Opinion by Judge ALARCON; Dissent by Judge FERGUSON

Scott Osenbrock (“Osenbrock”) appeals from the order affirming the decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”) that denied his claim for Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) under Title II of the *1159 Social Security Act. Mr. Osenbrock contends that the administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) determination that he was capable of performing substantial gainful work that exists in the national economy was not supported by substantial evidence. We affirm because we conclude that substantial medical evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Mr. Osenbrock is capable of performing substantial gainful work that exists in the national economy.

I

Mr. Osenbrock was born on July 28, 1958. He dropped out of high school after the 11th grade to enter the Air Force.

In 1987, he shot himself in the left shoulder with a shotgun. The resultant injury did not affect the use of his right hand. He testified that he has use of his left hand for “normal day stuff’ but when he “was still picking stuff up,. it would slip out sometimes.” Notwithstanding the injury to his left arm, Mr. Osenbrock was able to perform the duties of a mill manager at State Roofing.

Mr. Osenbrock sustained a series of on-the-job injuries to his back over a period of years prior to October 12, 1992. After each back injury, he received treatment and returned to work. On October 12, 1992, he reinjured his back while lifting a cedar block weighing from 60 to 70 pounds while employed at State Roofing. After this injury, Mr. Osenbrock stayed home until his back pain was so severe that he reported to the emergency room of the Valley General Hospital on October 19, 1992. He was diagnosed as having an acute low back strain and muscle spasm. He was treated with Percodet and Robax-in.

He returned to work, but on January 7, 1993, because of continuing problems with his back, he reported to the office of Bruce A. Rolfe, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon at the Washington Sports Medicine Clinic. Dr. Rolfe recommended a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”). The MRI revealed that Mr. Osenbrock had a mild L3-4 circumferential disc bulge, and mild par-acentral disc herniations at L4-5 and L5/ SI. He has been unable to work as a mill manager since January 18, 1993 due to “sever[e] pain in back [and] right leg from two herniated discs.”

Sam Cullison, M.D., treated Mr. Osen-brock on April 28, 1993 for back pain. Dr. Cullison noted that Mr. Osenbrock was obese and had significant drinking problems with heavy alcohol use. On May 13, 1993, Dr. Cullison examined Mr. Osen-brock and diagnosed him as having chronic back pain, chronic pain disorder, and a history of alcoholism and chronic back syndrome. On. June 1, 1993, Dr. Cullison examined Mr. Osenbrock for chronic back pain. Dr. Cullison concluded that Mr. Os-enbrock “was doing well and tolerating medicine” and could return to half-time light duty on June 3,1993.

Mr. Osenbrock was involved in a jeep roll-over accident on July 4,1993. On July 22, 1993, Mr. Osenbrock underwent an MRI of his lumbar spine. That MRI was compared to an MRI of Mr. Osenbrock’s back performed on February 2, 1993. Jay Tsuruda, M.D., noted that “the study of the lumbar spine is stable. The size of the L3/4 bulge, central/right paracentral L4/5 disc herniation and right paracentral L5/S1 disc herniation are unchanged.”

On August 13, 1993, Mr. Osenbrock went to Dr. Cullison complaining of back pain. Dr. Cullison diagnosed chronic back pain syndrome and alcoholism. Dr. Culli-son recommended absolute alcohol abstinence.

Dr. Cullison examined Mr. Osenbrock on September 14, 1993 for depression and low back pain. Dr. Cullison noted that Mr. Osenbrock’s depression was “of a fairly profound nature related to his injury.” In a follow-up examination on September 27, 1993, he noted that Mr. Osenbrock was “having significant alcohol problems” and that he had been arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol three times in the last six years. Dr. Cullison noted *1160 that he was trying to get Mr. Osenbrock a referral to physical medicine and rehabilitation.

On November 6, 1993, Ron Brockman, D.O., an orthopaedic surgeon, and Edward De Vita, M.D., a neurologist, performed a Department of Labor and Industries evaluation of Mr. Osenbrock’s condition. They noted that he was working part-time at light duty, and attending physical therapy two times a week. Mr. Osenbrock reported that he was consuming 60 to 80 drinks per week. They concluded that Mr. Osen-brock’s present condition was the result of an aggravation of a pre-existing herniated disc in his lumbar spine.

On November 16, 1993, Michael Malla-han, M.D., an audiologist, performed a hearing test on Mr. Osenbrock. Dr. Mal-lahan reported that Mr. Osenbrock had “high frequency and speech range loss in both ears” and that he “may have difficulty hearing in normal family and social conversations.”

Dr. Cullison examined Mr. Osenbrock on November 18, 1993 for low back pain. Dr. Cullison recommended that Mr. Osenbrock continue taking Toradol, Carafate, Prozac; and then initiate Trazadone. He also recommended that Mr. Osenbrock continue in his rehabilitation and consume no alcohol.

On November 29, 1993, Dr. Cullison noted that Mr. Osenbrock had missed four or five visits at the Center for Outpatient Rehabilitation at Providence Hospital in Everett and had been dismissed from the program. Dr. Cullison advised him to start Antabuse, begin attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous, and urged him to “get back on track” with the rehabilitation center.

Mr. Osenbrock was discharged on December 14, 1993 from the work conditioning program at the rehabilitation center because he stated he would be unable to continue treatment until January 8, 1994. He gave no reasons for discontinuing treatment. In a work conditioning discharge report, Brian Nitta, an occupational therapist, noted that Mr. Osenbrock had “demonstrated good body mechanics for lifting, carrying, and other work related activities.”

On March 15, 1994, Dr. Cullison noted that Mr. Osenbrock had not been able to work since March 3, 1994, “due to massive increased pain without any new specific injury.” On March 23, 1994, Dr. De Vita and Richard McCollom, M.D., conducted a Department of Labor and Industries evaluation. They concluded that Mr. Osen-brock was suffering from “[ljumbrosacral strain/sprain syndrome with evidence of MRI findings of L4-L5 and L5-S1 herniated disc, both pre-existing but aggravated by industrial injury.” They recommended “full duty except for no heavy lifting greater than 75 pounds.”

Dr. Cullison referred Mr. Osenbrock to James Mowry, M.D., for an opinion based on Mr. Osenbrock’s worsening symptoms. Dr. Mowry saw Mr. Osenbrock on April 7, 1994. Dr. Mowry concluded that Mr. Os-enbrock’s physical exam is “highly unreliable,” and that he was not “a surgical candidate under almost any circumstances.” He ordered an electomyogram (“EMG”) examination.

Santosh Kumar, M.D., conducted an EMG on April 8, 1994. His report states: “Normal EMG/NCV findings in his symptomatic low back and right leg indicate no evidence of acute or chronic L1-S2 radicu-lopathy, sciatic nerve deficit or peripheral heuropathy. His chronic right leg pain appears to have significant subjective component without any objective neurologic deficit.”

On April 14, 1994, Dr. Mowry reported that Mr. Osenbrock “returned today with his EMG which shows absolutely no abnormalities. I do not think that surgery or any other diagnostic intervention is indicated.”

Steven P. Jewitt, M.D., conducted a psychiatric evaluation of Mr. Osenbrock on June 8, 1994. He noted that “[mjost significant in his psychiatric history is a prob *1161 lem with substance abuse.” Dr. Jewitt reported that Mr. Osenbrock has been charged four or five times with domestic violence and arrested five times for “DWI.” Dr. Jewitt also noted that “he is going to an alcohol recovery program and still drinking while not telling them.” Dr. Jewitt concluded that “I do not believe depression can be considered for a significant factor, in that he is still drinking heavily and Prozac will have little if any benefit on someone who is drinking a fifth of whiskey several times a week.” Dr. Jewitt also noted that “an alcohol rehabilitation program would be essential for a return to gainful employment.”

Mr. Osenbrock filed an application for disability insurance benefits on April 20, 1994. R. Emil Hecht, M.D., evaluated Mr. Osenbrock’s tinnitus condition on October 18,1995. He concluded that “amplification devices ... may, in fact, help his ringing to some degree and assist in his communication abilities.” (The record shows that Mr. Osenbrock did not purchase a hearing aid to relieve him of his tinnitus symptoms.)

Loren Ihle, M.D., became Mr. Osen-brock’s treating physician in 1995. On February 1, 1996, twelve days prior to the hearing before the ALJ, Dr. Ihle submitted an evaluation form to the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services that stated Mr. Osenbrock was suffering from depression with a severity rating of “2.” On the evaluation form, a severity rating of “2” is defined as follows: “Mild impairment-No significant interference with the ability to perform one or more basic work-related activities.” The evaluation report also noted that while Mr. Osenbrock had a history of alcohol abuse, he was “not drinking recently to my knowledge.”

Mr. Osenbrock’s disability claim was denied on July 28, 1994. The Social Security Administration reconsidered the claim at Mr. Osenbrock’s request and denied it on November 7, 1994. Mr. Osenbrock requested a hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”).

II

Three witnesses testified at the hearing before the ALJ on February 13, 1996. Mr. Osenbrock testified that “the main reason [I] lost [my] job [at State Roofing] was because I wasn’t able to get work because of my back.” When he attempted to return to work after he was injured on October 12, 1992, he found that he could not operate machinery, such as a forklift, or do any of the lifting.

Mr. Osenbrock also testified that Dr. Loren Ihle was treating him for his back and for depression. The main reasons he feels depressed is that his wife is leaving him and he can’t “really do anything physical with [his] kids.” In response to questions posed by his attorney, Mr. Osenbrock stated that the most significant side effect from the medication that he was prescribed is that it caused him to doze off and his mouth to dry up. He tries not to drive, because his medication causes him to fall asleep while driving. Mr. Osen-brock testified that his driver’s license had been revoked because of traffic violations which included four or five arrests connected with drinking. Mr. Osenbrock stated he currently weighs about 265 to 270 pounds. He testified that his normal weight was 185 pounds.

Milton Schayes, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon, testified as a medical expert at the hearing. Based on his examination of Mr. Osenbrock’s medical records and test results, Dr. Schayes opined that “Mr. Os-enbrock has degenerative disc disease in his back.” Dr. Schayes stated that Mr. Osenbrock did not meet a listed level of impairment. He also testified that he would “put quite a bit of limitation on his physical activity. Perhaps not so much due to the back condition as due to just some generalized physical reconditioning which I believe is likely to be the case.” Dr. Schayes testified that Mr. Osenbrock’s poor physical condition was the result of prior alcohol abuse and a lack of daily *1162 exercise. Dr. Schayes testified that he agreed with Mr. Osenbrock’s treating physician that the claimant was capable of sedentary work with a program of physical reconditioning, control of his alcohol consumption, and smoking. Dr. Schayes stated that with abstinence and daily exercise Mr. Osenbrock “would be capable of probably medium [capacity] work even with his back the way it is.” Dr. Schayes testified that Mr. Osenbrock had “every potential for being in a lot better physical condition.” Dr. Shayes also opined that “he should be in pretty good shape within three to six months.”

. John Fontaine, a vocational expert (“VE”), testified that Mr. Osenbrock would be incapable of returning to any of his past work because of a physical impairment resulting from the injury to his back and the chronic pain he suffers in his back and right leg. In response to a hypothetical question posed by the ALJ, Mr. Fontaine testified that a person who has previously worked as a mill manager with Mr. Osen-brock’s “orthopedic” impairments who can sit and stand at his option and sit for an hour can perform substantial gainful work that exists in the national economy as a timekeeper.

The ALJ concluded that Mr. Osenbrock was not disabled because he could perform modified light work existing in significant numbers in the national economy. The Social Security Administrators Office of Hearings and Appeals denied Mr. Osen-brock’s request for review of the ALJ’s decision. Accordingly, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the Commissioner.

Mr. Osenbrock filed an appeal from the Commissioner’s final decision before the district court. The District Court affirmed the Commissioner’s decision. Mr. Osen-brock has timely appealed from the district court’s order. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 .

Ill

In his appeal to this court, Mr. Osenbrock contends, that the decision of the Commissioner that Mr. Osenbrock is capable of performing work that is available in significant numbers in the national economy is not supported by substantial evidence. We review de novo a district court’s order affirming the Commissioner’s denial of benefits. Morgan v. Commissioner of the Social Security Administration, 169 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir.1999). Our review of the Commissioner’s decision to deny benefits is limited to determining (1) whether there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to support the findings of the Commissioner; and (2) whether the correct legal standards were applied. Id.; see 42 U.S.C. § 405 (g). “Substantial evidence means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Morgan, 169 F.3d at 599 . “Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it is the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.” Id.

Claims of disability are evaluated under a five-step sequential procedure. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (a)-®- At issue in this appeal is whether the Commissioner has sustained his burden of showing, at Step Five, that, in light of Mr. Osenbrock’s residual functional capacity, he can engage in other substantial gainful work that exists in the national economy. See 20 C.F.R. § 404 .1520®. There are two ways for the Commissioner to meet his Step Five burden: (1) the testimony of a VE; or (2) by reference to the Medical-Vocational Guidelines at 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 2. Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1100-01 (9th Cir.1999). Where the claimant has significant non-exertional impairments, however, the ALJ cannot rely on the Guidelines. See Desrosiers v. Secretary of HHS, 846 F.2d 573, 576-77 (9th Cir.1988). Where the testimony of a VE is used at Step Five, the VE must identify a specific job or jobs in the national economy having requirements that the claimant’s physical *1163 and mental abilities and vocational qualifications would satisfy. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1566 (b); see Burkhart v. Bowen, 856 F.2d 1335 , 1340 n. 3 (9th Cir.1988). Here, the ALJ relied on the testimony of a VE that Mr. Osenbrock can perform the duties of a timekeeper in concluding that the Commissioner met his burden of showing that Mr. Osenbrock was capable of performing substantial gainful work that exists in the national economy.

IV

Mr. Osenbrock first asserts that the VE’s testimony that Mr. Osenbrock was capable of performing the duties of a timekeeper was based on a misunderstanding of Mr. Osenbrock’s past work experience. Mr. Osenbrock’s testimony at the February 13, 1996, hearing was that, while employed as a manager at the mill, he supervised an average of four workers, distributed wood to the workers, and made sure they had work to do. He also testified that he recorded the quantity of wood used in the mill during the course of a day, which involved transferring information from the workers’ individual logs into the main log, and the use of a time clock to track their work hours.

The VE testified that this experience qualified Mr. Osenbrock to work as a timekeeper. The fact that Mr. Osenbrock did not testify that he had worked as a timekeeper is not dispositive of the transferability of his existing skills to the position of timekeeper. Transferability of skills is defined in Social Security Ruling (“S.S.R.”) 82-41 as “applying work skills which a person has demonstrated in vocationally relevant past jobs to meet the requirements of other skilled or semiskilled jobs.” S.S.R. 82-41 § 2(b). S.S.R. 82^11 further states that:

S.S.R. 82-41 § 4(a).

Here, the VE testified that transferring from the position of mill supervisor to that of timekeeper would be a move from skilled to semi-skilled work. The VE testified that the duties Mr. Osenbrock performed as a mill manager were similar to those required of a timekeeper. Substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s finding that Mr. Osenbrock’s prior work experience qualified him to perform the duties of a timekeeper.

V

Mr. Osenbrock also maintains that the ALJ erred in failing to include each of his physical and mental impairments in the hypothetical question propounded to the VE. In his brief before this court, Mr. Osenbrock asserts that he:

Appellant’s brief at 1.

No evidence was submitted to the ALJ that Mr. Osenbrock suffered from sleep apnea, diabetes, organic brain disorder, or hepatitis, nor did he demonstrate good cause for failing to do so. An ALJ must propose a hypothetical that is based on medical assumptions supported by substantial evidence in the record that reflects each of the claimant’s limitations. Roberts *1164 v. Shalala, 66 F.3d 179, 184 (9th Cir.1995). Because Mr. Osenbrock did not present any evidence that he suffers from sleep apnea, diabetes, organic brain disorder, or hepatitis in support of his disability claim, the ALJ did not err in failing to include these alleged impairments in the hypothetical question posed to the VE. 1

VI

Mr. Osenbrock also seeks reversal on the basis that the hypothetical questions posed by the ALJ “did not cover all of Mr. Osenbrock’s limitations.” The ALJ’s first hypothetical question included Mr. Osenbrock’s hearing impairment and the physical limitations associated with his degenerative disc disease. The VE responded that with the limitations on the length of time he can remain seated, Mr. Osenbrock could not do entry level assembly work, but could work as a timekeeper. The ALJ then inquired:

The VE replied that a person suffering from the limitations set forth in the second hypothetical could not work as a timekeeper.

The ALJ did not err in relying exclusively on the VE’s response "to the first hypothetical question that did not include side effects from medication, alcoholism, and poor conditioning. There were passing mentions of the side effects of Mr. Osenbrock’s medication in some of the medical records, but there was no evidence of side effects severe enough to interfere with Osenbrock’s ability to work. When the ALJ asked Mr. Osenbrock to specify the most significant side effect from all the medications he took, Mr. Osenbrock stated “dozing off’ and “dry mouth.” He also stated that he tried not to drive after taking his medication because “I fall asleep when I’m driving.” Mr. Osenbrock concedes in his brief to this court that his drinking “was not thought to be a significant problem by his treating physicians” at the time of the hearing, and also asserts that there was “overwhelming evidence that Mr. Osenbrock’s addiction to alcohol had been in remission for at least two years.” Additionally, the medical expert testified that Mr. Osenbrock was capable of alleviating his poor physical condition through daily exercise.

Nor was the ALJ bound to accept as true the restrictions set forth in the second hypothetical question if they were not supported by substantial evidence. An ALJ is free to accept or reject restrictions *1165 in a hypothetical question that are not supported by substantial evidence. See Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 756-57 (9th Cir.1989). Thus the ALJ was free to accept Mr. Osenbrock’s treating physician’s February 1, 1996 diagnosis that the claimant’s depression was mild and would not significantly interfere with the performance of work related activities, and that Mr. Osenbrock was “not drinking recently.” The ALJ was not bound to accept Mr. Osenbrock’s testimony as providing substantial, credible evidence that his use of medicine, his abuse of alcohol, and his physical condition would preclude him from performing light work.

The ALJ did not propound a hypothetical question that included depression, ulcers, hepatitis, or the residual effects of his gun-shot wound. An ALJ must propound a hypothetical to a VE that is based on medical assumptions supported by substantial evidence in the record that reflects all the claimant’s limitations. See Roberts v. Shalala, 66 F.3d at 184 . The hypothetical should be “accurate, detailed, and supported by the medical record,” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1101 . It is, however, proper for an ALJ to limit a hypothetical to those impairments that are supported by substantial evidence in the record. Magal-lanes, 881 F.2d at 756-57 .

The omission of depression from the hypothetical question is supported by substantial evidence in the record. The most recent medical evaluations by Mr. Osen-brock’s treating physician diagnosed Mr. Osenbrock’s depression as a mild impairment, which presented no significant interference with the ability to perform basic work-related activities. A treating physician’s most recent medical reports are highly probative. Cf. Stone v. Heckler, 761 F.2d 530, 532 (9th Cir.1985) (in a case involving a claimant with a worsening condition, holding that medical evaluations prepared several months before hearing are not substantial evidence sufficient to rebut more recent conclusions by a treating doctor).

There is no evidence in the record that Mr. Osenbrock suffers from hepatitis. Im deed, one report stated that there was no evidence of “hepatic rupture.” When asked about his stomach problems, Mr. Osenbrock stated that he had ulcers but that he was taking Prilosec and “surprisingly it works excellent” in controlling the pain he had experienced when “drinking cold or warm things.”

The ALJ did not err in excluding the residual effects of Mr. Osenbrock’s gun shot from the hypothetical question. The record shows that Mr. Osenbrock worked at his past employment as a mill manager for approximately six years after injuring his shoulder and left arm. Mr. Osenbrock testified that he is right-handed and denied having any problems gripping objects with his right hand. He also stated that he did not try to use his left hand for such things.

The ALJ rejected Mr. Osenbrock’s testimony regarding the impact of his depression, his ingestion of medication, his abuse of alcohol, and the severity of his pain on his ability to work. An ALJ’s reasons for discrediting a claimant’s testimony concerning his symptoms must be clear and convincing. See Swenson v. Sullivan, 876 F.2d 683, 687 (9th Cir.1989). The ALJ must make specific findings justifying the rejection of excess symptom testimony. The ALJ’s findings in this matter satisfied this burden. In this respect, the ALJ found as follows:

The record shows that Mr. Osenbrock’s physical deconditioning that renders him obese can readily be remedied by daily physical exercise and a change in his consumption of food that has resulted in a weight gain of five pounds a week. The ALJ’s finding that Mr. Osenbrock’s excess symptoms can be alleviated if he changes his sedentary life style is supported by substantial medical evidence.

AFFIRMED.

. This court has the authority to remand a disability benefits case to the Commissioner so that a claimant can place new medical evidence before the ALJ. See Wainwright v. Secretary of HHS, 939 F.2d 680, 682-83 (9th Cir.1991). Having examined the evidence submitted to the Appeals Council and the district court, we decline to do so. This medical evidence indicates that Mr. Osenbrock is being treated for Type II diabetes but also that his glycemic control is excellent and that he is doing very well, that he has been evaluated for sleep apnea but is sleeping nine hours per night, and that he has probable organic brain syndrome. Cf. Wainwright, 939 F.2d at 682 (stating that remand is only appropriate where the claimant presents new evidence that is material to determining disability and good cause for the failure to produce it earlier and also that, to be material, the " 'new or additional evidence offered must bear directly and substantially on the matter in dispute' ”) (quoting Ward v. Schweiker, 686 F.2d 762, 764 (9th Cir.1982)). Mr. Osenbrock is free to file a new application for benefits based on his sleep apnea, diabetes, and organic brain syndrome. See Sanchez v. Secretary of HHS, 812 F.2d 509, 512 (9th Cir.1987) ("If he can now prove a disabling physical or mental impairment, he will be entitled to benefits as of the date of the new application.").