ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

On May 22, 2014, ScripsAmerica, Inc. (“Scrips”) filed this action against Iron-ridge Global LLC d/b/a Ironridge Global IV, Ltd., John Kirkland, and Brendan O’Neil (collectively “Ironridge”), as well as certain fictitious defendants. 1 The complaint alleges, claims for securities fraud, breach of contract, tortious bad faith, and declaratory relief. The claims concern defendants’ allegedly fraudulent scheme to increase the shares of Scrips’ stock to which they were entitled ,by manipulating Scrips’ stock price. The parties had earlier entered into an agreement that obligated Ironridge to pay off certain of Scrips’ accounts payable in exchange for the issuance of stock on an agreed formula. 2

Ori June 25, 2014, defendants filed a motion to dismiss Scrips’ breach of contract, tortious bad faith, and declaratory relief claims under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine 3 and Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 ,- 91 S.Ct 746 , 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971). Alternatively, defendants sought to have those claims stayed under Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States , 424 U.S. 800 , 96 S.Ct. 1236 , 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). Defendants also to have Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim dismissed as inadequately pled. 4 On November 3, 2014, the court granted in part and denied in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. It dismissed Scrips’ declaratory relief claim under Rooker-Feldman to the extent it sought a declaration that Scrips was excused from performing generally under a stipulated order entered by the state court. The court denied .defendants’ motion to dismiss on Younger abstention grounds, but stayed Scrips’ breach of contract, tortious bad faith, and declaratory relief claims under Colorado River. It also granted defendants’ motion to dismiss Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim with leave to amend. 5

*1223 On December 3, 2014, Scrips filed a first amended complaint, 6 which defendants moved to dismiss on December 17, 2014. 7 Scrips opposed the motion. 8 On March, 26, 2015, considering only Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim (since Scrips’ other claims had been stayed under Colorado River), the court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss with leave to amend. 9

On April 27, 2015, Scrips filed a second amended complaint. 10 Ironridge filed a motion to dismiss on May 27, 2015, 11 which Scrips opposes. 12

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This action concerns an allegedly fraudulent scheme devised by Ironridge. Scrips is a pharmaceuticals' distributor whose stock is publicly traded on the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. The purported scheme arose from an agreement pursuant to which Scrips agreed to issue shares of its common stock to Ironridge in exchange for Ironridge’s undertaking to pay Scrips’ outstanding accounts payable. 13 Scrips alleges that the transaction was first proposed during a telephone call it received from John Kirkland and Brendan O’Neil— directors of Ironridge — on August 28, 2Ó13. 14 It contends that Kirkland and O’Neil told Scrips’ chief executive officer, Robert Sehneiderman, that Ironridge could pay Scrips’ accounts payable, which totaled approximately $700,000, in exchange for an amount of Scrips stock to be determined by a contractual formula. 15 Kirkland and O’Neil explained that to effectuate the transaction, Scrips did not need to register the shares before transferring them to Ironridge. The parties discussed the transaction further on September 4 and October 2,2013. 16

During the calls, Ironridge requested that the contract memorializing the transaction include a provision for an adjustment to protect it in the event of a decline in Scrips’ stock price. 17 Scrips allegedly agreed to the inclusion of such a provision, which gave Ironridge the right to receive more stock than the originally agreed amount if Scrips’ stock price declined following consummation of the transaction. 18 The adjustment mechanism was outlined, together with certain other terms, in a term sheet Ironridge prepared and gave to Scrips. 19 Scrips contends that Ironridge, Kirkland, and O’Neil did not disclose their intention to manipulate the market for Scrips shares in order to reduce the share price and increase the number of shares *1224 Ironridge was entitled to receive under the agreement. 20

On October 4, 2013, Schneiderman, Kirkland, and O’Neil purportedly discussed the potential effect Ironridge’s sale of the stock it received might have on Scrips’ share price. Unlike other entities that had funded Scrips in exchange for stock, Ironridge allegedly represented that it would not act to manipulate or otherwise affect Scrips’ stock price. 21 Specifically, Ironridge purportedly said that it would “take no action to manipulate or [ajffect [Scrips’] stock price” and that its sales of Scrips shares would “never be more than ten percent of the volume of sales on any given day.” 22 Scrips contends that Iron-ridge’s representations were knowingly and willfully false. 23

Because the shares were unregistered, Ironridge and Scrips had to obtain court approval under California and federal securities laws before a transfer of the stock could take place. 24 Thus, on October 11, 2013, Ironridge filed a breach of contract complaint in Los Angeles Superior Court that sought to collect the accounts payable debts; it sued as the successor in interest to Scrips’ creditors under receivables purchase agreements into which it had entered with the creditors. 25 Ironridge and Scrips then submitted a stipulation to the court that was the means by which the exchange transaction was to be effected. The stipulation provided that Scrips would transfer 8,690,000 shares of stock to Iron-ridge in satisfaction of $686,962.08 in debt owned by Ironridge. 26 The shares were to be “unrestricted and freely tradeable exempted shares” of Scrips common stock. 27 The stipulation stated the shares had to be capable of being “immediately resold ... without restriction,” 28 and noted that Iron-ridge could “sell any of its shares of [Scrips] common stock issued pursuant to the [stipulation] at any time.” 29 The stipulation warned that issuance of the shares could “have a dilutive effect [on Scrips’ stock], which [might] be substantial.” 30

*1225 The stipulation also memorialized the adjustment mechanism the parties had previously discussed. It stated that Scrips would immediately issue and deliver to Ironridge 8,690,000 shares of common stock subject to certain “adjustments, issu-ances, returns, and ownership limitations.” 31 The stipulation indicated that future adjustments would be made based on trading activity in Scrips stock during the “calculation period.” 32 The “final amount” of shares to which Ironridge was entitled was to be calculated by taking (a) the sum of the claim amount [i.e., $686,962.08], 10% of third party agent fees, and Ironridge’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses, and dividing it by (b) 80% of the following: the closing price of Scrips common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date the state court entered an order on the stipulation; the resulting number was not to exceed the arithmetic average of the individual volume weighted average price of any five trading days during the calculation period, less $.01 per share (based on data reported by Bloomberg LP). 33

The stipulation provided that if at any point during the calculation period the shares issued to Ironridge dropped below “any reasonably possible [f]inal [a]mount,” or if Scrips shares closed below 80% of the closing price on the trading day prior to entry of an order on the stipulation, Iron-ridge was entitled to request the issuance of additional shares. 34 At the conclusion of the calculation period, if the total value of the initial issuance and subsequent issu-anees was less than the final amount, Scrips was required to issue further shares so that the total number of shares issued equaled the final amount; conversely, if the number of shares issued to Ironridge exceeded the final amount, Ironridge was required to return the excess shares to Scrips. 35 The stipulation stated, however, that Scrips was not required at. any one time to issue a number of shares that, aggregated with all other shares beneficially owned or controlled by Ironridge or its affiliates, exceeded 9.99% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding. 36 Despite the fact that Kirkland, O’Neil, and Schneiderman allegedly discussed the issue, there is no provision in the stipulation requiring that Ironridge’s sales of Scrips shares not exceed 10% of the daily trading volume on any given day.

On November 8, 2018, the parties filed a joint ex parte application in state court for an order approving the stipulation; they argued that ex parte relief was .necessary because the stipulation addressed the issuance of “shares of [Scrips] stock with a substantially fluctuating market price.” 37 The application recited that over the course of the prior year, the price of Scrips common stock had fluctuated between $1.05 and $.08, and that it would be difficult to reach any negotiated resolution that did not require ex parte relief, as the agreement could collapse if Scrips’ stock price fluctuated too much. 38 As support for their request that the court approve the stipulation, both parties filed declarations stating that they believed the terms of agreement were fair. 39 The stipulation *1226 recited that the agreement was fair to Ironridge and that Scrips’ board had resolved that the terms were fair to and in the best interests- of its shareholders. 40

■ On November 8, 2013, Superior Court Judge Rolf M. Treu entered an order' on the parties’ stipulation. 41 Scrips alleges that thereafter; on' several trading days, Ironridge sold an amount of Scrips stock that exceeded ten percent of all sales'on that day. 42 Specifically, it contends that Ironridge’s sales during the week of January 6, 2014' represented 28.4% of total sales; sales during the week of January 21, 2014 represented 22.6%; and weekly sales throughout February 2014 ranged from 30-50%. 43 Scrips maintains that Ir-onridge made these sales with the intent and purpose of manipulating the market to reduce the price of Scrips’ stock so that the number of shares to which it was entitled under the agreement would increase. It contends, moreover, that Ir-onridge employed manipulative - trading devices, including “marking the close” transactions and “bid whacking,” to reduce Scrips’ stock price. 44 It asserts the sales in fact reduced its stock price, 45 and that during.the period of alleged manipulation, Ironridge refused to. provide, any information concerning its trading activity, claiming it was confidential. .

Bid whacking is purportedly a technique in which stock is sold at the bid price rather than a higher price as would “ordinarily” occur in trading. 46 Appended to Scrips’ complaint is an allegedly expert analysis of trades by Ironridge occurring between December 2013 and April 2014, 47 Scrips asserts that the “majority”, of shares sold by Ironridge in December 2013 and January 2014 were sold at the low for each trading day, and that this is indicative of bid whacking. 48 It contends that Iron-ridge’s bid whacking caused Scrips’ stock price to fall from seventeen cents to ten cents between December 2013 and April 2014,: despite the fact that Scrips’ revenue increased from $600,000 in 2013 to $30 million in 2014. 49

*1227 The complaint alleges that Ironridge’s manipulative activity occurred in an open, developed, and efficient market. 50 Scrips asserts that the weekly trading volume in its stock was “large enough to at least establish a substantial presumption of efficiency (at well over 1% of the total amount of shares).” 51 There were also allegedly market makers and arbitrageurs in Scrips stock, such as Knight Capital Americas LLC, Stockcross Financial Service, Inc., BMA Securities, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC, Bilt-more International Corp., Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc., Vfinance Investments, Inc., and Guggenheim Investor Services, LLC. 52 Scrips also contends that its stock price was immediately responsive to financial releases from or about the company, including several instances between October 2013 and June 2014 in which the stock rose purportedly in response to the release of favorable information concerning Scrips. 53

Scrips contends that Ironridge acted with scienter, citing a larger pattern of similar fraud. It contends that the watchdog website “Scam Informer” recently observed that “[t]he destruction in stocks [of companies with which Ironridge] has completed transactions ... makes the devastation from Hurricane Irene seem tame by comparison.” 54 Scrips alleges, by way of example, that Ironridge seeks an additional six billion shares of Green Automotive Company, Inc.’s stock, as well as 27 billion shares in Green Innovations, Ltd.; these are two other companies that entered into an agreement with Ironridge to pay existing accounts payable in éxchange for unregistered issuance of common stock; each case purportedly involved a stipulated settlement that included a similar adjustment provision. 55

*1228 Scrips asserts that Ironridge’s “pattern of corporate destruction” is part of a larger pattern orchestrated by David Sims. 56 It alleges, on information and belief, that Sims is a citizen of South Africa and a resident of Tortola in the British Virgin Islands. He has purportedly been implicated in a variety of schemes involving fraud and market manipulation related to at least thirty-two publicly traded companies. All of the schemes allegedly involve similar manipulation of stock prices and issuance of additional shares under debt purchase agreements. 57 Scrips contends that Sims is the global director of Caledo-nian Global Financial Services, a Cayman Islands bank and brokerage firm that held accounts and laundered money for Belize-an broker-dealers Unicorn International Securities, Legacy Global Markets, and Titan International Securities, as well as their principals. It asserts these entities and individuals were the subject of indictments filed by the U.S. Department of Justice and civil suits filed by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to what regulators described as a $500,000,000 stock manipulation and money laundering ring. 58 On information and belief, it contends that Ironridge is a conduit for Caledonian’s money laundering activities, and that its investment decisions— including the decision to manipulate Scrips’ stock price — are made by Sims. 59

Based on the decline in Scrips’ share price, Ironridge filed an ex parte application in state court for an order compelling the issuance of additional shares under the May 6, 2014 stipulation. 60 Scrips opposed the application. 61 It argued that the court should deny relief because Ironridge had engaged in “wrongful conduct” in “bad faith” and had “unclean hands.” 62 Specifically, it asserted that Ironridge had fraudulently manipulated the market for Scrips stock, i.e., engaged in “open market manipulation,” by “short selling” Scrips’ shares during the calculation period in an effort to drive the share price down artificially and require Scrips to issue more shares to Ironridge under the parties’ agreement. 63 Scrips also alleged that Ironridge’s conduct was a breach of the parties’ agreement, as well as a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied in it. 64 Finally, it asserted that the additional issuance of shares “could be in violation of [federal] securities laws.” 65

On May 6, 2014, Judge Treu implicitly rejected each of Scrips’ arguments. He entered an order enforcing the order that had approved the stipulation (“enforcement order”), and directing that Scrips issue an additional 1,646,008 shares of common stock to Ironridge pursuant to the adjustment mechanism set forth in the stipulation. 66 Scrips appealed the order on *1229 May 14, 2014. 67

On May 22, 2014, eight days after appealing the enforcement order, Scrips filed this action, alleging claims for breach of contract, tortious bad faith, violation of Rule 10b-5, and declaratory relief. Scrips sought compensatory and punitive damages, and a declaration that it need not issue the additional 1,646,008 shares that the Superior Court has ordered it to issue. 68 Scrips maintains that Ironridge intentionally engaged in post-stipulation trading activity to manipulate the market and reduce the price of Scrips’ stock in order to increase the number of shares it was to receive under the adjustment formula in the' stipulation. 69 Scrips asserts that Ironridge manipulated the stock to send false information regarding the supply of and demand for its stock to the market, inducing others to sell Scrips stock and creating further market distortion. 70 It contends that absent illegal manipulation by Ironridge, its stock would be trading at $0.15 per share instead of the current price of approximately $0.10. It also asserts that Ironridge’s manipulative actions have caused it to issue 10.3 million shares, instead of the 8.7 million initially required by the agreement, and that Iron-ridge is seeking issuance of a further 1.6 million shares in state court. 71 As a result, Scrips contends, it has been injured by issuing more than $1.4 million of stock to Ironridge in satisfaction of a less than $770,000 debt. 72

On June 30, 2015, the California Court of Appeal dismissed Scrips’ appeal of the state court enforcement order under the disentitlement doctrine. 73 It concluded that -Scrips had repeatedly violated the state court’s enforcement order despite the fact that it was legally bound by it. See Ironridge Global IV, Ltd. v. ScripsAmerica, Inc., 238 Cal.App.4th 259, 267 , 189 Cal.Rptr.3d 583 (“Defendant had no cause to disobey the court’s order, but did so, repeatedly. Defendant could have, sought a stay of the order, but failed-to do so. Defendant also could have sought a writ of supersedeas in this court. Finding that a balance of the equities weighs in favor of dismissal,-we grant plaintiffs motion”).

*1230 II. DISCUSSION

A. Requests for Judicial Notice

1. Ironridge’s Request

Ironridge asks that the court take judicial notice of various documents that have been publicly filed with'the Securities & Exchange Commission (“SEC”). 74 Because Rule 12(b)(6)'review is confined to the complaint, the court typically does not consider material outside the pleadings (e.g., facts presented in briefs, affidavits, or discovery materials) when deciding such a motion. In re American Continental Corp./Lincoln Sav. & Loan Securities Litig., 102 F.3d 1524, 1537 (9th Cir.1996). It may, however, properly consider exhibits attached to the complaint and documents whose contents are alleged in the complaint but not attached, if their authenticity is not questioned. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir.2001).

In addition, the court can consider matters that- are proper subjects of judicial notice under Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Id. at 688-89 ; Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir.1994), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir.2002); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner and Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542 , 1555 n. 19 (9th Cir.1990); see also Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 , 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (“[C]ourts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice”). 75 The court is “not required tq accept as true conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint” or proper subjects of judicial notice. Steckman v. Hart Brewing Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1295 (9th Cir.1998); see also Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.2001) (“The court need not, however, accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice or by exhibit”).

Ironridge asks that the court take judicial notice of Exhibits V through EE to its motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. 76 Specifically, Ironridge asks that the court judicially notice excerpts from three of Scrips’ Schedule 10-Q’s with filing dates between March 31, 2013, and September 30, 2014 (Exhibits V through X); an excerpt from and three copies of Scrips’ 2012,'2013, and 2014 Schedule 10-K’s (Exhibits Y through BB); a press release regarding Scrips dated April 9, 2015 (Exhibit CC); a graph showing Scrips’ stock prices between September 2013 and May 2015 obtained from Bloombérg Finance L.P. (Exhibit DD); and excerpts from Scrips’ Form S-l, Amendment No. 4, which was submitted to the SEC on November 9, 2011 (Exhibit EE). 77

“Courts can consider securities offerings and corporate disclosure documents that are publicly available.” See Oklahoma Firefighters Pension & Ret. Sys. v. IXIA, 50 F.Supp.3d. 1328, 1349 (C.D.Cal.2014) (citing Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colleges, Inc., 540 F.3d 1049 , 1064 n. 7 (9th Cir.2008) (“Defendants sought judicial notice for Corinthian’s re *1231 ported stock price history and other publicly available financial documents, including a number of Corinthian’s SEC filings. In its dismissal order, the court granted Defendants’ unopposed requests for judicial notice. Metzler does not contest the propriety of the noticing of these documents on appeal, which in any event was proper”)). Accordingly, thé court will take judicial notice of Exhibits V through BB and Exhibit EE, as they are documents filed with the SEC. 78

Exhibit CC is a public press release. Taking judicial notice of news reports and press releases is appropriate to show “that the market was aware of the information contained in news articles.” Heliotrope Gen., Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 F.3d 971 , 981 n. 18 (9th Cir.1999); see also In re White Electronic Designs Corp. Sec. Litig., 416 F.Supp.2d 754 , 760 ‘(D.Ariz. 2006) (“[J]udicial notice is appropriate for SEC filings, press releases, and accounting rules as they are capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot be reasonably questioned” (internal quotations and citations omitted)). Importantly, however, the court can do so only to “indicate what was in the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true.” Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir.201"0) (citing Premier Growth Fund v. Alliance Capital Mgmt., 435 F.3d 396 , 401 n. 15 (3d Cir.2006)); In re Disciplinary Proceedings of Yana, No. 2012-SCC-0017-ADA, 2014 WL 309314 , *4 (N.M.I. Jan. 28, 2014) (“Newspaper articles generally, and; statements during an interview specifically, are not always free of reasonable dispute. Ordinarily, then, we only take ‘judicial notice of publications introduced to “indicate what was in the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true,”’” quoting Von Saher); United States v. Kane, No. 2:13-cr-250-JAD-VCF, 2013 WL 5797619 , *9 (D.Nev. Oct. 28, 2013) (“When a court takes judicial notice of publications like websites and newspaper articles, the court merely notices what was in the' public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true” (citations omitted)); Brodsky v. Yahoo! Inc., 630 F.Supp.2d 1104, 1111-12 (N.D.Cal.2009) (“The Court also grants Defendants’ request [for judicial notice] as to Exhibits 31 through 47, Yahoo! Press releases, news articles, analyst reports, and -third party press releases to which the [amended complaint] refers, but not for the truth of their contents” (emphasis added)). Because the press release describes a statement by Scrips regarding its trading activity in approximately April 2015, the court takes judicial notice of it.

With regard to Exhibit DD, Ironridge seeks judicial notice of a graph detailing Scrips’ stock price .fluctuations between September 2013 and May 2015, *1232 representing data that was gathered by Bloomberg Finance L.P. “Because publically traded companies historical stock prices can be readily ascertained and those prices are not subject to reasonable dispute, courts routinely take judicial notice of them.” IXIA, 50 F.Supp.3d at 1349 (citing Patel v. Parnes, 253 F.R.D. 531, 547-48 (C.D.Cal.2008) (judicially noticing historical stock prices because such information is capable of accurate and ready determination); In re Homestore.com Inc. Sec. Litig., 347 F.Supp.2d 814, 816 (C.D.Cal.2004) (“[A] court may take judicial notice of a company’s published stock prices”)); see also Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1064 n. 7 (“Defendants sought judicial notice for Corinthian’s reported stock price history and other publicly available financial documents, including a number of Corinthian’s SEC filings. In its dismissal order, the court granted Defendants’ unopposed requests for judicial notice. Metzler does not contest the propriety of the noticing of these documents on appeal, which in any event was proper”). Consequently, the court takes judicial notice of Exhibit DD.

= The parties’ state court stipulation and term sheet, which are Exhibits B and K to Ironridge’s request for judicial notice, are attached to the complaint and are properly considered in deciding the motion for that reason. See Lee, 250 F.3d at 688 (“a court may consider ‘material which is properly submitted as part of the complaint’ on a motion to dismiss without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment,” quoting Branch, 14 F.3d at 453 ). Finally, as Ironridge notes, the state court order approving the parties’ stipulation, which is Exhibit F to the request for judicial notice, is referenced in the complaint, and can be considered under the incorporation by reference doctrine. See United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.2003) (acknowledging that a district court may assume that the contents of a document incorporated by reference “are true for purposes of a motion to dismiss”); In re Downey Sec. Litig., No. CV 08-3261 JFW, 2009 WL 2767670 , *6 n. 4 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 21, 2009) (same).

2. Scrips’ Request

Scrips asks the court to take judicial notice of a June 23, 2014, SEC order instituting administrative cease and desist proceedings against Ironridge under Sections 15(b) and 21(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 79 Courts can take judicial notice of SEC orders. See In re UBS Auction Rate Sec. Litig., No. 08 CV 2967(LMM), 2010 WL 2541166 , *13 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2010) (“On May 31, 2006, the SEC issued an Order Instituting Administrative and Cease-and-Desist Proceedings, Making Findings, and Imposing Remedial Sanctions and a Cease-and-Desist Order Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Court takes judicial notice of the SEC Order”); In re Citigroup Auction Rate Sec. Litig., 700 F.Supp.2d 294 , 302 n. 2 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (“The Court takes judicial notice of the 2006 SEC Order concerning ARS practices and disclosure requirements”). The court therefore grants Scrips’ request for judicial notice.

B. Legal Standard Governing Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is proper only where there is either a “lack of a cognizable legal theory,” or “the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a *1233 cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988). The court must accept all factual allegations pleaded in the complaint as true, and construe them and draw all reasonable inferences from them in favor of the nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir.1996); Mier v. Owens, 57 F.3d 747, 750 (9th Cir.1995).

The court need not, however, accept as true unreasonable inferences or conclusory legal allegations cast in the form of factual allegations. See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (“While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detañed factual allegations, a plaintiffs obligation, to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlefment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do”). Thus, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ... A. claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 , 129 S.Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that añ the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact)” (citations omitted)); Moss v. United States Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir.2009) (“[F]or a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss, the non-conclusory ‘factual content,’ and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief,” citing Iqbal and Twombly).

C. Whether the Court Should Dismiss Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 Claim

Ironridge argues that Scrips’ second amended Rule 10b-5 claim fails to cure the pleading deficiencies that the court identified in its first amended complaint. First, it contends that Scrips has fañed to plead an actionable misrepresentation or omission. Second, it asserts that Scrips has failed to allege manipulative conduct. Third, it argues that Scrips cannot plead reliance as a matter of law. Fourth, it contends that Scrips has failed adequately to allege facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter. Ironridge asserts that, given Scrips’ multiple, unsuccessful attempts to plead a viable Rule 10b-5 claim, the claim should be dismissed with prejudice. The court addresses each argument in turn.'

1. Legal Standard Governing the Pleading of Securities Fraud Claims

“A securities fraud complaint under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 must satisfy the dual pleading requisites of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) and the [Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (‘PSLRA’), 15 U.S.C. §. 78u-4].” In re VeriFone Holdings, Inc. Sec. Litig., 704 F.3d 694, 701 (9th Cir.2012). Rule 9(b) requires that the “circumstances constituting fraud or mistake... be stated with particularity.” Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 9(b). “Generally, a plaintiff must plead ‘with particularity’ the time and place' of the fraud, the statements made and by whom made, an explanation of why or how such statements were false or misleading when made, and . the role of each defendant in the alleged fraud.” See Cirulli v. Hyundai Motor Co., No. SACV 08-0854 AG (MLGx), 2009 WL 5788762 , *4 (C.D.Cal. June 12, 2009) (citing In re GlenFed, Inc. Securities Litigation, 42 F.3d 1541, 1547-49 (9th Cir.1994) (en banc); Lancaster *1234 Cmty. Hospital v. Antelope Valley Hosp. Dist., 940 F.2d 397 , 405 (9th Cir.1991)); see also Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir.2007) (“Generally, a plaintiff must plead the ‘time, place, and specific content’ of allegedly fraudulent conduct to satisfy Rule 9(b)”).

Thus, a securities. fraud plaintiff cannot survive a motion to dismiss merely by alleging that certain statements were false. Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1070 (“A litany of alleged false statements, unaccompanied by the pleading of specific facts indicating why those statements were false, does not meet th[e Rule 9(b) ] standard”); see also In re Oracle Corp. Securities Litigation, 627 F.3d 376, 390 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Plaintiffs must ‘demonstrate that a particular statement, when read in light of all the information then available to the market, or a failure to disclose particular information, conveyed a false or misleading impression,’ quoting In re Convergent Technologies Securities Litigation, 948 F.2d 507, 512 (9th Cir.1991)). Rather, the complaint must allege “why the disputed statement was untrue or misleading when made.” In re Glenfed Inc., 42 F.3d at 1549 (emphasis added). It must also provide specifics concerning who made the statement and when it was made.

In 1995, Congress passed the PSLRA, which amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The PSLRA modified Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement, “providing that a securities fraud complaint [must] identify: (1) each statement alleged to have been misleading;' (2) the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading; and (3) all facts on which that belief is formed.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1); see In re Silicon Graphics Inc. Securities Litigation, 183 F.3d 970, 996 (9th Cir.1999). The statute requires that, in pleading that each allegedly misleading statement or omission was made with scienter, the plaintiff must “state with particularity ... facts giving rise to a strong inference that the: defendant acted with the required state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2). If the complaint does not contain such allegations, it must be dismissed. 15. U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(3)(A). 80

In enacting the PSLRA, “Congress 'impose[d] heightened pleading requirements in actions brought pursuant to § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5.’” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 320 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 (citing Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 81 ; 126 S.Ct. 1503 , 164 L.Ed.2d 179 (2006)). The PSLRA’s requirements “prevent[ ] a plaintiff from skirting dismissal by filing a complaint laden with vague allegations of deception unaccompanied by a particularized explanation státing why the defendant’s alleged statements or omissions are deceitful.” Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1061 (citing Falkowski v. Imation Corp., 309 F.3d 1123, 1133 (9th Cir.2002)).

2. Legal Standard Governing Liability Under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5

Rule 10b-5, promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant *1235 to.section 10(b) of the 1934 Act,.makes it unlawful for any person to use “manipulative or deceptive device[s]” in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). Specifically, one cannot “(a) ... employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud; (b) ... make any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; or (c) ... engage'iii any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.” 17 C.F.R. § 240 .10b-5.

“Regardless of whether a § 10(b) plaintiff alleges a misrepresentation,-omission, or manipulation, he.must plead and prove the following elements: (1) ... use or employfment of] a[] manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance; (2) scienter, i.e.[,] [a] wrongful state of mind; (3) a connection with the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance, often referred to ... as transaction causation; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation, i.e.[,] a causal connection between the manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance and the loss.” Desai v. Deutsche Bank Secs. Ltd., 573 F.3d 931, 939 (9th Cir.2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Simpson v. AOL Time Warner Inc., 452 F.3d 1040, 1047 (9th Cir.2006), vacated on other grounds by Avis Budget Group, Inc. v. Cal. State Teachers’ Ret. Sys., 552 U.S. 1162 , 128 S.Ct. 1119 , 169 L.Ed.2d 945 (2008).

In addition to pleading falsity adequately, the pleading must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant aeted with the required state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. §§ 78u-4(b)(2), “Scienter” refers to “a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.” Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185 , 193 n. 12, 96 S.Ct. 1375 , 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has articulated a “two-part inquiry for scienter: first, [the court must] determine-.whether any of the allegations, standing alone, are sufficient to create a strong inference of scienter; second, if no individual allegation is sufficient, . the court [must] conduct a ^holistic’ review of the same’ allegations to' determine whether the insufficient allegations combine to create a strong inference of intentional conduct or deliberate recklessness.” New Mexico State Investment Council v. Ernst & Young, 641 F.3d 1089, 1095 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp. 552 F.3d 981, 991-92 (9th Cir.2009)).

The Ninth Circuit has emphasized that, to allege scienter, “plaintiffs ‘must plead, in great detail, facts that constitute strong circumstantial evidence of deliberately-reckless or conscious misconduct.’ ” Middlesex Retirement System v. Quest Software Inc., 527 F.Supp.2d 1164, 1179 (C.D.Cal.2007) (quoting Silicon Graphics, 183 F.3d at 974 ); see also Silicon Graphics, 183 F.3d at 977 (“recklessness only satisfies scienter, under § 10(b) to the extent- that it reflects some degree of intentional or. conscious misconduct”). The requisite state of mind must be' a “‘departure. from the standards of ordinary care [that] presents a danger of misleading buyers that is either known to the defendant or so obvious that the- actor must have been aware of it.’” Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 991. (quoting Silicon Graphics, 183 F.3d at 984 ). If plaintiff relies on allegations of recklessness, the pleading standard requires that it “state specific facts indicating no less than a degree of recklessness that strongly suggests actual intent.” Silicon Graphics, 183 F.3d at 979 . Allegations of negligence are insufficient. Glazer Capital Management, *1236 LP v. Magistri, 549 F.3d 736, 748 (9th Cir.2008) (“At most, it creates the inference that he should have known of the violations. This is not sufficient to meet the stringent scienter pleading requirements of the PSLRA”); Police Retirement Systems of St. Louis v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., No. 10-CV-03451-LHK, 2011 WL 3501733 , *7 (NJD.Cal. Aug. 10, 2011) (“[T]he Ninth Circuit defines ‘recklessness’ as a highly unreasonable omission [or misrepresentation], involving not merely simple, or even inexcusable negligence, but an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care, and which presents a danger of misleading buyers or sellers that is either known to the defendant or is so obvious that the actor must have been aware of it”).

“To qualify as ‘strong' within the intendment of ... the PSLRA ... an inference of scienter must be more than merely plausible or reasonable — it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 (emphasis added). “[C]ourts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss.... The inquiry ... is whether all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise to a strong inference of scienter, not whether any individual allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard.” Id. at 322-23 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 (emphasis original).

In determining whether a plaintiff has alleged facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter, the court must draw all reasonable inferences from the allegations presented, including inferences unfavorable to plaintiff. Gompper v. VISX, Inc., 298 F.3d 893, 897 (9th Cir.2002). “However, the ‘inference that the defendant aeted with scienter need not be irrefutable, i.e., of the “smoking-gun” genre, or even the “most plausible of competing inferences.” ... [T]he inference of scienter must be more than merely “reasonable” or “permissible[,]” [however] — it must be cogent and compelling ... in light of other explanations.’” Middlesex Retirement System, 527 F.Supp.2d at 1179 (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 ).

The Ninth Circuit often treats the falsity and scienter analyses as “a single inquiry, because falsity and scienter are generally inferred from the same set of facts.” In re New Century, 588 F.Supp.2d 1206, 1227 (C.D.Cal.2008) (citing In re Read-Rite Corp., 335 F.3d 843 , 846 (9th Cir.2003), abrogated by Tellabs on other grounds as recognized in South Ferry LP, No. 2 v. Killinger, 542 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 2008), and Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 429 (9th Cir.2001)). The court therefore analyzes Scrips’ falsity and scienter allegations in tandem below.

3. Whether Scrips Has Pled Manipulative Conduct

To state a claim for market manipulation, Scrips must plead that Iron-ridge engaged in trading practices “intended to mislead investors by artificially affecting market activity.” Santa Fe Indus., Inc. v. Green, 430 U.S. 462, 476 , 97 S.Ct. 1292 , 51 L.Ed.2d 480 (1977). Thus, “[t]o plead a claim based on market manipulation, a plaintiff must allege, inter alia, that the defendant engaged in manipulative acts, that the plaintiff suffered damage, which was caused by his or her reliance on an assumption that the market was free of manipulation, and that the defendant acted with scienter.” In re Bank of America Corp., No. 09-MD-02014 JSW, 2011 WL 740902 , *6 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 24, 2011). “A market manipulation claim ... cannot be based solely upon misrepresentations or omissions.” ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd. *1237 (“ATSI II ”), 493 F.3d 87, 101 (2d Cir.2007) (citing Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 396 F.3d 161, 177 (2d Cir.2005)). “There must be some market activity, such as hvash sales, matched orders, or rigged prices.’ ” Id. (citing Santa Fe Indus., Inc., 430 U.S. at 476 , 97 S.Ct. 1292 ). Moreover, “nondisclosure is usually essential to the success of a manipulative scheme.” Santa Fe Indus., Inc., Am U. S. at 477, 97 S.Ct. 1292 ; In re Merrill Lynch Auction Rate Securities Litigation,- 704- F.Supp.2d 378, 390 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (where “a transaction’s terms are fully disclosed,” there can be no market manipulation claim).

In its prior order, the court held that Scrips’ first amended complaint did not sufficiently plead manipulative conduct because Scrips failed plausibly to allege any particular course of conduct that would amount to market manipulation. Scrips attempts to cure this deficiency in the second amended complaint by adding additional “bid whacking” allegations and by appending details concerning Scrips’ trading patterns to the complaint. It also makes many of the same arguments that the court previously found unavailing. The court addresses each in turn.

a. Use of Multiple Brokerage Firms

As the court noted, in its order dismissing this claim in the first amended complaint,. Scrips’ allegations that Iron-ridge’s use of multiple brokerage apcounts demonstrates market manipulation fail because many traders, especially institutional traders, use multiple accounts to place orders. 81 The mere use of three trading accounts — two in Ironridge’s name and one in Caledonian’s name — does not evidence market manipulation in and of itself. Compare S.E.C. v. McCaskey, No. CV 98-06153(SWK), 2001 WL 1029053 , *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 6, 2001) (“The record reflects'that McCaskey acted willingly and knowingly as his stock manipulation scheme involved wash sales and matched orders conducted through 22 accounts held in misleading names or the names of nominees at 14 different firms”).

More fundamentally, the court noted that Scrips could not argue that the use of multiple brokerage- accounts constituted manipulation because it had to have been aware that Ironbridge was using multiple brokerage accounts. See Gurary v. Winehouse, 190 F.3d 37, 45 (2d Cir.1999) (“The gravamen of manipulation is deception of investors - into believing that prices at which they purchase and sell securities are determined by the natural interplay of supply and demand,'not rigged by manipulators — In consequence, a private plaintiff in such a case must establish that he or she engaged in a securities trade in ignorance of the fact that the price was affected by the alleged manipulation,” citing Ray v. Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Inc., 624 F.Supp. 16, 19 (N.D.Ga.1984)); In re Bank of America Corp., 2011 WL 740902 at *7 (manipulation occurs “when an investor is erroneously led to believe that the prices for the security in question are driyen by the ‘natural interplay of supply and demand, not rigged by manipulators’”). This is because Scrips pleads that its transfer agent delivered the shares to each of the accounts. 82 Accordingly, it had to have known that Ironridge could sell Scrips shares through these brokerage accounts; as a consequence, it cannot have been deceived.

b. Ironridge’s Section 13(d) Disclosure Statement

Scrips next contends, as it did in the first amended complaint, that Ironridge’s *1238 November 8, 2013 Section 13(d) disclosure statement was false or misleading because it stated that “Ironridge was entitled to 5,650,000 shares despite receiving 8,690,-000.” 83 The court previously, found this allegation unavailing. As it noted previously, Scrips’ description of the disclosure statement, .is inaccurate. 84 The disclosure statement provides:

it is clear that Ironridge' did not represent it' had received only 5,650,000 shares;' it clearly stated that it had received 8,690,-000 shares, but might' be required to return some of the shares because, based on the current trading price, it was entitled to only 5,650,000 shares. The court can’ discern nothing false of misleading about the statement; " hence it does not support Scrips’ market manipulation claim!

In addition, “the purpose of section 13(d) is to alert the marketplace to every large, rapid aggregation or accumulation of securities, regardless of [the] technique employed, which might represent a potential shift in corporate control.” GAF Corp. v. Milstein, 453 F.2d 709, 717 (2d Cir.1971). Thus, “Section 13(d)(1)(C) requires the person filing to disclose any intention to acquire control. If he has such an intention, he must disclose any plans for liquidating the issuer, selling its assets, merging it with another company or changing substantially its business or corporate structure.” Id. Ironridge’s shares were non-voting. 86 As a result, there was no potential that it could acquire control of Scrips. Even assuming, therefore, that Ironridge had misrepresented the number of shares it had received, it is unclear how-the statement would be material for purposes of Section 13(d) or Rule 10b-5.

Finally, as noted, “a private plaintiff in ... a case [like this] must establish that he or she engaged in a securities trade in ignorance of the fact that the price was affected by the alleged manipulation.” Gurary, 190 F.3d at 45 . Scrips knew how many shares it had issued to Ironridge. Because it was not ignorant of the number of shares Ironridge had received, it could not reasonably rely, on any alleged misrepresentation in the Section 13(d) disclosure statement concerning the number of shares issued as the basis for a market" manipulation claim. See id. (summary judgment was properly granted because, “[b]y plaintiffs own admission, th[e reliance] requirement [wá]s not satisfied,” i.e., plaintiff was not ignorant of the "alleged manipulation); Alki Partners, L.P. v. Vatas Holding GmbH, 769 F.Supp.2d 478, 493 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (“[A] complaint al *1239 leging a violation of § 10(b) is required to state that the transactions that caused the loss were made ‘in ignorance of the fact that the price was affected by the alleged manipulation.’ ... Plaintiffs were not ignorant of the manipulation of the price of RMDX stock that they now claim to be victims of, and so cannot establish that they relied on [a] market free of manipulation”), aff'd sub nom. Alki Partners, L.P. v. Windhorst, 472 Fed.Appx. 7 (2d Cir. March 21, 2012) (Unpub. Disp.).

c. “Bid Whacking”

In the .first amended complaint, Scrips alleged that Ironridge engaged in “marking the close” transactions and “bid whacking.” The second amended complaint omits any reference to “marking the close” transactions, and instead includes additional allegations concerning “bid whacking.” As the court stated in its order dismissing the first amended complaint, there are no reported decisions discussing “bid whacking,” let alone holding that it amounts to manipulative conduct. No secondary legal authority describes bid whacking or suggests that it should be considered manipulative. 87 The court will nonetheless assume, without deciding, that bid whacking could constitute manipulative conduct.' The second amended complaint describes bid whacking as follows:

The Second Circuit has held that manipulation claims, while subject to Rule 9(b), often involve facts solely within the defendant’s knowledge; thus, “at the early stages of litigation, the plaintiff need not plead manipulation to the same degree of specificity as a plain misrepresentation claim.” ATSI II, 493 F.3d at 102 . The Ninth Circuit has not addressed whether Rule 9(b) should be relaxed for manipulation claims. Several California district courts have applied the Second Circuit’s relaxed pleading standard, however. Anschutz Corp. v. Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., 785 F.Supp.2d 799, 811 (N.D.Cal.2011) (citing ATSI II and describing the burden as “somewhat relaxed”); Louisiana Pac. Corp. v. Money Mkt. 1 Institutional Inv. Dealer, No. CV 09-03529 JSW, 2011 WL 1152568 , *5 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 28, 2011) (applying the ATSI II standard); In re Bank of America Corp., 2011 WL 740902 at *6 (same). Because Scrips fails to satisfy even the “somewhat relaxed” burden imposed by the Second Circuit, the court assumes, without deciding, that it is the appropriate standard to apply. 89

*1240 In ATSI II, the Second Circuit explained that even under a relaxed Rule 9(b) standard, “[g]eneral allegations not tied to the defendants or resting upon speculation are insufficient.” 493 F.3d at 102 . It stated that the complaint must set forth “what manipulative acts were performed, which defendants performed them [i.e., ‘who’], when the manipulative acts were performed, and what effect the scheme had on the market for' the securities at issue.” Id. (emphasis added). The court’s order dismissing the first amended complaint noted that Scrips’ “bid whacking” allegations lacked any detail concerning when it occurred or who directed it to occur; it therefore concluded that bid whacking was deficiently pled. 90 Scrips contends that it has remedied these concerns.

In its second amended complaint, Scrips attempts to bolsters its bid whacking allegations by pleading that Ironridge engaged in bid whacking between December 2013 and January 2014. Scrips corn, tends this ultimately drove “the price of [its] stock from seventeen cents to ten cents” over this five-month period. 91 Scrips supports these allegations, by attaching as an exhibit to the second amended complaint an unnamed, and according to Ironridge, undisclosed, expert’s analysis of trading data from December 2013 to April 2014. 92 The expert allegedly asserts that Ironridge sold the majority of its shares at-the low for each trading day in December 2013 and January 2014. 93 ■ In its opposition, Scrips argues that “a greater level of particularity in the allegations regarding the transactions at issue” could not be imagined, given the “highly granular transactional details ... [of the] voluminous set of data analysis that was prepared by an expert.” 94 Scrips’ “highly granular transactional details,” however, show nothing more than that Ironridge sold stock at certain times and at certain prices. To allege a market manipulation claim adequately, it must plead which trades were manipulative 'and why they were so. See ATSI II, 493 F.3d at 102 (the complaint must, at a minimum, allege “what manipulative acts were performed, which defendants performed them [i.e., ‘who’], when the manipulative acts were performed, and what effect the scheme had on the market for the securities at issue”); id. at 104-05 (“Wholly absent are particular facts giving rise to a strong inference that Trimark acted with scienter in manipulating the market in ATSI’s common stock and any allegations of specific acts by Trimark to manipulate the market, much less how those actions might have affected the market ” (emphasis added)); Sedona Corp. v. Ladenburg Thalmann & Co., No. 03 CIV 3120 LTS THE, 2009 WL 1492196 , *7 (S.D.N.Y. May 27, 2009) (“The mere fact that Frankel effected such a large volume of trades in Sedona’s stock is also not indicative of anything manipulative”).

Appending 200 pages of trading data, without identifying a single transaction as manipulative, along with vague testimony from an unnamed expert that Iron-ridge sold shares “at the lows of each trading day” over a two month period does not suffice. As Ironridge argues in its motion, “[a]mbiguous raw data by itself does not mean anything. ' It was Scrips’ burden to identify, out of the 200 pages, what trades were purportedly manipulative, ... why they were manipulative, *1241 how the market was misled by them, and what effect the trades had on the market.” 95 To the extent Scrips alleges that all Ironridge trades during the five month period covered by the raw data were manipulative, the court cannot agree. Initially, the court seriously doubts that Scrips can satisfy its burden under Rule 9(b) simply by appending 200 pages of data to its complaint and suggesting that all of the trades reflected in the data were manipulative. See ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd. (“ATSI I”), 357 F.Supp.2d 712, 719 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (“Finally, the Complaint alleges that three charts containing certain trading data for the period December 2002 through January 2003 show manipulation. Again, the Complaint fails adequately to explain how the data shows manipulation, let alone how it is linked to any of the defendants”), aff'd, ATSI II, 493 F.3d at 102-03 (“We agree with the district court that these allegations are inadequate under Rule 9(b). In sum, ATSI has offered no specific allegations that the defendants did anything to manipulate the market; it relies, at best, on speculative inferences” (emphasis added)).

In any event, the court’s review of the transaction data for December 2013 and January 2014, the months Scrips contends are the most indicative of Ironridge’s purported misconduct, confirms that Ironridge sold its Scrips shares within the range at which all Scrips’ shares were sold. For example, on December 6, 2013, Scrips stock traded between $0.17 — $0.1956 a share; the price range at which Ironridge allegedly traded was $0.17 — $0.19. 96 The same is true for December 13, 2013. Iron-ridge sold Scrips stock within the overall trading range that day, and in fact sold more shares at $0.155, the highest price point of the day, than at any other price. 97 On December 23, 2013, Ironridge sold Scrips shares in a range between $0.115 and $0.13, while Scrips shares traded as low as $0.1144 and closed at $0.14. 98 On December 24, 2013, Ironridge sold Scrips stock above the average price for the day; indeed, all its trades on December 24, 2013 were well above the closing price, generally $0.02 higher. 99 Furthermore, the next trading day, Ironridge allegedly sold 21,-000 shares at $0.152, which was the second highest trading price of the day. 100 ' On January 13, 2014, Ironridge sold shares between $0.105 and $0.11; that day, the stock opened at $0.115 and closed at $0.11. Several other sales (of greater volume than Ironridge’ sales) were also made at $0.105. 101 On January 14, 2014, Ironridge sold shares at $0.11 and $0.122, well above the $0.105 opening price. The following day, it sold a substantial number of shares — nearly 200,000 — at $0.115; Scrips shares opened on January 15, 2014 at $0.12 and other traders sold a substantial quantity of Scrips stock at $0.115, $0.116, and $0.118. 102 Finally, on January 23, 2014, Ironridge sold shares between $0.125 and $0.1128 on a day when Scrips shares opened and closed at $0.12.

Even on the days where Ironridge sold Scrips’ shares at or near intraday lows, the data indicate that other traders were selling Scrips shares at or near the same price. On December 9, 2013, for example, Scrips shares opened at $0.175 before a series of sales by traders other than Iron- *1242 ridge drove the share price down to $0.16. Ironridge then sold 7,000 shares at $0,156, 2.000 shares at $0.1494 (the lowest price of the day), and 26,500 shares at $0.1514. Before Ironridge made its largest sale of 26,500 shares, another trader sold 10,000 Scrips shares at $0.15. Within 90 minutes of these trades, other entities sold 2,062 shares at $0,154, 18,000. shares at $0,156, and 4000 shares, at $0.158. 103 On December 11, 2013, Ironridge sold shares at $0,145, $0.1455, . $0.15, $0,155, and $0.1491. 104 Before it executed its first trade, another trader sold 9,000 Scrips shares at $0.145 — the lowest sale price for any of the Ironridge trades. 105 Other traders sold Scrips shares at the same prices Ironridge did. Moreover, Ironridge’s final trade of 10,000 shares at $0,155 was executed at 3:38 PM; thereafter, other trades were executed at $0.1475 and at the closing price of $0.15. 106 It is true that on December 17, 2013, Ironridge sold 1,000 shares at $0.10, the intraday low; it did so within two minutes of others sales in much higher quantities (42,025 and 5,000 shares) at $0.11, however. Another trader sold 35.000 share at $0,102 four minutes later. In short, although certain of Ironridge’s sales were at or near intraday lows, they are not inherently suspect because they are in line with other sales and overall trading patterns on the days in question. See ATSI I, 357 F.Supp.2d at 719 (“Although a change in stock price or trading volume favorable to the defendants is relevant to whether a manipulation occurred, it does not, without more, give rise to an inference of fraud”).

Further eroding Scrips’ theory is the fact Ironridge did not sell any shares on December 16, 2013. Despite that fact, Scrips shares opened at $0.14 and closed at $0.13 following an intraday low of $0,122; this is a trading range that is substantially similar to the range at which the stock traded on days Scrips contends Ironridge was manipulating, its stock. 107 Again on December 18, 2013, Scrips shares fluctated between an opening price of $0,131, an intraday low of $0.1075, and a closing price of $0.124. 108 Ironridge sold no shares on December 30 and 31, 2013, when Scrips shares traded for as little as $0.1284 and $0.11, respectively. 109 Thus, even when the unexplained trading data proffered by Scrips is analyzed, the trading activity does not demonstrate manipulation. Rather, the data attached to the complaint belie Scrips’ conclusory allegation that Ironridge continually offered to sell at the lowest bid price, i.e., that Iron-ridge was bid whacking. Thus, Scrips’ new allegations do not cure the deficiencies the court previously noted.

Because Scrips fails to allege with particularity any specific conduct that constitutes market manipulation, its Rule 10b-5 claim must be dismissed to the extent it is based on such manipulation.

4. Whether Scrips Has Pled a Misrepresentation or Omission

■ Ironridge next argues that Scrips has again failed adequately to allege a misrepresentation or omission, as it has added no new allegations curing the deficiencies identified in the court’s order dismissing the first amended complaint. 110 In its opposition, Scrips does not argue that it has pled an actionable misrepresentation, *1243 omission, or false promise; it focuses instead on its “open-market manipulation theory.” 111 The court nonetheless addresses the misrepresentations, omissions and false promises alleged by Scrips. 112

a. The Adjustment Mechanism

Scrips alleges that the adjustment mechanism set forth in the parties’ agreement and stipulation is “incredibly convoluted and virtually unintelligible.” 113 To the extent it asserts that vagueness or ambiguity in- the term setting forth the adjustment mechanism is tantamount to a misrepresentation or omission, the court cannot agree. First, Scrips fails to allege any specific misrepresentation or omission related to the adjustment mechanism. For this reason alone, the .claim fails under Rule 9(b). See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.2009) (“Averments of fraud must be accompanied by ‘the who, what, when, where, and how’ of the misconduct charged” (citations omitted)). Second, the manner in which the adjustment mechanism was to operate was fully disclosed in the parties’ agreement and stipulation, which included a.merger clause that cut off any right to rely on prior oral representations; Ironridge thus did not-conceal the adjustment mechanism from Scrips. As the court found in its prior order-dismissing Scrips’'Rule 10b-5 claim — which then was based on an allegation that Ironridge made misrepresentations becaus'e there was a discrepancy between-the term sheet and the stipulated judgment — “a party-who signs a written *1244 agreement generally is bound by its terms, even though he neither reads it nor considers the legal consequences of signing it.” Operating Engineers Pension Trust v. Gilliam, 737 F.2d 1501, 1504 (9th Cir.1984) (citing- Frame v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 20 Cal.App.3d 668, 671 , 97 Cal.Rptr. 811 (1971)); see also Davis v. HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A., 691 F.3d 1152, 1163 (9th Cir.2012) (“California courts have held that where, as here, the parties to an agreement deal at arm’s length, it is not reasonable to fail to read a contract before signing it” (citations omitted)); Rodriguez v. Shen Zhen New World I LLC, No. CV 13-02959-RSWL, 2014 WL 908464 , *3 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 6, 2014) (same); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 23, cmts. b, e (1981). Because Scrips signed the stipulation, it cannot now assert that it was misled.

In addition to signing the stipulation, moreover, Scrips joined Ironridge in filing an ex parte application seeking approval of the stipulated judgment. 114 Its representatives stated at the time that “the board of directors of [Scrips] ha[d] considered the proposed [agreement] and ... resolved that its terms and conditions [were] fair to, and in the best interests of, SCRC and its stockholders.” 115 If Scrips felt the adjustment mechanism was unintelligible and convoluted, it should not have made this representation to the state court. Scrips also explained to its shareholders in its November 7, 2013 Form 8-K how the adjustment mechanism would function. 116 Finally, Scrips failed to argue that the adjustment mechanism was unintelligible in its opposition to Ironridge’s ex parte application for an order compelling the issuance of shares. 117 The state court clearly did not find the adjustment mechanism unintelligible as it ordered Scrips to issue the shares required under the mechanism; this was the subject of Scrips’ state court *1245 appeal. This court, moreover, does not find the adjustment mechanism unintelligible. For all these reasons, Scrips fails- to allege a misrepresentation or omission premised on the adjustment mechanism,

b. Use of Multiple Brokerage Accounts

The court previously dismissed Scrips’ omission allegations to the extent they were based on Ironridge’s failure to disclose the use of multiple brokerage accounts. “Under Rule 10b-5(b), a defendant can be liable for the omission of material information if he or she has a duty to disclose that information.” WPP Luxembourg Gamma Three Sarl v. Spot Runner, Inc., 655 F.3d 1039, 1048-49 (9th Cir.2011) (citing Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222, 235 , 100 S.Ct. 1108 , 63 L.Ed.2d 348 (1980); Desai 573 F.3d at 938 ). A duty to disclose “does not arise from the mere possession of non-public information.” Chiarella, 445 U.S. at 235 , 100 S.Ct. 1108 . “[I]n the case of an omission, ‘[s]ilence, absent a duty to disclose, is not misleading under Rule 10b-5.’ ” McCormick v. Fund American Companies, 26 F.3d 869, 875 (9th Cir.1994) (quoting Basic v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224 , 239 n. 17, 108 S.Ct. 978 , 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988)). “A number of factors are used to determine whether a party has a duty to disclose: (1) the relationship of the parties, (2) their relative access to information, (3) the benefit that the defendant derives from the relationship, (4) the defendant’s awareness that the plaintiff was relying upon the relationship in making his investment decision, and (5) the defendant’s activity in initiating the transaction.” WPP Luxembourg Gamma Three Sari 655 F.3d at 1048-49 (citations omitted). Scrips alleges no facts in its second amended complaint that indicate Ironridge had a duty to disclose the number of brokerage accounts it intended to use, or was using, to trade in Scrips’ stock; nor does it address the issue in its opposition. First, Scrips and Ironridge had an arms length-relationship in which Scrips agreed to issue stock to Ironridge in exchange for Ironridge’s promise that it would pay Scrips’ accounts payable. None of the terms of the parties’ agreement indicated that Scrips, expected to be told how many brokerage firms Ironridge would use to trade its stock. Second, both parties had equal access to information that Ironridge -used multiple brokerage accounts, as Scrips delivered the shares initially issued to Ironridge to more than one brokerage firm. Scrips alleges that Iron-ridge derived benefit from using multiple brokerage accounts because this allowed it to manipulate the market in Scrips’ stock. The court finds supra, however, that the allegations of manipulation in the second amended complaint are deficient. Scrips, moreover, alleges no facts suggesting that Ironridge knew it was relying on Iron-ridge’s use of a single brokerage firm in any way. . While it is true that, as alleged, Ironridge initiated the transaction that led Scrips to issue stock in exchange for Iron-ridge’s payment of Scrips’ accounts payable, the fact that this one factor-weighs in Scrips’ favor is not sufficient to impose a duty on Ironridge to disclose that it used multiple brokerage firms.

Furthermore, and perhaps most importantly, as noted, Scrips knew the specific brokerage houses to which it delivered shares under the agreement because its transfer agent delivered the shares. 118 It does not allege that thereafter, other brokerage houses were used to trade its stock. Thus, it has not adequately pled that it was misled by the purported non-disclosure.

For both reasons, therefore, Scrips has not adequately alleged a misrepresentation *1246 or omission concerning Ironridge’s use of multiple brokerage accounts.

c.: Promise Not to Engage in Manipulative Conduct

Scrips also alleges that Ironridge falsely promised that it would not engage in manipulative conduct -with no intention of performing. 119 “In addition to omission and affirmative misrepresentation eases, courts have long held ... that promissory fraud [can] support a claim under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5.” See Thompson ex rel. Thorp Family Charitable Remainder Unitrust v. Federico, 324 F.Supp.2d 1152 , 1162 (D.Or.2004) (citing Ouaknine v. MacFarlane, 897 F.2d 75, 80-81 (2d Cir. 1990); Pross v. Katz, 784 F.2d 455, 457-58 (2d Cir.1986); Burns v. Paddock, 503 F.2d 18, 23 (7th Cir.1974)); accord Walling v. Beverly Enterprises Corp., 476 F.2d 393, 396 . (9th Cir.1973) (entry into an agreement of “sale with the secret reservation not to fully perform it is fraud cognizable under § 10(b)”).

“[A] person’s ‘state of mind is, of course, a fact’ and thus may support a securities fraud claim.” Thompson ex rel. Thorp Family Charitable Remainder Unitrust, 324 F.Supp.2d at 1162 (quoting Keers & Co. v. American Steel & Pump Corp., 234 F.Supp. 201, 203 (S.D.N.Y. 1964)). “A mere, failure to perform a promise, however, is not sufficient to state a fraud claim under federal securities law (although such a failure’ may support a breach of contract or other claim).” Id. (citing Keers & Co., 234 F.Supp. at 203 ). “Instead, to state a securities fraud claim based on broken promises, there must be ‘proof that at the time the promises were made the promisor had no intention of keeping them,’ since it is ‘the lack of intention to perform’ which ‘constitutes the fraud.’” Id. (citing Keers & Co., 234 F.Supp. at 203 ).

Scrips’ promissory fraud claim fails for several reasons. Most fundamentally, because Scrips fails plausibly to allege that Ironridge engaged in any market manipulation, a fortiori it has not adequately pled that Ironridge’s purported promise that it would not engage in such manipulation was made with no -intention .to perform. Cf. Saberi v. Shell Oil Products, 224 Fed. Appx. 694, 695 (9th Cir. Mar. 16, 2007) (Unpub. Disp.) (“Because Defendant performed as allegedly promised when, it eventually sold the station to Plaintiff, the promissory fraud claim fails as a matter of law”).

Moreover, and relafedly, no facts are alleged that plausibly suggest Iron-ridge had no intention of performing at the time the alleged promise was made. Intent can be alleged generally. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 686 , 129 S.Ct. 1937 (“It is true that Rule 9(b) requires particularity when pleading ‘fraud or mistake,’ while allowing ‘[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind [to] be alleged generally’ ”). This does not save Scrips’ allegátíons, however. “‘Although intent can be averred generally under Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must point to facts which show that defendant harbored' -an intention not to be bound' by the terms of the [promise at the time it is made].’ ” Mat-Van, Inc. v. Sheldon Good & Co. Auctions, LLC, No. 07-CV-912 IEGBLM, 2007 WL 2206946 , *6 (S.D.Cal. July 27, 2007) (quoting Hsu v. OZ Optics Ltd., 211 F.R.D. 615, 620 (N.D.Cal.2002)," and citing Richardson v. Reliance Nat’l Indemnity Co., No. C 99-2952, 2000 WL 284211 , *4 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 9, 2000)).

Because it alleges no such facts, Scrips’ complaint “does not ... explain how an inference that [Ironridge] intended to defraud [it] might be- drawn... *1247 See Shogen v. Global Aggressive Growth Fund, Ltd., No. CIV.A. 04 5695(SRC), 2007 WL 1237829 , *13 (D.N.J. Apr. 26, 2007) (granting summary judgment on a Rule 10b-5 claim based on promissory and common law fraud). The only allegation in the complaint that might support an inference that the promise was made with no intention of performing is the fact that Ironridge purportedly engaged in market manipulation. As noted, however, mere nonperformance of a contractual promise (i.e., not to engage in manipulation) alone is not sufficient to plead or prove promissory fraud. See Thompson ex rel. Thorp Family Charitable Remainder Unitrust, 324 F.Supp.2d at 1162 (“A mere failure to perform a promise, however, is not sufficient to state a fraud claim under federal securities law (although such a failure may support a breach of contract or other claim),” quoting Keers & Co., 234 F.Supp. at 203 ); see also Triumph Furniture Processing-Export Joint Stock Co. v. Everest Furniture Co., No. CV 13-01729 NC, 2013 WL 9600372 , *2 (ND.Cal. Aug. 29, 2013) (“Triumph does not allege any facts that would suggest Everest intentionally did not perform or knew they would not perform when they entered into the contract”); Mat-Van, 2007 WL 2206946 at *6 (“In the instant case, the only allegations in the complaint that could demonstrate defendants’ fraudulent intent are claims that' defendant ultimately did not perform the material terms of the contract. Plaintiffs’ reliance on nonperformance as circumstantial evidence of defendants’ fraudulent intent at the time of contract formation is misplaced”); Sunnyside Development Co., LLC v. Opsys Limited, No. CV 05-0553 MHP, 2005 WL 1876106 , *5-6 (ND.Cal. Aug. 8, 2005) (“[T]he mere fact that a party breaches a promise to perform a condition of contract is as a matter of law insufficient to give rise to an inference that the breaching party acted with fraudulent intent at the time that the promise was made”). Thus, even had Scrips sufficiently alleged manipulative conduct, its promissory fraud claim based on market manipulation would be deficiently pled.

In sum, Scrips has fails to allege any misrepresentation, omission, or false promise adequately. Accordingly, its Rule 10b-5 claim fails to the extent based on misrepresentations, omissions, or false promises.

5. Whether Scrips Has Adequately Pled Reliance

Ironridge contends that Scrips has also failed to allege reliance sufficiently. Specifically, Ironridge argues that its ability to plead reliance is foreclosed by the stipulation’s , merger clause, that Scrips is not entitled to a presumption of reliance based on omissions or fraudulent statements, and that no presumption of reliance due to fraud on the market arises in this context or is adequately pled. 120 “Reliance by the plaintiff upon the defendant’s deceptive acts is an essential element of the § 10(b) private cause of action. It ensures that, for liability to arise, the ‘requisite causal connection between a defendant’s misrepresentation and a plaintiff’s injury’ ex-ists____” Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, 552 U.S. 148, 159 , 128 S.Ct.- 761, 169 L.Ed.2d 627 (2008) (quoting Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 243 , 108 S.Ct. 978 , 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988)); Paracor Fin., Inc. v. Gen, Elec. Capital Corp., 96 F.3d 1151 , 1159 (9th Cir.1996) (“Justifiable reliance ‘is a limitation on a rule 10b-5 action which insures that there is a causal connection between the misrepresentation and the plaintiffs harm,’ ” quoting Atari Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 981 F.2d 1025, 1030 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

*1248 a. Reliance on Misrepresentations, Omissions, and/or False Promises

The court previously found that Scrips had failed to allege the reliance element of its Rule 10b-5 claim because it admitted in the stipulation on which the state court entered judgment that it had been “advised as to the terms and legal effect” of the stipulation, and the stipulation contained a merger clause stating that. Iron-ridge did not “make [and] ha[d] not made any representations or warranties other than those specifically set forth [therein].” 121 Because none of the provisions the stipulation restricted Ironridge from selling the shares Scrips issued to it, and Scrips had alleged that such sales violated Rule 10b-5, the court found its reliance allegations deficient. See Bank of the West v. Valley Nat’l Bank of Arizona, 41 F.3d 471 , 478 (9th Cir.1994) (concluding that plaintiff had not shown reasonable reliance where plaintiff represented in an agreement that it had “independently and without reliance upon any representations of [the lead bank] ... relied upon [its] own credit analysis and judgment” because this “implie[d] that, to the extent that it did rely on [the lead bank’s conflicting representations], [plaintiffs] reliance was not justifiable,” and holding that “the contract could and did control whether such reliance would be ‘justifiable’ for purposes of a fraud claim ” (emphasis added)); 122 In re Citigroup Auction Rate Sec. Litig., 700 F.Supp.2d 294, 306-07 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (“Furthermore, the documents proffered by Defendants, and of which the Court takes judicial notice, negate any inference that reliance by the class on such a view of the ARS pricing mechanism was reasonable. The 2006 SEC Order, Plaintiffs trade confirmations and language from the Citigroup Smith Barney website incorporated by reference therein, and the official statements issued in connection with ARS specifically enumerated in the Complaint, all disclosed that Defendants could engage in the very conduct of which Plaintiff complains, the advantages that Defendants would have if they did engage in such conduct, the ability of such conduct to affect clearing rates and the possibility that the auctions would fail if Defendants did not intervene in them”); Briskin v. Ernst & Ernst, 398 F.Supp. 997, 1009 (C.D.Cal.1975) (“Furthermore, plaintiffs have not denied that after an extended, arm’s-length negotiation period, an agreement was reached with Beck which contained neither references to McDevitt’s representations nor references to the type of warranties that Sloane unilaterally extended to Beck. This irrefuted fact alone should have alerted plaintiffs to the inherent risks of the transaction as well as the proper credence to be accorded to McDevitt’s representations”); see also Paracor Fin., Inc., 96 F.3d at 1159 (investors could not demonstrate reasonable reliance where the purchase agreement on which they purportedly relied stated that they had been given “access to the information [they had] requested from the Company,” and that they “made [their] own investment *1249 decision with respect to the purchase of the Debentures”).

The merger clause in the stipulation forecloses any finding of reliance with respect to the misrepresentations, omissions, and false promise Scrips alleges. The fact that the stipulation states that Ironridge did not “make [and] ha[d] not made any representations or warranties other than those specifically set forth [in the stipulation]” 123 renders deficient allegations that Scrips relied on pre-stipulation oral promises. Given the language of the stipulation, for example, Scrips’ allegation that it reasonably relied on Iron-ridge’s purportedly false promise that it would not engage in market manipulation is unavailing. Similarly, the adjustment mechanism was fully disclosed in a document about which Scrips admitted that it had been “advised [concerning its] terms and legal effect.” 124 Scrips does not allege that Ironridge explained the operation of the adjustment mechanism in a false or misleading way, but only that the terms of the contract were vague and ambiguous. To the extent it intends to plead that Ironridge’s explanation was false or misleading, however, the allegation fails because the stipulation demonstrates that Scrips cannot plead reasonable reliance. Similarly, because David Sims’ involvement was disclosed on all of the transaction documents, any allegation that Scrips relied on the concealment of his participation is implausible. The same is true respecting the use of multiple brokerage houses: Scrips alleges that its transfer agent delivered Ironridge’s shares to the brokerage houses; it thus cannot have relied on the fact that Ironridge used only a single brokerage.

b. Reliance on Market Manipulation

In its prior order dismissing the first amended complaint, the court found unavailing Scrips’ assertion that it relied on the fact Ironridge was not manipulating the market in its stock. To plead the reliance element of a market manipulation claim adequately, plaintiff must allege that it relied on “an assumption of an efficient market free of manipulation.” See ATSI Communications, 493 F.3d at 101 ; see also In re Bank of America Corp., 2011 WL 740902 at *7 (manipulation “arises when an investor is erroneously led to believe that the prices for the security in question are driven by the ‘natural interplay of supply and demand, not rigged by manipulators’ ”- (citations and quotation marks omitted)). Thus, “a complaint alleging a violation of § 10(b) is required to state that the transactions that caused the loss were made ‘in ignorance of the fact that the price was affected by the' alleged manipulation.’ ” See Alki Partners, L.P. v. Vatas Holding GmbH, 769 F.Supp.2d 478, 493 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (quoting Gurary, 190 F.3d at 45 ).

Scrips alleges, as it did in the first amended complaint, that it entered into the agreement with Ironridge “in ignorance of the fact the price would be affected by- [Ironridge’s] manipulation.” 125 Gurary, 190 F.3d at 45 . Even assuming Ironridge’s conduct was manipulative (which, as noted, Scrips has not adequately pled),, its allegation that it entered into the agreement in ignorance of Ironridge’s intent, to manipulate .the market in Scrips’ stock, which is. unsupported by any facts, does not plausibly allege reliance under Rule 8, Twombly , and Iqbal . Scrips does not argue otherwise. It thus has failed *1250 sufficiently to allege the reliance element of its manipulation claim.

c. Presumptions of Reliance

Scrips attempts'to avoid the conclusion that it has failed to allege reliance adequately 'by asserting that it can invoke either of two presumptions of reliance. First, “a presumption [of reliance] is generally available to plaintiffs alleging violations of section 10(b) based on omissions of material fact.” Binder v. Gillespie, 184 F.3d 1059, 1063 (9th Cir.1999); In re Merrill Lynch Auction Rate, 704 F.Supp.2d at 397 (“Reliance may [ ] be presumed when a plaintiff alleges a material omission”). “The shortcut of a presumption of reliance ... applies only in cases primarily involving ‘a failure to disclose’ — that is, cases based on omissions as opposed to affirmative misrepresentations.” Paulos v. Caesars World, Inc., 379 F.3d 654 , 666 (9th Cir.2004); Binder, 184 F.3d at 1064 (holding, in a case alleging violation of Rule 10b-5, that use of a presumption of reliance “should be confined to cases that primarily allege omissions”).

Here, Scrips alleges multiple theories on which its Rule 10b-5 claim rests — it asserts that Ironridge made misrepresentations, that it failed to disclose material facts, that it was guilty of promissory fraud, and that it manipulated the market in Scrips’ stock. 126 As a result, the court cannot conclude that the second amended" complaint “primarily allege[s] omissions.” Accordingly, Scrips cannot invoke a presumption of reliance-based on a material omission. See Poulos, 379 F.3d at 667 (“In Binder , we held ‘that the Affiliated Ute presumption should not be applied to cases that allege both misstatements and omissions unless the case can be characterized as one that primarily alleges omissions.’ Because the allegations here cannot be characterized primarily as claims of omission, the Class Representatives are not entitled to Binder’s presumption of reliance,” citing Binder, 184 F.3d at 1064 ); Binder, 184 F.3d at 1064 (“presumption [of reliance] should not be applied to cases that allege- both misstatements and omissions. unless the case can be characterized as one that primarily alleges omissions”); see also Regents of. Univ. of California v. Credit Suisse Fir$ Boston (USA), Inc., 482 F.3d 372, 384 (5th Cir.2007) (“For us to invoke the Affiliated Ute presumption of reliance on an omission, a plaintiff must (1) allege a case primarily based on omissions or non-disclosure and (2) demonstrate that the defendant owed him a duty of disclosure; The case at bar does not satisfy this conjunctive test”); Cavalier Carpets, Inc. v. Caylor, 746 F.2d 749, 756 . (11th Cir.1984) (“This Circuit has recognized the limited reach of the Ute presumption, applying it only in primarily omission cases”).

- Scrips also contends that it is entitled to a presumption of reliance under the fraud-on-the-market theory. “The fraud-on-the-market presumption is based on the hypothesis that, in an open and developed securities market, the price of a company’s stock is determined by the available material information regarding the company and its business____ Misleading statements will therefore defraud purchasers of stock even if the purchasers do not directly rely on the misstatements[.]” Binder, 184 F.3d at 1064 (quoting Basic, 485 U.S. at 241-42 , 108 S.Ct. 978 (in turn quoting Peil v. Speiser, 806 F.2d 1154, 1160-61 (3d Cir.1986))); see also In re Apple Computer *1251 Securities Litigation, 886 F.2d 1109, 1113-14 (9th Cir.1989).

As the court noted in its order dismissing that first amended complaint, Scrips’ alleged misrepresentations were part of an arm’s length transaction; Scrips does not plausibly allege that the market incorporated the alleged misrepresentations. 127 Moreover, Scrips’ allegations in its second amended complaint, like those in the first amended complaint, clearly establish that Scrips relied - on Ironridge’s “statements and assurances,” not on publicly available information concerning its stock price or its business in general. 128 See Alki Partners, L.P., 769 F.Supp.2d at 493 (no fraud-on-the-market presumption where “[plaintiffs] did not rely on th[e] market. Instead, they relied on [defendant’s] promise”); see also Basic, 485 U.S. at 246-47 , 108 S.Ct. 978 (“Recent empirical studies have tended to confirm Congress’ premise that the market price of shares traded on well-developed markets reflects all publicly available information, and, hence, any material misrepresentations____ An investor who buys or sells stock at the price set by the market does so in reliance on the integrity of that price. Because most publicly available information is reflected in market price, an investor’s reliance on any public material misrepresentations, therefore, may be presumed for purposes of a Rule 10b-5 action” (emphasis, added)); In re Moody’s Corp. Securities Litigation, 274 F.R.D. 480, 489 , (S.D.NY.2011) (“In order to be entitled to the rebuttable reliance presumption, a plaintiff must show that Defendants ‘(1) publicly made (2) a material misrepresentation (3) about stock traded on an impersonal, well-developed (i.e., efficient) market’ ” quoting In re Salomon Analyst Metromedia Litigation, 544 F.3d 474, 481 (2d Cir.2008), abrogated on other grounds in Amgen Inc. v. Connecticut Retiremen t Plans and Trust Funds, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 1184 , 185 L.Ed.2d 308 (2013); In re American Intern. Group, Inc. Securities Litigation, 265 F.R.D. 157, 175 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (concluding, in the context of a class certification motion, that “the Third Amended Complaint nowhere alleges that the -Gen Re Defendants made a public misstatement with regard to AIG, .,. nor do Lead Plaintiffs provide evidence of any such misstatement in their submissions in support of the Motion for Class Certification,” and thus that, the fraud-on-the-market presumption did not apply (emphasis added)), vacated on other grounds, 689 F.3d 229 (2d Cir.2012).

The court noted these deficiencies in the first amended complaint; Scrips, however, failed to include allegations in the second amended complaint that suggest Ironridge made material public statements that were false or that it did not publicly disclose material information. Consequently, Scrips cannot invoke the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance to support its manipulation claim.

Even were this not true, moreover, Scrips cannot invoke the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance because its shares trade on the OTC market; although it has added allegations that the market in its stock is efficient, those allegations fail to plead the fact plausibly. “[T]o invoke the fraud-on-the-market presumption ... the plaintiff must (1) show that the security in question was traded in an efficient market (a fact conceded here), and (2) show that the alleged misrepresentations were public.” See Connecticut Ret. Plans & Trust Funds v. Amgen Inc., 660 F.3d 1170, 1172 (9th Cir.2011), aff'd, — U.S. —-, 133 S.Ct. 1184 , 185 L.Ed.2d 308 (2013); In re DVI, Inc. Securities Litiga *1252 tion, 639 F.3d 623, 631 (3d Cir.2011) ( “To invoke the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance, plaintiffs must show they traded shares in an efficient market, and the misrepresentation at issue became public”), abrogated on other grounds in Amgen Inc., — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 1184 , 185 L.Ed.2d 308 .

“The fraud-on-the-market presumption is only available when the plaintiff demonstrates that the security which the defendant’s allegedly fraudulent behavior concerned was actively traded in an efficient market.” See Huberman v. Tag-It Pac. Inc., 314 Fed.Appx. 59 , 63 (9th Cir. Feb, 11, 2009) (Unpub. Disp.) (citing Binder, 184 F.3d at 1064 ). As the court recognized in its prior order, numerous courts have held as a matter of law that the OTC market is not efficient. See Salvani v. ADVFN PLC, 50 F.Supp.3d 459 , 473 n. 9 (S.D.N.Y.2014) (“while the NASDAQ is recognized as maintaining an efficient market ... the Court is unaware of any court holding that the OTCBB ... meet[s] this same standard” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Alki Partners, L.P., 769 F.Supp.2d at 493 (same); Burke v. China Aviation Oil (Sing.) Corp., 421 F.Supp.2d 649, 653 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (same); Krogman v. Sterritt, 202 F.R.D. 467, 478 (N.D.Tex. 2001) (concluding that “the presumption of market efficiency, which would support an application of the fraud on the market theory, does not apply [to the OTC stock at issue]”); Epstein v. Am. Reserve Corp., No. 79-CV-4767, 1988 WL 40500 , *5 (N.D.Ill. Apr. 21, 1988) (“Although the issue was not briefed, we believe that the over-the-counter market is incapable of meeting the Supreme Court test [as set forth in Basic ]”); In re Data Access Sys. Securities Litigation, 103 F.R.D. 130, 138 (D.N.J.1984) (“The trading on the over-the-counter market may not constitute an ‘active and substantial’ market necessary to apply the fraud-on-the-market theory”). Ironridge asserts that no reported decision has held the OTC market is efficient, and Scrips cites no authority to the contrary. On this basis alone, it appears appropriate for the court to conclude that Scrips cannot invoke the fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance.

Scrips counters that, despite the lack of authority finding the OTC market efficient, it has adequately pled that an efficient market in its stock exists. Courts typically apply the five factors set forth in Cammer v. Bloom, 711 F.Supp. 1264 (D.N.J.1989), in assessing whether a particular stock meets the efficient market requirement. Binder, 184 F.3d at 1059 . “The Cammer factors address ‘first, whether the stock trades' at a high weekly volume; second, whether securities analysts follow and report on the stock; third, whether the stock has market makers and arbitrageurs; fourth, whether the company is eligible to file SEC registration form S-3, as opposed to form S-l or S-2; and fifth, whether there are “empirical facts showing a cause and effect relationship between unexpected corporate events or financial releases and an immediate response in the stock price.” ’ ” Vinh Nguyen v. Radient Pharm. Corp., 287 F.R.D. 563, 571 (C.D.Cal.2012) (quoting Binder, 184 F.3d at 1059 (in turn quoting Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1286-87 )). Efficiency must be pled with particularity under Rule 9(b). See In re Turbodyne Technologies, Inc. Sec. Litig., No. CV9900697MMM (BQRx), 2000 WL 33961193 , *13 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 15, 2000) (“While it is true that Binder did not set minimum requirements for pleading an efficient market, Rule 9(b) requires that reliance be pleaded with particularity. Applying Rule 9(b) standards to the pleading of reliance under a fraud-on-the-market theory, therefore, the complaint must state with particularity the facts upon which plaintiffs base their assertion that Turbodyne’s stock traded in an efficient *1253 market”); Greenberg v. Boettcher & Co., 755 F.Supp. 776, 782 (N.D.Ill.1991) (“The cases clearly require a plaintiff to specifically plead facts that show a well-developed, efficient market”). 129

(1) Volume

The Cammer court identified a large weekly trading volume as one factor indicative of market efficiency because “the existence of an actively traded market, as evidenced by a large weekly volume of stock trades, .. implies a likelihood that many investors are executing trades on the basis of newly available or disseminated corporate information.” Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1286 . The court stated that “[t]umover measured by average weekly trading of two percent or more of the outstanding shares would justify a strong presumption that the market for the security is an efficient one; one percent would justify a substantial presumption.” • Id.

Scrips’ only allegation regarding this factor is that “the weekly trading volume in Scrips’ stock is large enough to at least establish a substantial presumption of efficiency (at well over 1% of the total amount of shares).” It supports the allegation with the trading data it has attached to the second amended complaint. 130 Scrips does not allege or explain how the referenced data demonstrates that the volume of trading in its stock exceeds a certain percentage of the total number of its outstanding shares. While daily transactions are reflected in the data, there is no indication as to the total number of Scrips’ shares that were outstanding when those trades were made. Scrips’ allegation that the market has sufficient volume to raise a presumption of efficiency is therefore conclusory and entitled to no weight. See Alter v. DBLKM, Inc., 840 F.Supp. 799, 805 (D.Colo.1993) (“Such conclusory parroting of the legal requirement [concerning weekly trading volume] has been rejected elsewhere, ... and is similarly rejected here”).

Although Ironridge does not' ask the court to do so, the court sua sponte takes judicial notice of the volume of Scrips’ shares traded from December 1, 2013 to April 28, 2014. See Loveman v. Lauder, 484 F.Supp.2d 259, 268 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“The Court ágrees that it may take judicial notice of the closing price and volume of trading of ELC shares on the date in question”); In re PolyMedica Corp. Sec. Litig., 224 F.R.D. 27, 35 (D.Mass.2004) (“I take judicial notice of the fact that the average daily trading volume also exceed *1254 ed one hundred thousand shares during the proposed class period (October 26, 1998 to August 21, 2001)”), vacated on other grounds, 482 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.2005); Picard, Inc. Profit Sharing Plan v. Pertigo Co., No. 1:95cv141, 1996 WL 73 .9170, *3 (WD.Mich. Sept. 27, 1996) (taking judicial notice of the fact that defendant’s stock “was actively traded.on the NASDAQ National Market System, and that [it] had a trading volume of 350,000 [shares] per day during the. class period”). Between December 1, 2013 and April 28, 2014, the volume of Scrips shares traded exceeded one million on only eleven occasions; on only six of those eleven days did the number of shares traded exceed one percent of the 125,610,436 total shares of common stock listed on Scrips’ April 8, 2014 SEC Form 10-k. 131 That is substantially less than the “1-2% minimum trading volume courts have found to support a finding of market efficiency.” See Barrie v. Inter-voice-Brite, Inc., Civil Action No. 3:01-CV-1071-K, 2009 WL. 3424614, *10 (N.D.Tex. Oct. 26, 2009); see also Vinh Nguyen, 287 F.R.D. at 571 (noting that volume of “1% would justify a substantial presumption”).

Because Scrips’ allegation concerning trading volume, is not' ’plausible, and because it is contradicted by information that is properly the subject of judicial notice, the court concludes that this factor weighs against a finding that there was an efficient market in its stock.

(2) Analyst Reporting

As Cammer noted, “it [is] persuásive to allege a significant number of securities analysts followed and reported on a company’s stock during the [relevant] period ... [because] [t]he existence of such analysts would imply ... reports were closely reviewed by investment professionals, who would in turn make buy/sell recommendations to client investors.” Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1286 . Scrips does not plead that securities analysts followed and reported on its stock. This factor, therefore, also weighs against .a finding that there was an efficient market in Scrips’ stock. Cf. Serfaty v. Int’Z Automated Sys., Inc., 180 F.R.D. 418, 422 (D.Utah 1998) (“Plaintiffs presented no evidence of reports done by.securities analysts and Cox.states that he found none. The available information about IAS consisted of advertisements, press releases, and other information disseminated by the Defendants themselves. This type of information is not a substitute for reports made by securities analysts. Accordingly, this factor weighs against a finding of market efficiency”).

(3) Market Makers and Arbitrageurs

Market makers and arbitrageurs “ensure completion, of the market mechar nism; these individuals ... react swiftly to company news and reported financial results by buying or selling stock and driving it to a changed price level.” Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1286-87 . “Arbitrageurs ... exploit price differences among markets. [And a] market-maker is one who helps establish a market for securities by reporting bid-and-asked quotations (the price a buyer will pay for a security and the price a seller will sell a security) and who stands ready to buy or sell at these publicly quoted prices.” In re Countrywide Fin. Corp. Sec. Litig., 273 F.R.D. 586, 613-14 (C.D.Cal.2009) (citing In re Xcelera.com Sec. Litig.," 430 F.3d 503, 515 (1st Cir. 2005)). In Unger v. Amedisys Inc., 401 F.3d. 316, 324 (5th Cir.2005), however, the Fifth Circuit-cautioned that “the mere .number of market makers) without further analysis, has little to do with market efficiency.” Other courts, moreover, have found that, absent additional information concerning “the volume of shares that they committed to trade, the volume of shares *1255 they actually traded, and the prices at which they did so,” this factor is of little significance in determining the efficiency, of a market. O’Neil v. Appel, 165 F.R.D. 479, 502 (W-D.Mich.1996); see also Krogman v. Sterritt, 202 F.R.D. 467, 476 (N.D.Tex.2001) (“This Court concludes that the mere presence of market makers does not indicate market efficiency”).

Scrips alleges that its stock had “numerous market makers and arbitrageurs, including Knight Capital Americas LLC, Stockcross Financial Services, Inc, BMA Securities, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., BNY Mellon Capital. Markets, LLC, Biltmore International Corp., Wilson-Davis & Co., Inc., Vfinance Investments, Inc. and Guggenheim Investor Services, LLC.” 132 While Scrips alleges that there were eight market makers and/or arbitrageurs in its stock, Ironridge argues that its allegation is conclusory and does not adequately plead efficiency. 133 The court does not agree. At this stage, Scrips’ allegation that there were market makers in its stock weighs in favor of a finding that it has sufficiently pled the existence of an effk cient market in its stock. As noted, however, this factor, standing, alone, is not particularly probative of efficiency. See Cheney v. Cyberguard Corp., 213 F.R.D. 484, 500 (S.D.Fla.2003) (“While the Court recognizes that additional information would aid the Court in its determination of efficiency for purposes of class certification, it is not essential as the Court is not making a final determination on efficiency and the application of the reliance presumption at this stage. In sum, the Court finds that the existence of multiple market makers in addition to other factors support efficiency and weigh in favor of class certification in this matter pursuant to the ‘fraud on the market’ theory”); In re PolyMedica Corp. See. Litig., 453 F.Supp.2d 260, 268 (D.Mass.2006) (“As with the previous Cammer factor, however, there is no accepted standard by which to judge the sufficiency of the number of market makers. The Court, therefore, places little weight on this factor, but to the extent this factor is informative, it' counsels in favor of a finding of efficiency”); Levine v. SkyMall, Inc., No. CIV. 99-166-PHX-ROS, 2002 WL 31056919 , *6 (D.Ariz. May 24, 2002) (“The existence of multiple market makers therefore weighs in favor of concluding that the market for. SkyMall stock was efficient during the Class Period”); cf. In re Netbank, Inc. Sec. Litig., 259 F.R.D., 656, 671 (N.D.Ga.2009) (“Because the number of market makers alone is of limited usefulness in determining market efficiency, the court finds that this factor is of little help to the inquiry, and that it does not weigh in favor of market efficiency”),

(4) SEC Form S-3

The fourth Cammer factor examines “whether the company is eligible to file SEC registration form S-3, as opposed to form S-1 or S-2.” Binder, 184 F.3d at 1065 (citing Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1286-87 ). “Form S-3 is reserved for companies whose stock.is .actively traded and widely followed. To file a Form S-3, a company must have filed- SEC reports for twelve consecutive months- and possess a- seventy-five million dollar market capitalization level. By contrast, there is no .minimum capitalization requirement to file either Form S-l or S-2. .Further, a company need not even- meet the reporting requirements spelled out in § 239; 13 to file a Form S-1.” Unger, 401 F.3d at 323 n. 5 (citing 17 C.F.R. §§ 39.11-239.12 ; 239.13). If a company is ineligible to file- Form S-3 “because of timing factors rather than because the minimum stock requirements set forth in the instructions to Form S-3 were not met,” however, this factor will not *1256 weigh against a finding of efficiency. Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1287 .

Scrips has not alleged that it files or is eligible to file an SEC Registration Form S-3. Ironridge argues that Scrips does not satisfy the requirements of 17 C.F.R. § 239.13 , and thus in fact files Form S-1. 134 It correctly observes that “Eligibility to file the S-3 form is predicated upon the SEC’s belief that the market for the company’s stock already operates efficiently and that further disclosure is unnecessary, as the market price has already accounted for relevant information.” 135 O’Neil v. Appel, 165 F.R.D. 479, 502 (W.D.Mich.1996). A company’s eligibility to file Form S-3, therefore, weighs heavily in favor of a finding that the market in its stock is efficient. The converse is also true — ineligibility to file a Form S-3 weighs firmly against a finding of efficiency. Id.

Scrips does not demonstrate that it is eligible to file a Form S-3 or that its ineligibility is due to timing. Thus, the court finds Scrips’ ineligibility to file an SEC Registration Form S-3 weighs against a finding that there is an efficient market in its stock. See Turbodyne Technologies, 2000 WL 33961193 at *14 (holding that plaintiffs did not sufficiently plead market efficiency because ‘‘[plaintiffs have not only failed to plead a majority of the factors, but it is clear that an important factor weighing in favor of [a] finding of efficient market is expressly alleged not to exist. The complaint clearly states that Turbodyne files a Form S — 1, not a Form S-3, registration statement”); see also In re SCOR Holding (Switzerland) AG Litig., 537 F.Supp.2d 556, 578 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (“[T]he Lead Plaintiffs have not offered evidence that Converium had the ability to file an S-3, that there were ‘market makers’ for Converium stock, or that the market had reacted to new information. Thus, four of the five Cammer factors weigh against a finding of efficiency during the quiet period”).

(5) Causal Nexus

The last factor identified in Cammer takes into account the fact that “a cause and effect relationship between unexpected corporate events or financial releases and an immediate response in the stock price ... is the essence of an efficient market and the foundation for the fraud on the market theory.” Cammer, 711 F.Supp. at 1287 . Scrips alleges that “considerable empirical facts show[ ] a cause and effect relationship between financial releases and an immediate response in [its] stock price.” It identifies thirteen instances between October 2013 and January 2014 in which press releases about Scrips purportedly caused positive shifts in its stock price. 136

Ironridge contends that Scrips has not only “cherry pick[ed]” the dates it cites to show a causal link between press releases and stock price, but also fails to allege that the press releases caused the price movement. 137 The court agrees, as an initial matter, that simply pointing to thirteen days on which Scrips’ stock price allegedly reacted to press releases is flawed. “A plaintiff must show that the market price responds to most new, material news.” In re Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. (Freddie Mac) Sec. Litig., 281 F.R.D. 174, 180 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (concluding that a reaction to 28% of news was insufficient). Iron-ridge argues that Scrips’ stock is volatile, and that Scrips has repeatedly and consistently acknowledged this fact. 138 Scrips’ *1257 Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2014, indicates that in valuing the stock options issued to its employees, Scrips assumed price volatility of 181.27%. 139 The same form refers multiple times Scrips’ “common stock [having] historically [] high volatility” and to “the expected [continued] volatility of [its] common stock.” 140 Scrips Forms 10-Q for the periods ended June 30, 2014 and March 31, 2013 similarly state that Scrips’ “common stock ... has a high-historical volatility.” 141

Ironridge also asserts that the exhibits to Scrips’ second amended complaint belie any purported causal link between press releases and stock price. It contends data set forth in Exhibit 4 indicates that Scrips’ stock price fluctuated significantly on many days. 142 Scrips alleges that a press release issued October 28, 2013 caused its stock price to increase from $0.23 to $0.28; Scrips’ stock price fluctuated wildly that day, however — from a high of $0.42 to a low of $0.25. 143 The shares were at $0.27 when trading opened; this is one cent less than where the closing price for the day, and fifteen cents below its intraday'high. This type of volatility is not indicative of an efficient market. See O’Neil, 165 F.R.D. at 503 (“In other words, the price history of Embrace stock appears to have been random and volatile. Plaintiffs have not shown any reliable relationship between changes in price and public announcement of information to which the price changes can reasonably be attributed”); see also Krogman v. Sterritt, 202 F.R.D. 467, 477 (N.D.Tex.2001) (holding that there was “no efficient market where price movements were random and volatile”); Serfaty v. Int’l Automated Sys., Inc., 180 F.R.D. 418, 423 (D.Utah 1998) (“Cox calculated the standard deviation of IAS’s stock return, a widely-used measure of volatility, and found it to be 13%, which he concluded was ‘relatively high.’ Consideration of all the evidence on this factor does'not support a finding of an efficient market”).

Scrips also alleges that it stock price climbed from $0.12 to $0.14 on December 19, 2013 because of a positive orders report. Once again, however, Exhibit 4 reflects that Scrips’ stock opened that day at $0.13, only one cent less than its price, at the close. What Scrips does not explain is why one week earlier, its stock was trading at $0.15 or more.

More - fundamentally, Scrips does not suggest that there is any causal nexus that accounts for multiple sharp drops in its share price.- Ironridge notes that on August 12, 2013 Scrips shares fell from $0.35 to $0.28; on August 14, 2013, after rebounding from the earlier fluctuation, the shares again fell from $0.38 to $0.31; • on September 12, 2013, the - stock dropped from $0.23 to $0.14; and on October 23, 2013, it fell from $0.33 to $0.25 cents. 144 Absent a plausible explanation for these sharp swings, the price spikes Scrips identifies, even if related in some way' to the issuance of positive press releases, do not sufficiently demonstrate a cohesive cause and effect relationship between press releases and Scrips’ share price.

Considering the second amended complaint as a whole — both Scrips’ allegations and the trading data-in the exhibits attached to the complaint, the court eon-cludes'>that Scrips has'failed' adequately to allege a coherent cause-and-effect relation *1258 ship in which its stock price immediately responded- to ■ “unexpected corporate events or financial releases,” as opposed simply to trading consistent .with its historical volatility. For these reasons, this factor also weighs against a finding that Scrips’ stock traded in an efficient market. See O’Neü, 165 F.R.D. at 503 (“Plaintiffs have not shown any reliable relationship between changes in price and public announcement of information to which the price changes can reasonably be attributed”); Serfaty, 180 F.R.D. at 423 (“Plaintiffs offer no specific evidence that these, and other significant changes in the price, were in response to information about IAS. The far more likely conclusion is simply that the price history of IAS was volatile. Cox calculated the standard deviation of IAS’s stock return, a widely-used measure of volatility, and found it to be 13%, which he concluded was ‘relatively high.’ Consideration of all the evidence on this factor does not support a finding of an efficient market”).

d. Conclusion Concerning Reliance

Because Scrips fails to allege facts that give -rise to a plausible inference Of actual reliance, and because it cannot invoke either of the available presumptions of reliance, the court would have to dismiss its Rule 10b-5 claim even had it adequately alleged misrepresentations, omissions, false promises, or manipulative conduct.

6. Whether Scrips Pleads Particularized Facts Giving Rise to a Strong Inference, of Scienter

Ironridge next contends that Scrips’ scienter allegations are inadequate; it notes, in this regard, that the court has twice held that. Ironridge’s disclosures were inconsistent with an. intent to deceive, 145 Specifically, it asserts that Scrips pleads no facts giving rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent, and that it cannot do so given the content of the stipulated judgment. “A complaint will survive only if a reasonable person would deem the inference of scienter cogent and at least as compelling as any plausible opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged.” See Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 314 , 127 S.Ct. 2499 ; IXIA, 50 F.Supp.3d at 1352 (“To qualify as ‘strong’ within the intendment of ... the PSLRA ... an inference of scienter must be more than merely plausible or reasonable — it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent,” (citation omitted)).

Scrips cites several factors that-it argues give rise to a strong inference of scienter: (1) Ironridge’s allegedly manipulative trading activity; (2) the adjustment mechanism in the agreement; (3) Ironridge’s alleged misrepresentations; and (4) -Ironridge’s alleged pattern of fraud. 146 The court addresses each in turn.

a. Manipulative Trading Activity

Scrips argues first that Ironridge’s manipulative trades evidence scienter. The court has concluded, however, that Scrips failed adequately to allege manipulative trading. Even had it done so,- morepver, its scienter allegations would fail. In its prior order, the court noted that “the features of open-market transactions ... that give rise to an inference of manipulative intent [and noted that they include] for example, [the] timing, size, or repetition of a transaction.” S.E.C. v. Masri, 523 F.Supp.2d 361, 369 (S.D.N.Y.2007). 147 Scrips contends that Ironridge’s trading activity between December 2013 and April 2014 is indicative of its manipulative behavior. The court has already found that the allegations do not plead manipulative *1259 conduct, however, and consequently they do not “giv[e] rise to a strong inference that [Ironridge] acted with the required state of mind.” Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1066 . As the court noted in its prior order, under the terms of the stipulation and agreement, Ironridge could sell Scrips’ shares when and how it pleased; it is not illegal to sell freely transferrable shares in a publicly traded company. 148 Absent particularized allegations of manipulation, therefore, the stock sales themselves do not evidence scienter.

b. Adjustment Mechanism

Scrips argues that the adjustment mechanism “creates a powerful, extra incentive for the manipulative conduct.” 149 ' Iron-ridge counters that there is • nothing “inherently suspect” about the adjustment mechanism. 150 Scrips agreed to the mechanism, which was fully disclosed to it, and approved by the state court as fair. Accordingly, the adjustment mechanism does not “giv[e] rise to a strong inference that [Ironridge] acted with the required state of mind.” Metzler Inv. GMBH, 540 F.3d at 1066 .

c. Ironridge’s False Promises and Failure to Disclose

Scrips argues ■ Ironridge “never told [Scrips] that it was. going to exploit its rights under the agreement to put downward pressure on the share price,” and “never disclosed an intent to subsequently use the issued shares to manipulate the market.” 151 It also asserts that Ironridge used a “bait-and-witeh tactic” by substituting a mechanism with multiple adjustments for the proposed single adjustment that was initially proposed. 152 The court has already considered similar allegations in the original and first amended complaints. Scrips’ first argument fails because it has not adequately alleged manipulative conduct. Absent allegations that plausibly plead Ironridge’s trading activity was manipulative, the only inference that reasonably arises is that Ironridge traded the Scrips shares it held as permitted by the stipulation and agreement. .The stipulation provided that the shares were “freely tradable” and could be “immediately resold ... without -restriction”; it warned that issuance of the shares might “have a dilutive effect [op Scrips’ stock], which [could] be substantial.” 153 Indeed, O’Neil expressly cautioned Scrips, in his declaration in support of the state court stipulation that “price fluctuations in [Scrips’] stock -... [were] likely given [Scrips’] trading history and the terms of the [stipulation.” 154 The stipulation states that Iron-ridge was “acting solely in an arm’s length capacity,”-and that each party was “advised as to the terms and legal effect of this [stipulation....” 155 These disclosures are inconsistent with an intent to deceive; absent particularized allegations plausibly suggesting market manipulation, they give rise to an alternate, more compelling inference — that Scrips entered into the agreement knowing that Ironridge could sell the shares it had issued in any manner Ironridge wished. 156 See City of Roseville Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Sterling Fin. Corp., 963 F.Supp.2d 1092, 1142 (E.D.Wash.2013) (“Robust disclosure' of risks and problems further ‘negates an *1260 inference that the company acted with intent to defraud’ ”); In re Dot Hill Systems Corp. Securities Litigation, 594 F.Supp.2d 1150, 1160 (S.D.Cal.2008) (“Disclosing the precise risks at issue negates an inference of scienter” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Alfus v. Pyramid Tech. Corp., 745 F.Supp. 1511, 1520 (N.D.Cal.1990) (same).

The court also finds unavailing Scrips’ second argument — that Ironridge engaged in bait-and-switeh tactics by proposing one adjustment mechanism initially and substituting another during final negotiations shows “consciousness of something wrongful to hide or at l[e]ast obfuscate.” 157 The stipulation contained a merger clause stating that Ironridge had not made “any representations or warranties other than those specifically set forth [in the stipulation].” 158 Because Ironridge disclaimed any prestipulation warranties, Scrips’ allegation that it “employed a bait-and-switch tactic” to entice Scrips to enter into the stipulation fails. Moreover, Scrips’ current allegations are at odds with Schneiderman’s declaration in support of the parties’ ex parte application seeking state court approval of the stipulation. There, Schneiderman noted that the terms of the stipulation were “fair to, and in the best interest of, [Scrips] and its stockholders.” 159 Finally, Scrips contends that Ir-onridge denied Bob Schneiderman’s requests for Ironridge’s trading data. As noted, Scrips has not sufficiently alleged that the stipulation imposed a duty to disclose on Ironridge. Nor has it adequately alleged that Ironridge’s trading activity was manipulative or otherwise nefarious. Thus, Ironridge’s purported failure to disclose its trading positions, which were pub-lically available in any event, is not evidence of scienter.

d. Pattern of Fraud

The court previously concluded that the original complaint failed to plead facts giving rise to a strong and compelling inference of scienter. It noted that, although the complaint was replete with allegations of a “scheme to defraud and manipulate,” they were conelusory and failed to raise the claim above the speculative level; as a consequence, it found they did not support a cogent and compelling inference of scienter. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level”). Scrips contends it has cured this defect in the second amended complaint. It asserts it has pled a “large pattern of the same conduct producing harmful results,” and that this is adequate to support an inference of intent to deceive. See In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litigation, 285 F.Supp.2d 549, 693-94 (S.D.Tex.2002) (“As a factor common to all, the Court initially finds that the scienter pleading requirement is partially satisfied by allegations of a regular pattern of related and repeated conduct involving the creation of unlawful, Enron-controlled SPEs, sale of unwanted Enron assets to these entities in clearly non-arm’s length transactions and often with guarantees of no risk, in order to shift debt off Enron’s balance sheet and shani profits onto its books at critical times when quarterly or year-end reports to the SEC, and by extension the public, were due, followed in many cases by the undoing of these very deals once the reports had been made”). Ironridge counters that Scrips’ allegations of a pattern of fraudulent conduct are con-elusory and not supported by particularized facts that give rise to a strong and *1261 compelling inference of scienter. The court agrees. Scrips alleges:

Courts typically treat anonymous internet postings as tantamount to confidential witness statements. See In re Apollo Group, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. CV 10 1735 PHX JAT, 2011 WL 5101787 , *11 n. 7 (D.Ariz. Oct. 27, 2011) (“To the extent that Plaintiffs rely on anonymous internet postings to establish scienter, the only appreciable difference that the Court can ascertain between anonymous internet postings and confidential witness statements is that anonymous internet postings are less reliable than confidential witness statements”); accord Bartesch v. Cook, 941 F.Supp.2d 501, 507 (D.Del.2013) (assessing whether an internet article was sufficiently reliable to meet the PSLRA’s standard for pleading scienter); Tracinda v. Daimler-Chrysler AG, 197 F.Supp.2d 42, 80 (D.Del. 2002) (discussing McKesson HBOC, Inc. Securities Litigation, 126 F.Supp.2d 1248 (N.D.Cal.2000), and stating that “articles can form the basis for adequate pleading under the PSLRA if they are sufficiently detailed to indicate' their reliability and are based on an independent investigative effort”). “Accordingly, with regard to anonymous internet postings, it is [Scrips’] burden to plead reliability and knowledge that are indicative of scienter to at least the same éxtent as it [would have to do] when pleading scienter [based on] confidential witness statements.” In re Apollo Group, 2011 WL 5101787 at *11 n. 7.

A complaint relying on the statements of confidential witnesses to establish scienter (1) must describe the confidential witnesses with sufficient particularity to establish their reliability and knowledge, and (2) must plead statements by confidential witnesses with sufficient reliability and personal knowledge that are indicative of scienter. See Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 995 . Because Scrips has not alleged facts that support an inference that the internet posters it cites are reliable and in a position to know of Ironridge’s purported pat *1262 tern of fraud, its allegations do not support a strong inference of scienter.

Scrips also alleges that Sims — who purportedly makes all decisions for Iron-ridge — “has been implicated in a variety of schemes involving fraud and market manipulation related to at least 32 publicly traded companies, all [of which] reveal[ ] a similar scheme' involving convertible instruments and/or the issuance of shares based upon the trading price of the respective issuer’s common shares and subsequent manipulation of the issuer’s stock price for the purpose of receiving additional shares.” 161 Scrips cites only one example of this conduct, and its reference to 31 other examples is unsupported and conclusory. „ In the case Scrips cites — Hyperdy namics Corp. v. Southridge Capital Mgmt., LLC, 305 Ga.App. 283, 286 , 699 S.E.2d 456 (2010) — the Georgia Court of Appeals. concluded that Georgia courts could exercise personal jurisdiction over Sims and other defendants in a case alleging market manipulation. The fact that the court determined that Sims was subject to personal jurisdiction in Georgia does not demonstrate that allegations he engaged in fraud arid manipulation are true.

Finally, Scrips alleges that other companies have been harmed by Ironridge, and have filed claims against it:

Scrips also asks that the court take judicial notice of an SEC “Order Instituting Administrative and Cease-and-Desist Proceedings Pursuant to Sections 15(b) and 21(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.” 162 Scrips argues that the SEC has alleged the “very same pattern of abuse” in that action as Scrips does here, and that this should significantly bolster the inference of scienter that arises from its allegations. 163 The. court cannot agree. It is well settled that “allegations from other complaints or documents, which are unproved and are contested, may not be used to establish facts to demonstrate scienter.” See Kyung Cho v. UCBH Holdings,. Inc., 890 F.Supp.2d 1190, 1203 (N.D.Cal.2012); In re Apollo Group, 2011 WL 5101787 at *10 n. 5 (“[Because allegations from other complaints are unproven and contested, they do not amount to ‘facts’ sufficient to establish a strong infe *1263 rence of scienter”); Bartesch, 941 F.Supp.2d at 507 (“it [is] not appropriate for the Court to give weight to the allegations in [a] qui tarn case, because such allegations are unproven and contested [and] do not amount to ‘facts’ sufficient to establish a strong inference of scienter” (internal quotation marks omitted; alterations original)); Geinko v. Padda, No. 00-CV-5070, 2002 WL 276236 , *6 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 27, 2002) (“Plaintiffs merely have recited facts from other actions____ Clearly, this is not enough; the hearsay allegations that Plaintiffs offer in their Amended Complaint are improper, and therefore superfluous, and they will not be considered”); see also Gaer v. Educ. Mgmt. Corp., No. CV 10-1061, 2011 WL 7277578 , *2 (W.D.Pa. Sept. 29, 2011) (rejecting an objection to a report and recommendation based on the magistrate judge’s refusal to consider the allegations in a qui tarn complaint as evidence of scienter); In re Connetics Corp. Securities Litigation, 542 F.Supp.2d 996, 1005-06 (N.D.Cal.2008) (striking allegations taken from an SEC complaint).

At the hearing, Scrips argued that the court should give greater weight to the SEC order because it was' issued by a government agency rather than a private party. There is no authority suggesting that the allegations in an SEC order, which are unproved and contested, can properly be considered evidence of scieri-ter. More fundamentally, the SEC order does not allege manipulative or fraudulent conduct. It charges alleged violations of § 15(a) of the Securities, Exchange Act of 1934, 164 asserting that Ironridge operated as “an unregistered dealer by engaging in serial underwriting activity, providing related investment advice, and receiving and selling billions of. shares in connection with self-described financing services for domestic microcap stock companies ... explicitly designed to, utilize the registration exemption contained in Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act of 1933.” 165 Specifically, it alleges that Ironridge violated the Exchange Act by purchasing accounts payable and using court-approved settlement agreements. 166 That, of course,' is what Ironridge did in its dealings with Scrips. The SEC does not allege market manipulation in connection with these ‘transactions or some other form of securities fraud, however; it simply 'asserts that Ironridgé acted as an unregistered broker or dealer. The word fraud is not mentioned in the SEC order; nor is the word manipulation. The fact that Ironridge may have violated the Exchange Act by acting as an unregistered dealer is not evidence that it engaged in market manipulation with scien-ter.

In short, there are no particularized allegations demonstrating a pattern of fraud. Thus, Scrips’ “pattern of fraud” argument *1264 fails to support a strong inference of scien-ter.

e. Holistic Review

Even in combination, the facts Scrips pleads regarding scienter do not support a strong inference of scienter. Given the disclosures in the stipulation, and the lack of particularized allegations concerning Ir-onridge’s purported pattern of fraud and purportedly manipulative trades, the more compelling inference is that Ironridge did not intend to deceive, and that Scrips knew — or should have known — the nature of the transaction into which it had entered. Holistic review therefore does not demonstrate that it has sufficiently pled scienter. See In re Verifone Holdings, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. CV 07-06140 MHP, 2009 WL 1458211 , *10 (N.D.Cal. May 26, 2009) (“There are many allegations in this case, but they fare no better when read in combination than when, read independently”). For this reason as well, the Rule 10b-5 claim must be dismissed.

D. Whether the Rule 10b-5 Claim Should Be Dismissed With Prejudice

Ironridge contends that the court should dismiss Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim with prejudice, and decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction oter the state law claims currently stayed under the Colorado River doctrine. It cites a number of Ninth Circuit cases affirming dismissals without leave to amend where the “plaintiff [was] previously ... granted leave to amend and ... failed to add the requisite particularity to its claims.”. See, e.g., Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1007 ; Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 518 F.3d 1042, 1051 (9th Cir.2008) (“Dismissal without leave to amend is proper if it is clear that the complaint could not be saved by amendment”); In re Read-Rite Corp., 335 F.3d 843 , 845 (9th Cir.2003) (“The district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad where plaintiff has previously amended the complaint”).

Scrips has now had three opportunities to plead viable claims. Despite being informed of its obligation to supply particularized allegations supporting a Rule 10b-5 claim, Scrips merely appended 200 pages of raw trading data to the complaint, leaving the court (and Ironridge) to sift through the data to ascertain which trades were purportedly manipulative and why they were so. The court’s review of the data indicates that Ironridge’s trades were not manipulative in the manner Scrips suggests. In its opposition, Scrips argued that “a greater level of particularity in the allegations regarding the transactions at issue” could not be imagined, given the “highly granular transactional details ... [set forth in the] voluminous set of data analysis that was prepared by an expert.” 167 At the hearing, it initially reiterated this position; later, it conceded that perhaps it had failed to meet its burden under Rule 9(b), and requested a fourth attempt to plead manipulative conduct with the requisite particularity. Although Scrips asserted that its expert could provide additional analysis, it did not offer any details as to the nature of this additional analysis. Nor did it suggest how allegations based on further input from the expert would cure the defects noted by the court in this order. Cf. Orion Tire Corp. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 268 F.3d 1133, 1137 (9th Cir.2001) (“Where counsel is able to posit possible amendments that would be consistent with the operative complaint and could also possibly state a claim for relief, the complaint should not be dismissed on its face with prejudice”).

Ironridge countered that Scrips made the very same argument, i.e., that it would *1265 supply greater detail, at the hearing on Ironridge’s motion to dismiss the original complaint. Indeed, the court even afforded Scrips more time than it ordinarily would to amend the original complaint because Scrips stated that it needed additional time to supply a detailed account of Ironridge’s trading activity. Despite having had three opportunities to plead a viable claim, two of which followed detailed orders noting numerous deficiencies, Scrips has still failed to plead any “specific allegations that [Ironridge] did anything to manipulate the market.” ATSI II, 493 F.3d at 103 . This leads the court to conclude that leave to amend would be futile.

Ironridge also aptly noted that even were Scrips to cure its allegations of market manipulation generally, it has . still failed to allege reliance or seientey. Scrips, in fact, did not address reliance at the hearing, and relied in its most recent complaint on the same inferences of scien-ter the court previously found insufficient. Its only reference to scienter at the hearing involved a mischaracterization of the unproved facts alleged by the SEC. This does not suffice to plead scienter under Rule 10b-5. In dismissing the first amended complaint, the court warned Scrips that if it failed to address the deficiencies noted in prior complaints, it would likely , conclude that further amendment was futile and dismiss the complaint with prejudice. Given the content of the second amended complaint, and the absence of any specific facts cited by Scrips that would cure the numerous deficiencies noted in this order, the court concludes that granting leave to amend would be futile, and dismisses Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim with prejudice. See California ex rel. California Department of Toxic Substances Control v. Neville Chemical Co., 358 F.3d 661, 673 (9th Cir.2004) (“[D]enial of leave to amend is appropriate if the amendment would be futile,” citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 , 83 S.Ct. 227 , 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962)).

E. Whether the Court Should Exercise Supplemental Jurisdiction Over Scrips’ State Law Claims

Ironridge' argues that the court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Scrips’ remaining state law claims, citing Carnegie-Mellon University v. Cohill, 484 U.S.- 343, 108 S.Ct. 614 , 98 L.Ed.2d 720 (1988). See id. at 350 n. 7, 108 S.Ct. 614 (“[I]n the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine — judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity — will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims”). The court agrees.’ Because Scrips’ only remaining federal claim has been dismissed with prejudice, the court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over its state law claims, which it has stayed under Colorado River. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (c)(3) (“The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a [state-law] claim [if] ... the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction”); Wade v. Regional Credit Association, 87 F.3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Where a district court dismisses a federal claim, leaving only state claims for resolution, it should decline jurisdiction over the state claims and dismiss them without prejudice”); Harrell v. 20th Century Insurance Co., 934 F.2d 203, 205 (9th Cir.1991) (“[I]t is generally preferable for a district court to remand remaining pendent claims to state court”); Kennedy v. Full Tilt Poker, No. CV 09-07964 MMM (AGRx), 2010 WL 3984749 , *3 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 12, 2010) (“With the RICO claim dismissed, the court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ non-federal claims”); Anderson v. Countrywide Financial, No. 2:08-cv-01220-GEB- *1266 GGH, 2009 WL 3368444 , *6 (E.D.Cal. Oct, 16, 2009) (“Since state courts have the primary responsibility to develop and apply state law, and the [United Mine Workers of America v.] Gibbs values do not favor continued exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs state claims, Plaintiffs state claims are dismissed under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (c)(3)”). See also United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 , 86 S.Ct. 1130 , 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966) (“Needless decisions of state law should be avoided both as a matter of comity and' to promote justice between the parties, by procuring for them a surer-footed reading of applicable law”).

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the court grants Ironridge’s motion to dismiss Scrips’ Rule 10b-5 claim with prejudice. The court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction oyer Scrips’ state law. claims. The second amended complaint is therefore dismissed in its entirety.

. Id., 1111.

. Hooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 , 44 S.Ct. 149 , 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923); District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 , 103 S.Ct. 1303 , 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983).

. Motion to Dismiss or Stay Plaintiff’s Complaint, Docket No. 9 (Jun. 25, 2014).

, Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Motion to Dismiss and Granting Motion to Stay ("Order"), Docket No. 18 (Nov. 3, 2014).

. First Amended Complaint ("FAC”), Docket No. 19 (Dec. 3, 2014).

. Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint, Docket No. 20 (Dec. 17, 2014). See also Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss, Docket No. 26 (Mar. 16, 2015).

. Opposition to Motion to Dismiss, Docket No. 25 (Mar. 9, 2015).

. Dismissal at 1.

. Second Amended Complaint ("SAC”), Docket No. 30 (Apr. 27, 2015).

. Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint and Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support thereof (“Motion”), Docket No. 32 (May 27, 2015).

. Opposition to Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint ("Opposition”), Docket No. 36 (June 25, 2015); Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss (“Reply”); Docket No. 37 (July 10, 2015).

. - SAC, ¶4, 11.

. Id.

. Id.

. Id.

. Id., ¶ 12.

.. Id.

. Id., ¶ 13. See also id., Exh. 1 (Term Sheet).

. Id., ¶ 12.

. Id., ¶ 15.

. Id.

. Id.

. California Corporation Code § 25017(f)(3) excludes from the definition of offer or sale— and hence from the ambit of California’s securities registration laws — "any act incident to a transaction or reorganization approved by a state or federal court in which securities are issued and exchanged for one or more outstanding securities, claims, or property interests, or partly in that exchange and partly for cash.” See Cal. Corp. Code § 25017 (f)(3). Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act of 1933 exempts from registration "any security which is issued in exchange for one or more bona fide outstanding securities, claims or property interests ... where the terms and conditions of such issuance and exchange are approved, after a hearing upon the fairness of such terms and conditions at which all persons to whom it is proposed to issue securities in such exchange shall have the right to appear, by any court, or by any official or agency of the United States, or by any State or Territorial banking or insurance commission or other governmental authority expressly authorized by law to grant such approval.” See 15U.S.C. § 77c(10).

. Declaration of Shannon E. Mader in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss (“Mader Decl.”), Docket No. 32-1 (May 27, 2015), Exh. A (Ironridge’s State Court Complaint for Breach of Contract Against Scrips) ("State Court Complaint”), ¶¶ 1-6.

. See SAC, ¶ 16. See also id., Exh. 3 (Stipulation for Settlement of Claims) ("Stipulation”), ¶¶ 1-3.

. See Stipulation, ¶¶ 1-3.

. Id., ¶ 6.

. Id.

. Id., ill.

. Id., ¶ 6.

. Id., "hi.

. Id.

. Id., ¶ 8.

. Id., ¶10.

. Id., ¶ 9.

. Mader Decl., Exh. C (Joint Ex Parte Application for Order Approving Stipulation for Settlement of Claims) at 2-3.

. Id.

. Brandon O’Neil, Ironridge’s Managing Director, stated that the terms of the agreement were fair to Ironridge. (See Mader Decl., Exh. D (Declaration of Brandon O’Neil in Support of Joint Ex Parte Application for Or *1226 der Approving Settlement of Claims ("O’Neil Dec!”)), ¶ 5 ("Based on my analysis, the terms and conditions of the issuance and exchange are fair to Ironridge, The number of shares to be issued pursuant to the settlement should more than fairly compensate Ironridge the claims”).) Robert Schneiderman, Scrips’ chief executive officer,, similarly reported that the terms were, fair to Ironridge and to Scrips. (See id., Exh. E (Declaration of Robert Schneiderman in Support of Joint Ex Parte Application for Order Approving Settlement of:Claims ("Schneiderman Decl.’-’); 11 8 ("It is my belief that the terms and conditions of the settlement of the claims, as set forth in the Stipulation, are fair, reasonable and adequate to Ironridge. Further, the board of directors of [Scrips] has considered the proposed settlement and has resolved that its terms and conditions are fair to; and’in the best interests of, SCRC and its stockholders”).)

.Stipulation, ¶ 4 (“Plaintiff has agreed to the proposed terms and conditions, and believes that they are sufficiently fair such that [Ironridge] is willing to enter into this stipulation. [Scrips’] board of directors has considered the proposed transaction and has resolved that its terms and conditions are fair to, and in-the best interest of, [Scrips] and its stock holders. Accordingly, both parties request Court approval of the settlement provided for herein as fair, just and reasonable”).

. Id., Exh. F (Order for Approval of Stipulation for Settlement .of Claims).

. SAC, ¶ 21.'

. Id.

. Id., ¶ 22.

. Id., ¶ 31.

. Id., ¶ 25.

. Id.A 22.

. Id.

. Id., ¶ 24.

. Id., ¶¶28, 32.

. Id., ¶ 29; see also id., Exh. 5.

. Id., ¶ 30.

. Id., ¶ 31. Scrips asserts that its stock rose following information released on October 21, 2013 (from nineteen cents to twenty-six cents in response to a press release regarding its acquisition of PIMD International, LLC); on October 28, 2013 (from twenty-three cents to twenty-eight cents in response to a press release regarding negotiations to launch drug distribution in the Chinese OTC market); on October 30, 2013 (from twenty-eight to thirty cents in response to a press release regarding PIMD’s new medical supply product website); on November "11, 2013 (from nineteen cents to twenty-three cents in response to a press release regarding WholesaleRx's investment in Scrips); on November 25, 2013 (from sixteen cents to eighteen cents in response to a press release regarding business development in China); on December 19, 2013 (from twelve cents to fourteen cents in response to a press release that Scrips processed record high orders); on January 31, 2014 (from nineteen cents to twenty cents in response to a press release regarding Scrips new management agreement with a New Jersey compounding pharmacy); on February 10, 2014 (from thirteen cents to fourteen cents in response to a press release regarding Scrips’ registration approval for pain reliever from the government of Hong Kong); on February 12, 2014 (from fourteen to .sixteen cents in response to a press, release regarding Wholesale Rx); on February 18, 2014 (from twelve cents to thirteen cents in response to a press release regarding the start of Scrips’ prepayment of convertible debt); on March 5, 2014 (from ten cents to eleven cents in response to a press release concerning prescription sales by a specialty pharmacy with which Scrips had a management agreement); and on June 2, 2014 (from eleven cents to twelve cents in response to a press release regarding the same specialty pharmacy and the fact that it had $1.6 million in sales for the month of May). It also asserts that on February 3, 2014, its stock went from twenty cents to nineteen cents in response to a press release regarding Scrips’ joint venture with Global Pharma Hub. (Id.)

. Id., ¶ 38.

. Id., ¶ 39.

. id.A 40.

. Id.

. Id., ¶ 41.

. Id., ¶¶ 42-44.

. See Mader Deck, Exh. G (Plaintiffs Ex Parte Motion for an Order Compelling Issuance of Shares) ("Order to Compel”).

. Id., .Exh, H (Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff's Ex Parte Motion for an Order Compelling Issuance of Shares) (“Order to Compel Opp.”).

. Id. at Í.

. Id. at 3.

. Id. at 4-5.

. Id. at 4.

. Mader Deck, Exh. I (Order Enforcing Pri- or Order for Approval of Stipulation for Settlement of Claims) (“Enforcement Order”) at 1-2.

. Id., Exh. J (Notice of Appeal).

. As noted, the court's November 3, 2014 order dismissed Scrips’ declaratory relief claim under Rooker-Feldman to the extent it sought a declaration that Scrips was excused from performing under the stipulation.

. Id., ¶ 26.

. Id., ¶ 33. It is unclear from the complaint and judicially noticeable documents why Scrips asserts, on the one hand, that it has already issued 10.3 million shares to Iron-ridge (i.e., the approximately 8.7 million shares initially issued plus the additional 1,6 million that are the subject of the enforcement order), and on the other, that Ironridge seeks "a further 1.6 million shares through the California courts.” (Id., ¶ 34.) The complaint does not allege that Scrips has issued any stock to Ironridge beyond the initial 8.69 million shares.

. Id., ¶ 34.

. Id., ¶ 36.

. "Under the disentitlement doctrine, a reviewing court has inherent power to dismiss ' an appeal when the appealing party has refused to. comply with the orders of the trial court. Appellate disentitlement is not a jurisdictional doctrine, but a discretionary tool that may be applied when the balancé of the equitable concerns makes- it- a proper sanction. The rule applies even if there is no formal adjudication of co.ntempt[, and] is particularly likely to be invoked where the appeal arises out of the very order (or orders) the party has disobeyed.” Ironridge Global IV, Ltd., 238 Cal.App.4th 259, 265 , 189 Cal. Rptr.3d 583 (Cal.App.2015) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

. Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”), Docket No. 33 (May 27, 2015) at 2-3.

. Taking judicial notice of matters of public record does not convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. MGIC Indemnity Corp. v. Weisman, 803 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1986).

. RJN at 2-3. See also Mader Dec!,, Exhs. V-EE.

. Id.

. "The court takes judicial notice of the SEC filings only for their existence and contents, not for the truth of the information contained in them.” See Ixia, 50 F.Supp.3d at 1349 n. 151 (citing In re Foundry Networks, Inc., C 00-4823 MMC, 2003 WL 23211577 , *10 n. 11 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 14, 2003) ("Plaintiffs ‘object to the request to the extent defendants seek to establish the truth of the contents in the noticed documents,’ but raise no objection to the extent the request asks the Court to take notice of the contents of the documents. Defendants’ request is hereby GRANTED to the extent it réquests that the Court take judicial notice of the content of such documents”); Del Puerto Water Dist. v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 271 F.Supp.2d 1224, 1234 (E.D.Cal. 2003) (“Judicial Notice is taken of the existence and authenticity of the public and quasi public documents listed. To the extent their contents are in dispute, such matters of controversy'are not appropriate subjects for judicial notice”)).

. Opposition, Declaration of Carlos Need-ham, Exh. A (“SEC Order”).

. The PSLRA creates a "safe harbor” for "forward-looking" statements that are immaterial, are limited by "meaningful cautionary statements,” or are made without actual knowledge of their falsity. 15 U.S.C. §§ 77z-2(c), 78u-5(c), Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements of future economic performance and management plans and objectives. 15 U.S.C. §§ 77z-2(I), 78u-5(1). This "safe harbor” has much the same effect as the "bespeaks caution” doctrine, which provides that forward-looking representations that contain adequate cautioqary language or risk disclosure protect a defendant from securities liability. See, e.g., Plevy v. Haggerty, 38 F.Supp.2d 816, 830 (C.D.Cal. 1998).

. Order at 21.

. SAC, ¶ 53(a)-(c) (listing transfers to brokerage accounts in Ironridge’s name at U.S. Bank Corp. and Albert Fried & Company, LLC, and in the name of Caledonian Bank Limited at Scottsdale Securities).

. Id., ¶ 59.

. Order at 22.

. Mader Dec!., Exh. M (November 8, 2013 Section 13(d) Disclosure) at 11.

.Id. at 11 (stating that Ironridge is "prohibited from ... voting any shares of issuer’s common stock owned or controlled by them’’); Stipulation, ¶ 12 ("neither [Iron-ridge] nor any of its affiliates shall: (a) vote any shares of Common Stock owned or controlled by it”).

. Motion at 12.

. SAC, ¶ 22.

. At the hearing, Scrips stressed that courts have applied a lower pleading standard to stock manipulation claims. Given that the court applies the lower standard here, and that it did so in its prior order dismissing the first amended complaint, this argument does not affect the outcome.

. Order at 24.

. Id., V 22-24. .

. Id.; see id., Exh. 5.

. id., ¶ 23.

. Opposition at 1.

. Reply at 1.

. SAC, Exh. 5 at 60-61.

. Id. at 71.

. Id. at 286-87.

. Id. at 87-88.

. Id. at 88.

. Id. at 99-100.

. Id. at 104-05.

. Id. at 63.

. Id. at 66-68.

. Id. at 70-71.

. Id.

. Id. at 72-75.

. Id. at 77-79.

. Id. at 91-95.

. Id. at 3; 11 n. 4.

. Opposition at 1.

. Scrips no longer alleges, as it did in the first amended complaint, that Irongate did not disclose Sims’ involvement in the transaction. There, Scrips alleges that it “did not learn of Sims’ involvement until after transaction documents were executed and it received its funding from [Ironridge].” It asserted that as a result “of the astounding number of lawsuits involving Sims and companies under his control, [Ironridge] knew that [Scrips] would reject its financing if Sims’ interest and the actions against his related entities were disclosed.” (FAC, ¶ 42.) Ironridge’s omission, Scrips argued, “was akin to failing to disclose that one is actually going into business with Bernie Madoff.” (Id.) By omitting these allegations, Scrips has abandoned reliance on this theory. The allegations fail to state an actionable omission in any event. As the court explained in its prior order, Scrips knew that Sims was involved in the transaction because the initial term sheet ironridge gave Scrips was signed by Sims as Ironridge’s director; so too was the state court stipulation. Ironridge. had also filed 62 Schedules 13G with the SEC prior to execution of the stipulation; each listed Sims as an Ironridge director. Thus, Scrips’ allegation that it did not leam of Sims’ involvement until after the transaction documents were executed and it had received funding from Ironridge was contradicted by documentó incorporated by reference in the complaint. See Sprewell, 266 F.3d at 988 ("The court need not, however, accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice or by exhibit,” citing Mullis v. United States Bankr. Ct„ 828 F.2d 1385, 1388 (9th Cir.1987)). In addition to Sims’ signature on the transaction documents, Scrips was placed on constructive notice of Sims’ involvement based on Iron-ridge’s SEC filings. See Miller v..Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 391 F.3d 698, 700 (5th Cir.2004) (“SEC filings are generally sufficient to place investors on’ constructive notice of their contents”); Eckstein v. Balcor Film Investors, 58 F.3d 1162, 1169 (7th Cir.1995) ("The presence of that information in the registration statement does not save the prospectus from a charge of incompleteness. But the presence of the information in the registration statement does give actual notice to professional investors and constructive notice to ordinary investors’.’); Menowitz v. Brown, 991 F.2d 36, 42 (2d Cir.1993) (information contained in SEC documents disclosing fraud put investors on constructive notice and started the one-year statute of limitations period). , For this reason, even had Scrips continued to allege that Ironridge failed to disclose Sims’ involvement in the transaction, the allegations would not plead a viable omissions claim under Rule 10b-5.

.SAC, ¶ 18.

. The filing included a declaration by O'Neil that explained the operation of the adjustment mechanism. (O'Neil' Decl., ¶ 5 ("Based on my analysis, the terms and conditions of the issuance and exchange are fair to Ironridge. The number of shares to be issued pursuant to the settlement should more than fairly compensate Ironridge for the claims. The market value of the shares to be issued, based on the public sale prices of the Company’s stock on its trading market, should ultimately represent a premium to the dollar amount of the claims. The Stipulation provides for an adjustment mechanism, based on the average of the five lowest daily volume weighted average prices during a defined calculation period, such that the aggregate number of shares issued to Ironridge should represent a premium to the average price of the Company’s stock over such time. This adjustment mechanism, combined with Ironridge’s ability to sell shares at any time, including during the calculation period, provide a substantial measure of protection to Ironridge for price fluctuations in the Company’s stock. Such fluctuations are likely given the Company’s trading history and the terms of the Stipulation”).)

. Schneiderman Deck, ¶ 8

. Mader Deck, Exh. L (November 7, 2013 Form 8-K) at 3 ("On November 18, 2013 the Registrant's transfer agent delivered to Iron-ridge 8,690,000 shares of the Registrant’s common stock. The shares issued to Iron-ridge are freely tradable and exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the 'Securities Act’) pursuant to Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act and Section 25017(f)(3) of the California Corporations Code. The number of shares issued to Iron-ridge is subject to adjustment based on the trading price of the Registrant’s stock such that the value of the shares is sufficient to cover the Claim Amount, a 10% agent fee amount and Ironridge’s reasonable legal fees and expenses ( the ‘Final Amount’). Under the Stipulation Order, Ironridge may not be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of the Registrant’s outstanding shares of common stock until the Final Amount is paid. Further Ironridge has agreed not to exercise any voting rights of the shares issued to it nor influence or cause any change in control of the Registrant”).

. See generally Motion to Compel Opp.

. SAC, ¶ 53(a)-(c).

. Id., ¶ 12.

. Motion at 16.

. Stipulation, ¶¶ 11, 16.

. Bank of the West involved common law fraud, but the Ninth Circuit has applied its reasoning to Rule 10b-5 claims. See Paracor Fin., Inc., 96 F.3d at 1159 (“In Bank of the West ..., in the analogous situation of a common-law fraud cause of action, a lead bank and a participating bank in a loan to a corporation signed a participation agreement. In the agreement, the participating bank represented that it 'independently and without reliance upon any representations of [the lead bank] made and relied upon [its] own credit analysis and judgment.’ This language, we held, ‘implies that, to the extent that it did rely on [the lead bank], [the participating bank’s] reliance was not justifiable' ” (alterations original)).

. Stipulation, ¶¶ 11, 16.

. Id.

. SAC, ¶ 26.

. See, e.g., SAC, ¶ 68 (“The Defendants each employed devices, schemes and artifices to defraud and to manipulate Plaintiff's stock price, made untrue statements of material fact, and omitted to state material facts necessary to make their statements not misleading, and engaged in acts, practices and a course of business that operated as a fraud and deceit upon the Plaintiff').

. Order at 36.

. SAC, ¶ 72.

. Scrips argues it has adequately alleged the existence of an efficient market under Cammer , but also suggests that the market efficiency of a particular stock is a question of fact inappropriate for resolution in the context of a motion to dismiss. (Opposition at 12-13.) There is some authority that supports this position. See, e.g., Salvani, 50 F.Supp.3d at 473 n. 9 ("[C]ourts in th[e Second] Circuit have often found the question of whether a market is efficient to be a question of fact and therefore not meant to be answered on a motion to dismiss”). Courts in the Ninth Circuit require, however, that when allegations of the existence of an efficient market are pled to invoke a presumption of reliance, the existence of such a market must be pled with particularity. See, e.g., Turbodyne Technologies, 2000 WL 33961193 at *13; In re Surebeam Corp. Sec. Litig., No. 03 CV 1721JM(POR), 2005 WL 5036360 , *24 (S.D.Cal. Jan. 3, 2005) ("Because both parties agree that the Cammer factors should determine fraud on the market and Plaintiff has not addressed any of the Cammer factors, the Complaint does not adequately plead reliance through the fraud-on-the-market theory”); Greenberg, 755 F.Supp. at 782 ("The cases deafly require a plaintiff to specifically plead facts that show a' well-developed, efficient market”).. These cases, clearly contemplate that inadequate allegations of efficiency is an appropriate basis upon which to dismiss a complaint. The court finds them more persuasive, and elects to follow their approach.

. SAC, ¶ 29; id., Exh. 5.

. Mader Decl., Exh. Y at 1.

. SAC, ¶ 30.

. Motion at 20 n. 9.

. Motion at 19.

. Id.; Reply at 8.

. SAC, ¶ 31.

. Reply at 7.

. Motion at 18.

. Mader Decl., Exh. V (Form 10-Q) at 23.

. Id. at 10-11.

. Id. Exhs. W and X (Forms 10-Q).

. Motion at 18-19.

. SAC, Exh. 4 at 6-8.

. Id.

. Motion at 20.

. SAC, ¶ 38.

.Order at 45.

. Order at 43.

. SAC, ¶ 38.

. Motion at 21.

. SAC, ¶ 38.

. Id.

. Order at 46 (quoting Stipulation, ¶¶ 6, 11).

. O’Neil Decl., ¶ 5.

. Stipulation, ¶¶ 11, 16.

.Order at 46.

. SAC, ¶ 38.

. Stipulation, ¶¶ 11, 16.

.Schneiderman Decl., ¶ 8.

. SAC, ¶ 38.

. Id., ¶ 35.

. Opposition at 4;= see also zd. Declaration of Carlos Needham ("Needham Decl.”), Exh. A ("SEC Order”) at 1.

.Opposition at 14-15.

.Section 15(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides:

"The term ‘broker’ means any person engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others, but does not include a bank.” 15 U.S.C. 78c(4).

. SEC Order, ¶ 1. .

. M, ¶¶ 20-23.

. Opposition at 1.