INTRODUCTION

In this action for insurance declaratory relief, the question is whether or not a subcontractor's insurer must defend a suit against the general contractor arising out of an accident at the worksite where the subcontractor was performing its work for the general contractor. This order holds that the subcontractor's insurer violated its duty to defend the general contractor.

STATEMENT

Plaintiff Associated Industries Insurance Company, Inc., and defendant Mt. Hawley Insurance Company are both issuers of commercial general-liability insurance. Associated issued a policy to Imac Construction, Inc., effective February 12, 2013 to February 12, 2014. In 2013, Imac contracted to build structural concrete on "The View," an affordable-housing construction project in Downey, California. On May 21, 2013, before beginning work on The View, Imac hired J. Ginger Masonry, LP, as a subcontractor for "Masonry and Masonry Reinforcement" work. Imac also hired Hof & Yates Rebar as a subcontractor for "Rebar Supply and Installation" work.

Section 3 of the subcontract agreement between Imac and J. Ginger required in relevant part that J. Ginger carry general-liability insurance with a one million dollar limit per "occurrence" and a provision or endorsement naming Imac "as an additional insured as respects liabilities arising out of [J. Ginger's] performance of the work under this contract, and providing that such insurance is primary insurance as respects the interests of [Imac] and that any other insurance maintained by [Imac] is excess and not contributing insurance with the insurance required hereunder" ( see Dkt. No. 14-1 at 5). Section 16 further provided that J. Ginger would indemnify and hold Imac harmless "from any and all claims, demands, liabilities, judgments liens, encumbrances, costs and expenses ... arising out of or in connection with the obligations herein made and undertaken by [J. Ginger], or the operations and work conducted by [J. Ginger]." J. Ginger would not , however, provide indemnity "against liability or loss caused by the sole negligence or sole willful misconduct of [Imac]" ( id. at 9).

*814 Pursuant to Section 3 of the subcontract agreement, J. Ginger obtained a policy from Mt. Hawley effective July 23, 2013, to July 23, 2014. Section I(1) of the coverage form stated Mt. Hawley "will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of 'bodily injury' or 'property damage' to which this insurance applies" and "will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any 'suit' seeking those damages" (Dkt. No. 14-2 at 42). The scope of commercial general-liability coverage under the policy was modified by "Form C," an endorsement that listed as additional insured "[a]ll persons or organizations where required by written contract." Coverage extended to such additional insured under Form C only with respect to liability arising out of work and operations performed by J. Ginger or on its behalf, as well as the materials, parts, or equipment furnished in connection with such work or operations ( see id. at 58, 72). Form C also provided, "To the extent required under contract, this policy will apply as primary insurance to additional insureds ... and other insurance which may be available to such additional insureds will be non-contributory" ( id. at 72).

The scope of commercial general-liability coverage under the policy was also modified by "Form B," a narrower endorsement that listed as additional insured "any person or organization for whom [J. Ginger is] performing operations when [J. Ginger] and such person or organization have agreed in writing in a contract or agreement that such person or organization be added as an additional insured on [J. Ginger's] policy." Form B provided in part ( id. at 78):

The key distinction between Form C and Form B for our purposes, as discussed further below in the context of the parties' arguments, is that Form C generally covered liability arising out of work and operations performed by J. Ginger or on its behalf whereas Form B covered only liability caused by acts or omissions performed by J. Ginger or on its behalf.

Section IV(4) of the coverage form stated the insurance provided by Mt. Hawley would be primary unless it was "excess over," among other things, "[a]ny other primary insurance available to [J. Ginger] covering liability for damages arising out of the premises or operations, or the products and completed operations, for which [J. Ginger has] been added as an additional insured by attachment of an endorsement" ( id. at 53). If the insurance provided by Mt. Hawley was "excess," then Mt. Hawley would have "no duty ... to defend [J. Ginger] against any 'suit' if any other insurer has a duty to defend [J. Ginger] against that 'suit' " ( ibid. ). The foregoing provision, however, was amended by another endorsement, which added language that stated, "This insurance is excess over any other insurance whether primary, excess, contingent or on any other basis that is available to [J. Ginger] as an additional insured or contractual indemnitee under a policy issued to a subcontractor" ( id. at 84).

By October 2013, construction work to build The View was underway. On October 23, Jose Barazza, a J. Ginger employee, was building a block wall at the same time that an unnamed Imac employee was using a forklift to move a rebar cage onto a dowel near said wall, with two Hof & Yates *815 employees walking alongside to help position the cage. The cage slipped off the forklift, hit the wall, and fell onto Barazza, injuring him. In March 2014, Barazza and his wife sued both Imac and Hof & Yates for negligence, premises liability, and loss of consortium.

Imac tendered the Barazza complaint to both Associated and Mt. Hawley. Associated accepted tender and defended Imac throughout the litigation. Mt. Hawley, however, declined. On January 6, 2016, RLI Insurance Services, the claim administrator for Mt. Hawley, wrote a letter to Imac's attorney explaining Mt. Hawley's decision. That letter quoted Form C and stated ( see id. at 23-24):

Thus, while Mt. Hawley did not dispute that Imac qualified as an additional insured under J. Ginger's policy, it refused to defend or indemnify Imac in the Barazza litigation.

On August 1, 2017, counsel for Associated responded to RLI's letter, challenging Mt. Hawley's disclaimer and asking it to reconsider its position. In the same letter, counsel for Associated also asserted that Mt. Hawley's coverage is primary to and non-contributory with Associated's, and asked Mt. Hawley to reimburse Associated's defense costs and to contribute towards settlement ( id. at 27-29). Mt. Hawley never responded in writing ( id. at 2). It is unclear whether Mt. Hawley ever responded orally. This action followed.

Based on the foregoing undisputed facts, Associated moves for summary judgment that (1) Mt. Hawley owed a duty to defend Imac, and (2) Mt. Hawley's coverage was primary and Associated's coverage was excess. This order follows full briefing and oral argument.

ANALYSIS

1. LEGAL STANDARDS .

Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A genuine dispute of material fact is one that "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242 , 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505 , 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A court deciding a motion for summary judgment must accept the non-movant's evidence and draw all justifiable inferences in their favor. Id. at 255 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 . "The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence" or "some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts" in the *816 non-movant's favor, however, will not suffice. Id. at 252, 261 , 106 S.Ct. 2505 (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp. , 475 U.S. 574 , 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348 , 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) ). "Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no 'genuine issue for trial.' " Matsushita , 475 U.S. at 587 , 106 S.Ct. 1348 (citation omitted).

Both sides agree that California law governs interpretation of the documents at issue in this action ( see, e.g. , Dkt. Nos. 14 at 8, 21 at 9-10).

2. WHETHER MT. HAWLEY OWED A DUTY TO DEFEND .

Associated's theory is that Barazza's lawsuit exposed Imac to liability "arising out of" J. Ginger's subcontracting work because Barazza suffered his injury while working on The View. Thus, according to Associated, Mt. Hawley had a duty to defend Imac under Form C of J. Ginger's insurance policy. Mt. Hawley responds that there must be some stronger connection between J. Ginger's subcontracting work and Barazza's injury to trigger coverage under either Form B or Form C. As Associated points out, Imac tendered the Barazza complaint to Mt. Hawley pursuant to Form C, so Form B is irrelevant. Mt. Hawley, however, repeatedly references the narrower language of Form B in its opposition in an attempt to force a comparison between our case and inapposite case law, as explained below. (To repeat, Form C generally covered liability arising out of work and operations performed by J. Ginger or on its behalf whereas Form B covered only liability caused by acts or omissions performed by J. Ginger or on its behalf.)

Associated's main authority is Acceptance Insurance Company v. Syufy Enterprises , 69 Cal. App. 4th 321 , 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 557 (1999). In Syufy , a contractor's employee was injured while climbing through a hatch on the roof of a building. The employee sued the building owner who had negligently maintained the hatch. The parties disputed whether or not the building owner had insurance coverage under an endorsement to the contractor's commercial general-liability policy that made the building owner an additional insured "only with respect to liability arising out of" the contractor's work for the owner. 69 Cal. App. 4th at 323 -24 , 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 557 . The policy issuer argued that "arising out of" implied a causal connection between the work and the injury. Id. at 327 , 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 557 . The Syufy court disagreed, noting that "California courts have consistently given a broad interpretation to the terms 'arising out of' or 'arising from' in various kinds of insurance provisions. It is settled that this language does not import any particular standard of causation or theory of liability into an insurance policy. Rather, it broadly links a factual situation with the event creating liability, and connotes only a minimal causal connection or incidental relationship." The Syufy court concluded the employee's injury "clearly 'arose out of' the work he was performing on the roof" because "[t]he relationship between the defective hatch and the job was more than incidental, in that [the employee] could not have done the job without passing through the hatch. The fact that the defect was attributable to [the building owner's] negligence is irrelevant." Id. at 328-29 , 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 557 .

Mt. Hawley responds that Syufy is distinguishable because the accident in that case "was causally related to the named insured's performance of its work under the subject contract" (Dkt. No. 21 at 11-12). Specifically, Mt. Hawley points out that the employee in Syufy was injured as a result of climbing through the hatch as part of his job. Here, in contrast, Barazza *817 was not injured as a result of his work on the block wall but simply happened to be standing in the wrong place at the wrong time when the rebar cage fell. This, according to Mt. Hawley, amounts to no more than "mere presence at a jobsite," which does not qualify as an "arising out of" relationship between the liability and work in question.

Mt. Hawley's insistence on a "causally related" requirement cannot be squared with the plain holding of Syufy that the terms "arising out of" or "arising from" in insurance provisions "does not import any particular standard of causation or theory of liability" but merely "broadly links a factual situation with the event creating liability, and connotes only a minimal causal connection or incidental relationship." See 69 Cal. App. 4th at 328 -39 , 81 Cal.Rptr.2d 557 . Moreover, Mt. Hawley is incorrect in characterizing Barazza's presence at the blocker wall as "mere presence at a jobsite." Just as the employee in Syufy could not have performed the work called for in that case without climbing through the hatch, Barazza could not have performed J. Ginger's subcontracting work of building the blocker wall without being near the wall. Under Syufy , this relationship between Barazza's injury and his work for J. Ginger on The View was "more than incidental" such that the former arose out of the latter. This suffices to trigger coverage under J. Ginger's insurance policy regardless of the fact that Imac, like the building owner in Syufy , allegedly bore responsibility for the negligence that caused the injury.

Mt. Hawley contends our case is closer to St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company v. American Dynasty Surplus Lines Insurance Company , 101 Cal. App. 4th 1038 , 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 818 (2002), and Advent, Inc. v. National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA , 6 Cal. App. 5th 443 , 211 Cal.Rptr.3d 685 (2016). In American Dynasty , a contractor was pressure-testing a pipe when the pipe exploded, injuring a subcontractor's employee who just happened to be in the area doing work unrelated to the pipe testing. The employee sued the contractor. The contractor and its insurer then sued the subcontractor and its insurer to recover costs expended defending and settling the employee's lawsuit, based on the subcontractor's agreement to indemnify the contractor for liability arising from any act or omission of the subcontractor. The parties stipulated that the pipe testing and explosion had nothing to do with the work called for in the subcontract, but the trial court nevertheless entered judgment for the contractor. 101 Cal. App. 4th at 1045 -47 , 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 818 .

The California court of appeal reversed, holding that the subcontractor's duty to indemnify was never triggered because the liability in question did not arise from any act or omission of the subcontractor during the performance of its subcontracting work. American Dynasty specifically distinguished Syufy on two grounds. First , the employee in Syufy could not have done the work covered by the policy without passing through the hatch where he was injured. Syufy thus involved more than "the employee's mere incidental presence in a 'zone of danger' that had been created entirely by the actions of the general contractor and had nothing to do with the work called for in the subcontract." Id. at 1051-52 , 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 818 . Second , the contract language in American Dynasty expressly limited indemnification to liability arising from an " act or omission " by the subcontractor " during the performance of the work called for by the Subcontract ," and clearly no such act or omission had occurred. Id. at 1052-53 , 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 818 .

*818 Neither distinction is present here. Barazza, unlike the employee in American Dynasty , was not merely incidentally present in a "zone of danger" that had nothing to do with the work called for in his employer's subcontract. Rather, he was injured in the worksite for The View while standing near a wall that he was working on for J. Ginger as part of the latter's subcontracting work on The View. Indeed, in American Dynasty the parties actually stipulated that the pipe testing and explosion had nothing to do with the subcontracting work. No such stipulation exists here. Moreover, Form C does not contain the limiting "act or omission" language that proved dispositive in American Dynasty . Instead, like the policy in Syufy , Form C provides coverage for all liability "arising out of" the subcontracting work at issue. Mt. Hawley repeatedly argues that Imac's liability did not arise out of any "act or omission" of J. Ginger, in an apparent attempt to draw a parallel to the language in American Dynasty , but that language simply does not appear in Form C ( see, e.g. , Dkt. No. 21 at 13-15).

Mt. Hawley's reliance on Advent turns on similar sleight of hand. In Advent , a subcontractor's employee was injured when he fell down a stairwell. He could not remember how he fell, but he was outside the subcontractor's work area and not doing subcontracting work at the time. The employee sued the general contractor, who then sued the subcontractor's insurer for declaratory judgment that the contractor was an additional insured under the subcontractor's policy. 6 Cal. App. 5th at 449 , 451 , 211 Cal.Rptr.3d 685 . The policy in question extended coverage only with respect to injuries caused by the subcontractor's acts or omissions. The Advent court, however, found no evidence of such causation in that case. Id. at 458-60 , 211 Cal.Rptr.3d 685 . It therefore followed American Dynasty in holding that the employee's mere presence at the jobsite was not sufficient to find that the accident was caused by the subcontractor's "acts or omissions." Id. at 461-62 , 211 Cal.Rptr.3d 685 .

Here, Barazza was inside the subcontracting worksite and performing the subcontracting work covered by Mt. Hawley's insurance policy at the time of his injury. This is unlike the "mere presence at the jobsite" that featured in Advent . Moreover, as stated, Form C-the endorsement at issue here-does not contain any language limiting coverage to liability caused by J. Ginger's "acts or omissions." Advent , like American Dynasty , is thus inapposite, and Syufy remains the best authority on point. This order agrees with Associated that, under Syufy , Barazza's injury arose out of J. Ginger's subcontracting work on The View such that Imac was covered as an additional insured pursuant to Form C of Mt. Hawley's insurance policy. Associated is entitled to summary judgment on this issue.

3. WHETHER MT. HAWLEY'S COVERAGE WAS PRIMARY .

Since both Associated and Mt. Hawley's policies cover Imac for the Barazza lawsuit, this order must also determine which coverage is primary and which is excess. Associated contends Mt. Hawley's policy is primary insurance because (1) Form C expressly stated that policy would "apply as primary insurance to additional insureds," (2) Section 3 of J. Ginger's subcontracting agreement shows that Imac had to be included in Mt. Hawley's policy specifically for the purpose of protecting Imac from liability arising out of J. Ginger's work on The View, and (3) Section 16 of J. Ginger's subcontracting agreement shows that J. Ginger agreed to indemnify Imac. Associated's third argument is unpersuasive on this record because, under Section 16, J. Ginger has no duty to *819 indemnify against liability or loss caused by Imac's sole negligence ( see Dkt. No. 14-1 at 9). Associated's first argument, however, is well-grounded in the plain text of Form C itself. Associated's second argument is not as strong because it relies on Section 3 of the subcontracting agreement, not Mt. Hawley's insurance policy, but Section 3 does weigh in Associated's favor insofar as it shows that J. Ginger obtained the policy specifically as primary insurance with respect to Imac for J. Ginger's subcontracting work on The View ( see Dkt. No. 14-1 at 5).

To be clear, the subcontracting agreement between J. Ginger and Imac existed separate and apart from the additional-insured endorsement between Mt. Hawley and Imac. Mt. Hawley overreaches in arguing that the "sole negligence" exception in Section 16 of the former also precludes coverage for Imac as an additional insured under Form C of the latter ( see Dkt. No. 21 at 17). Specifically, Mt. Hawley contends the primary-insurance provision in Form C cannot be enforced because it would (1) violate Section 2782(a) of the California Civil Code, (2) negate the purpose of the indemnity agreement between J. Ginger and Imac, and (3) Form C would not cover Imac for its own negligence. Mt. Hawley's first two arguments have already been squarely rejected by a California appellate court. See Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, PA v. Gen. Star Indem. Co. , 125 Cal. App. 4th 1510 , 1524-25, 24 Cal.Rptr.3d 34 (2005) ( Section 2782 will not invalidate additional-insured endorsement merely because additional insured may have incurred liability due to "sole negligence"); id. at 1527-30 , 24 Cal.Rptr.3d 34 (additional-insured endorsement remains enforceable against insurer even where insured owes no duty to indemnify pursuant to a separate indemnity agreement). Moreover, as explained, Section 3 of the subcontracting agreement actually weighs in Associated's favor on this issue even if we were to look to that agreement in applying the additional-insured endorsement in Form C of Mt. Hawley's insurance policy. Mt. Hawley's third argument is essentially a bald assertion that contradicts the plain language of Form C and the holding of Syufy , and is rejected for the reasons stated above.

In short, the plain language of the additional-insured endorsement in Form C of Mt. Hawley's insurance policy specifies that it applies as primary insurance to Imac for liability arising out of J. Ginger's work for Imac on The View. The indemnity clause in the underlying subcontracting agreement between J. Ginger and Imac does not compel a contrary conclusion. Moreover, even insofar as the subcontracting agreement sheds light on the order-of-coverage issue, it weighs in Associated's favor because Section 3 shows that J. Ginger obtained insurance from Mt. Hawley specifically to provide primary insurance to Imac in connection with J. Ginger's work on The View. Associated is also entitled to summary judgment on this issue.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED . As explained, with respect to the Barazza litigation, this order holds:

1. Mt. Hawley owed a duty to defend Imac as an additional insured on J. Ginger's general-liability policy; and

2. Imac's additional-insured coverage through Mt. Hawley is primary to its named-insured coverage through Associated.

Judgment will follow.

IT IS SO ORDERED.