to his Pennsylvania sentence must be stricken from the judgment.

VI

Salerno’s counsel asserts that the district court clearly erred in finding that the loss that Salerno intended to inflict was in excess of five million dollars. The court used this calculation in assessing an eleven point increase in ' the offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2Fl.l(b)(l)(L). We review a district court’s factual determination in applying the sentencing guidelines for clear error. United States v. Redman, 35 F.3d 437, 438 (9th Cir.1994), cert. denied, —- U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 922 , 130 L.Ed.2d 802 (1995).

The record shows that Salerno applied for bank loans totaling more than five million dollars using a false social security account number, and submitted statements that falsely represented his ability to repay his debts. Salerno’s counsel argues that the evidence, as summarized by Judge Rosenblatt, shows that Salerno did not intend that all of his loan applications be approved. He relies on the following comments by the court:

We construe the court’s observation as an indication that it was persuaded that Salerno intended to defraud each of his victims, but that he was aware that despite his fraudulent representations his loan applications could be rejected by some of them. It is undisputed that Salerno was penniless and had no intention of repaying the loans. The court did not clearly err in finding that Salerno intended to defraud his victims of a sum in excess of five million dollars. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, Application Note 7 (1988) (“if a probable or intended loss that the defendant was attempting to inflict can be determined-, that figure would be used if it was larger than the actual loss:”)

VII

Salerno’s counsel maintains that the district court erred in declining to decrease his offense level by three points pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2X1.1 (1988) of the sentencing guidelines. Salerno’s counsel argues that section 2X1.1 is applicable pursuant to Application Note 7 and Application Note 9 to section 2F1.1. Application Note 7 and Application Note 9 were not incorporated into section 2F1.1 until 1991. At the suggestion of the Government, the district court applied the guidelines in effect on the date the crime was committed in this appeal. Salerno’s counsel did not object. He does not challenge this ruling. Sentencing guideline section lBl.ll(b)(2) (1994) provides as follows:

See United States v. Warren, 980 F.2d 1300, 1306 (9th Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 397 , 126 L.Ed.2d 344 (1993) (“we think it more appropriate that sentences be determined under one set of Guidelines rather than applying the Guidelines piecemeal.”)

In United States v. Van Boom, 961 F.2d 145 (9th Cir.1992), we held that “attempts are to be punished as if they had succeeded.” Id. at 147 . The district court did not err in denying his request to decrease his offense level pursuant to section 2X1.1. Section 2F1.1 does not require a court to apply section 2X1.1 under these circumstances.

VIII

Salerno asserts that the district court was collaterally estopped from making an upward departure because the trial judge, Chief Judge Edward N. Cahn, of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, refused to do so. We review de novo the applicability of the collateral estoppel doctrine. United States v. Seley, 957 F.2d 717, 720 (9th Cir.1992). The doctrine of collateral estoppel did not prohibit Judge Rosenblatt from considering the question whether an upward departure was warranted.

Collateral estoppel applies only where the parties in the prior proceeding had an opportunity to litigate fully and fairly the ultimate facts sought to be asserted in the second proceeding. United States v. Bernhardt, 840 F.2d 1441, 1449 (9th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. McCarthy v. United States, 488 U.S. 954 , 109 S.Ct. 389 , 102 L.Ed.2d 379 (1988). The inability of a party to appeal from an adverse determination in the prior proceeding is a major factor to be considered. Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10, 22-24 , 100 S.Ct. 1999, 2007-08 , 64 L.Ed.2d 689 (1980). Because the Government could not appeal from Judge Cahn’s discretionary refusal to depart upward, United States v. Evans, 49 F.3d 109, 111 (3rd Cir.1995), the doctrine’s requirement of an incentive to litigate fully is not present in this case. Moreover, Chief Judge Cahn did not make any adverse “ultimate fact” determinations in his discretionary refusal to make an upward departure. See Seley, 957 F.2d at 720-22 (holding that collateral estoppel precludes future litigation between the same parties of ultimate facts that have been determined by valid and final judgments). The district court did not violate the doctrine of collateral estoppel by departing upward from the Sentencing Guidelines range.

■ CONCLUSION

We hold that section 3006A does not authorize a district court to compensate an attorney who serves as advisory counsel at the defendant’s request. The district court was not required to follow the terms of the plea agreement after this matter had been remanded because the agreement, by its own terms, did not survive the setting aside of Salerno’s plea of guilty by this court. A sentence that reflects uncharged conduct does not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause if it is within the statutorily authorized punishment range. In determining the amount of loss, a court may consider the amount of loss the defendant intended to inflict on his victim. The doctrine of collateral estoppel is inapplicable under the circumstances of this case.

The judgment of conviction is AFFIRMED. The appeal from that portion of the sentence that ordered that the period of imprisonment must be served consecutively is DISMISSED as moot. The district court is directed to amend the judgment by striking the words “[t]hese sentences shall run consecutive to sentence imposed in U.S. District Court, Philadelphia, PA, CR 92-547.” In all other respects, the district court’s sentencing decision is AFFIRMED.

. In his petition for rehearing, Salerno concedes that "the Criminal Justice Act does not authorize payment” for the appointment of advisory counsel. Salerno argues for the first time that the appointment he requested should have been made pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 3109 and the Guide To Judiciary Policies And Procedures ("Guide”). The Guide in pertinent part provides as follows: [I]n circumstances in which appointment is made under the court's inherent authority, and counsel serves exclusively on behalf of the court to protect the integrity and continuity of the proceedings, and does not represent the defendant, any compensation to be paid counsel shall be in the capacity of an 'expert'consultant’ pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 3109 . Guide To Judiciary Policies And procedures, Volume VII, Appointment Of Counsel In Criminal Cases, ¶2.17 (June 9, 1993) (emphasis added). In this case, the district court did not appoint counsel to assist it in protecting the integrity and continuity of the court proceedings, nor was it recommended to the court that it do so sua sponte. Instead, the district court rejected Salerno’s motion "for leave to proceed in pro se with advisory counsel." Thus, the question whether a district court is authorized pursuant to section 3109 to compensate an attorney it has appointed to serve exclusively on behalf of the court as an expert consultant is not before us. . Salerno’s counsel uses the terms "standby” and "advisory” counsel interchangeably. This circuit has defined the words "advisory counsel” to describe the "situation when a pro se defendant is given technical assistance by an attorney in the courtroom, but the attorney does not participate in the actual conduct of the trial.” Locks v. Sumner, 703 F.2d 403, 407 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 933 , 104 S.Ct. 338 , 78 L.Ed.2d 307 (1983). The term "standby counsel” refers to an attorney appointed by the court to be prepared to represent the defendant if the defen dant’s self representation is terminated. McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 176 , 104 S.Ct. 944, 949-50 , 79 L.Ed.2d 122 (1984). The record demonstrates Salerno requested the appointment of advisory counsel in this matter. . Section 3006A(a) now provides in pertinent part: Each United States district court, with the approval of the judicial council of the circuit, shall place in operation throughout the district a plan for furnishing representation for any person financially unable to obtain adequate representation in accordance with this section. Representation under each plan shall include counsel and investigative, expert, and other services necessary for adequate representation. . Section 3006A(d) provides in pertinent part: Any attorney appointed pursuant to this section or a bar association or legal aid agency or community defender organization which has provided the appointed attorney shall, at the conclusion of the representation or any segment thereof, be compensated at a rate not exceeding $60 per hour for time expended in court or before a United States magistrate and $40 per hour for time reasonably expended out of court, unless the Judicial Conference determines that a higher rate of not in excess of $75 per hour is justified for a circuit or for particular districts within a circuit, for time expended in court or before a United States magistrate and for time expended out of court. . Section 2X1.1 provides in pertinent part: (b) Specific Offense Characteristics (1) If an attempt or solicitation, decrease by 3 levels, unless the defendant completed all the acts the defendant believed necessary for successful completion of the offense or the circumstances demonstrate that defendant was about to complete all such acts but for apprehension or interruption by some similar event beyond the defendant’s control. . Section 2F1.1 provides in pertinent part: (b) Specific Offense Characteristics (1) If the loss exceeded $2,000, increase the offense level as follows: Loss Increase in Level (L) over $5,000,000 add 11