Justin Hill conditionally pled guilty to possession of child pornography subject to his challenge to the admission of evidence that he contends was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. His appeal involves the validity of a warrant to search his computer and storage media for evidence that he possessed pornographic (i.e., lascivious) images of children. We must also decide whether it was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for the police to take all of Hill’s computer storage media from his home (they did not find his computer) so they could conduct their search offsite in a police laboratory, rather than carrying out the search onsite and taking only whatever evidence of child pornography they might find. As we recently discussed in United States v. Adjani, 452 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir.2006), because computers typically contain so much information beyond the scope of the criminal investigation, computer-related searches can raise difficult Fourth Amendment issues different from those encountered when searching paper files. Judge Kozinski, sitting as the district court in this case, thoughtfully addressed some of these issues in a published opinion upholding the validity of the search warrant and its execution. United States v. Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d 1081, 1092 (C.D.Cal.2004). We affirm the district court’s ruling in most but not all respects for the reasons Judge Kozinski stated; to the extent we do agree with that reasoning, we adopt it verbatim in this opinion. In sum, we affirm the district court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress evidence.

I. Background

As the district court explained:

Image 1

Image 2

Hill , 322 F.Supp.2d at 1083-84 (alterations in original).

In the district court, the defendant moved to suppress the evidence recovered from the two zip disks on the grounds that, (1) contrary to the magistrate’s finding, the warrant affidavit did not establish probable cause to believe the defendant was guilty of criminal activity; and (2) the warrant was overbroad in allowing seizure of all discovered computer storage media with no regard to whether such media contained child pornography, and in placing no limitation on the police officers’ search of the seized disks. Id. at 1084 . The district court denied the motion to suppress and the defendant conditionally-pled guilty to the charge, reserving the right to appeal the district court’s eviden-tiary ruling. This timely appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

We review de novo the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence. United States v. Meek, 366 F.3d 705, 711 (9th Cir.2004). We review for clear error a magistrate’s finding of probable cause to issue a search warrant and give “great deference” to such a finding. United States v. Hay, 231 F.3d 630 , 634 n. 4 (9th Cir.2000).

III. Discussion

A. Probable Cause

The defendant argues first that the affidavit submitted in support of the search warrant was insufficient to establish probable cause to believe the defendant was guilty of criminal activity. We do not agree.

“[N]o Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const, amend. IV. The Constitution is clear; a magistrate may authorize a search of a location only if officers establish probable cause to believe evidence of a crimfe may be found there. Probable cause means only a “fair probability,” not certainty, and requires consideration of the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). Accordingly, we must determine whether the officer’s affidavit, which described the two images from the defendant’s computer as showing three different, minor girls with their breasts and pubic areas exposed, established a fair probability that there was child pornography or evidence thereof to be found in computer hardware or software at the defendant’s home. We agree with the district court that the affidavit did establish probable cause, but reach that conclusion somewhat differently.

Child pornography is a particularly repulsive crime, but not all images of nude children are pornographic. For example, “a family snapshot of a nude child bathing presumably would not” be criminal. Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1086 . Moreover, the law recognizes that some images of nudity may merit First Amendment protection because they serve artistic or other purposes, and possessing those images cannot be criminal. See Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 112-13 , 110 S.Ct. 1691 , 109 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990) (upholding Ohio’s child pornography law because it had been interpreted to criminalize possession of images depicting not just nudity, but “nudity constituting] a lewd exhibition”); New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 , 765 n. 18, 102 S.Ct. 3348 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982) (“[N]udity, without more[,] is protected expression.”). Images depicting “minor[s] engag[ed] in sexually explicit conduct” are, however, prohibited. 18 U.S.C. § 2266 (8)(A). “[S]exually explicit conduct,” in turn, is defined to include “graphic or simulated lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.” 18 U.S.C. § 2256 (2)(A)(v) (emphasis added). Thus the more precise question we must answer is whether the officer’s affidavit established probable cause that the images on the defendant’s computer were — as described — lascivious. See Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1084 . In answering that question, it is important to remember that in issuing the search warrant, the magistrate had to make a practical, commonsense decision, based on the totahty of the circumstances presented to him in the affidavit, that there was a “fair probability” that the images were lascivious. See United States v. Gourde, 440 F.3d 1065, 1069 (9th Cir.2006) (en banc).

Various courts have attempted to articulate a test for determining lasciviousness. Many have relied upon a six-factor test originated in United States v. Dost:

636 F.Supp. 828, 832 (S.D.Cal.1986), aff'd sub nom. United States v. Wiegand, 812 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir.1987); see also United States v. Brunette, 256 F.3d 14, 18 (1st Cir.2001) (adopting and applying Dost factors); United States v. Villard, 885 F.2d 117, 122 (3d Cir.1989) (same).

The district court, analyzing each of these six factors, found Dost to be “not particularly helpful” in determining whether a given image is lascivious — generally or as applied to the images here. See Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1086 . Instead, the court fashioned a new test that would create a presumption of lasciviousness, and therefore probable cause, “[i]f an image of a minor displays the minor’s naked genital area ... [,] unless there are strong indicators that [the image] is not lascivious.” Id. at 1086-87 . Although we appreciate the district court’s careful analysis and critique of Dost, we do not think it necessary to adopt a new test or to deny the utility of Dost in the context of this case.

The Dost factors can be a starting point for judges to use in determining whether a particular image is likely “so presented by the photographer as to arouse or satisfy the sexual cravings of a voyeur.” Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 . But the factors are neither exclusive nor conclusive. Dost itself acknowledged that it did not seek to offer “a comprehensive definition of ... lasciviousness,” because a determination of lasciviousness “ha[s] to be made based on the overall content of the visual depiction.” 636 F.Supp. at 832 . The factors are merely “general principles as guides for analysis.” Id. For instance, we have already recognized that, in some instances, the factors may be “over generous” to defendants. Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 ; see also United States v. Amirault, 173 F.3d 28, 32 (1st Cir.1999) (“We believe that the Dost factors are generally relevant and provide some guidance in evaluating whether the display in question is lascivious. We emphasize, however, that these factors are neither comprehensive nor necessarily applicable in every situation. Although Dost provides some specific, workable criteria, there may be other factors that are equally if not more important in determining whether a photograph contains a lascivious exhibition. The inquiry will always be case-specific.”).

Ultimately, probable cause is a fluid and nontechnical conception not readily suscep-tibie to multifactor tests or rebuttable presumptions. See Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 370-71 , 124 S.Ct. 795 , 157 L.Ed.2d 769 (2003) (“[T]he probable-cause standard is a ... nontechnical conception .... [and] a fluid concept — turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts — not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.... [It] is incapable of precise definition or quantification .... ” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).) The magistrate, relying on Dost as a guidepost or on some other test for lasciviousness, need only make a “practical, commonsense decision” that the description presented in the affidavit demonstrates a “fair probability” that the images are lascivious. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 ; see also Gourde, 440 F.3d at 1071 ; Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 (“The definition of ‘lasciviousness’ is a matter of law....”).

Based on our independent review of the affidavit describing the two images, we are satisfied that the state judge’s finding of probable cause was well within his discretion. There was a fair probability that the images were “so presented by the photographer as to arouse or satisfy the sexual cravings of a voyeur.” Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 ; see also id. (“Necessarily in deciding whether the district court erred as to the facts [in determining that the images were lascivious], we must view the pictures ourselves and must interpret the statutory term.”). The affidavit described in some detail the images of three partially nude children, who were provocatively and unnaturally dressed in light of the photo graphs’ settings. The girls’ clothing was opened so as to reveal their breasts and pubic areas, with the girls appearing in sexually suggestive poses. Moreover the descriptions themselves did not raise doubts that the images served some purpose other than that proscribed in Wie-gand. Cf. Battershell, 457 F.3d at 1048(holding that an affidavit describing “a young female (8-10 YOA) naked in a bathtub” is insufficient to establish probable cause to believe the image is lascivious). The affidavit was sufficient to create “a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed” to believe that evidence of a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B) could be found on the defendant’s computer. See Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).

B. Overbreadth

1. Seizure of All Computer Media

The defendant argues that the search warrant was overbroad because it authorized the officers to seize and remove from his home his computer and storage media without first determining whether they actually contained child pornography. Given the nature of computers and storage media, this argument sweeps too broadly, as the district court explained in addressing the defendant’s suggested limitations on the nature and scope of the search:

Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1087-89 (alteration in original and internal citation omitted).

We agree with the district court that under the circumstances here, the warrant was not fatally defective in failing to require an onsite search and isolation of child pornography before removing storage media wholesale. That does not mean, however, that the government has an automatic blank check when seeking or executing warrants in computer-related searches. Although computer technology may in theory justify blanket seizures for the reasons discussed above, the government must still demonstrate to the magistrate factually why such a broad search and seizure authority is reasonable in the case at hand. There may well be situations where the government has no basis for believing that a computer search would involve the kind of technological problems that would make an immediate onsite search and selective removal of relevant evidence impracticable. Thus, there must be some threshold showing before the government may “seize the haystack to look for the needle.”

Our eases illustrate this principle. In United States v. Hay, for example, we held permissible a “generic classification” authorizing seizure of an “entire computer system and virtually every document in [the defendant’s] possession without referencing child pornography or any particular offense conduct” because, although officers “knew that[a party] had sent 19 images [of child pornography] directly to[the defendant’s] computer, [they] had no way of knowing where the images were stored.” 231 F.3d 630, 637 (9th Cir.2000). Similarly United States v. Lacy allowed “blanket seizure” of the defendant’s “entire computer system.” 119 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir.1997). We reasoned that “no more specific description of the computer equipment sought was possible,” because the agents “did not know whether the images were stored on the hard drive or on one or more of [the defendant’s] many computer disks.” Id.; accord United States v. Upham, 168 F.3d 532, 535 (1st Cir.1999) (holding, in a child pornography case, that “the seizure and subsequent off-premises search of the computer and all available disks was about the narrowest definable search and seizure reasonably likely to obtain the images”). Significantly, in both Hay and Lacy we carefully noted the critical role played by the officers’ affidavits supporting the warrants. See Hay, 231 F.3d at 637 (“[T]he affidavit explained why it was necessary to seize the entire computer system in order to examine the electronic data for contraband. It also justified taking the entire system off site because of the time, expertise, and controlled environment required for a proper analysis.”); Lacy, 119 F.3d at 746-47 (“In the affidavit supporting the search warrant application, a Customs agent explained there was no way to specify what hardware and software had to be seized to retrieve the images accurately.”).

By contrast, although the warrant in this case authorized a wholesale seizure, the supporting affidavit did not explain why such a seizure was necessary. See United States v. Adjani, 452 F.3d at 1149 n. 7 (noting favorably an affidavit’s com puter search and seizure protocol explaining when a computer had to be searched offsite, because “[s]uch specificity increases our confidence that the magistrate judge was well aware of what he was authorizing and that the agents knew the bounds of their authority in executing the search”); U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations 43, 69 (July 2002) (recommending that “if agents expect that they may need to seize a personal computer and search it off-site to recover the relevant evidence, the affidavit should explain this expectation and its basis to the magistrate judge. The affidavit should inform the court of the practical limitations of conducting an on-site search, and should articulate the plan to remove the entire computer from the site if it becomes necessary.”); cf. United States v. Tamura, 694 F.2d 591, 596 (9th Cir.1982) (“If the need for transporting the documents is known to the officers prior to the search, they may apply for specific authorization for large-scale removal of material, which should be granted by the magistrate issuing the warrant only where on site sorting is infeasible and no other practical alternative exists.”).

We do not approve of issuing warrants authorizing blanket removal of all computer storage media for later examination when there is no affidavit giving a reasonable explanation, such as that provided in Hay and Lacy , as to why a wholesale seizure is necessary. See Tamura, 694 F.2d at 595 (“[T]he wholesale seizure for later detailed examination of records not described in a warrant is significantly more intrusive, and has been characterized as ‘the kind of investigatory dragnet that the fourth amendment was designed to prevent’ ” (quoting United States v. Abrams, 615 F.2d 541, 543 (1st Cir.1980))). Without such individualized justification being presented to the magistrate, we cannot be sure that the judge was aware of the officers’ intent and the technological limitations meriting the indiscriminate seizure — and thus was intelligently able to exercise the court’s oversight function. An explanatory statement in the affidavit also assures us that the officers could not reasonably describe the objects of their search with more specificity. See United States v. Kow, 58 F.3d 423, 427 (9th Cir.1995) (“Generic classifications in a warrant are acceptable only when a more precise description is not possible.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Upham, 168 F.3d at 535 (“Of course, if the [seized] images themselves could have been easily obtained through an on-site inspection, there might have been no justification for allowing the seizure of all computer equipment, a category potentially including equipment that contained no images and had no connection to the crime.”). Accordingly, we hold that the warrant here was overbroad in authorizing a blanket seizure in the absence of an explanatory supporting affidavit, which would have documented the informed endorsement of the neutral magistrate. See Tamura, 694 F.2d at 596 (“The essential safeguard required is that wholesale removal must be monitored by the judgment of a neutral, detached magistrate.”).

Nonetheless, as in Tamura , we conclude that suppression of the evidence of child pornography found on the defendant’s seized zip disks is not an appropriate remedy. Tamura involved an indiscriminate seizure of all files found in an office even though the warrant authorized the officers to search for only three categories of records for evidence of various alleged crimes. See id. at 594-95 . Although we refused to sanction the “wholesale seizure for later detailed examination of records not described in a warrant,” id. at 595 , we held that “the exclusionary rule does not require the suppression of evidence within the scope of a warrant simply because other items outside the scope of the warrant were unlawfully taken as well,” id. at 597 . See also id. (“Regardless of the illegality of the Government’s seizure and retention of documents not covered by the warrant, however, reversal is not compelled in this case.”).

Similarly, the pornographic images from the defendant’s zip disks that he sought to exclude as evidence at trial was “seized and retained lawfully because described in and therefore taken pursuant to the valid search warrant.” Id. As we have discussed above, the officers’ wholesale seizure was flawed here because they failed to justify it to the magistrate, not because they acted unreasonably or improperly in executing the warrant. Because the officers were “motivated by considerations of practicality rather than by a desire to engage in indiscriminate ‘fishing,’ we cannot say ... that the officers so abused the warrant’s authority that the otherwise valid warrant was transformed into a general one, thereby requiring all fruits to be suppressed.” Id.See also Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. -, 126 S.Ct. 2159, 2163 , 165 L.Ed.2d 56 (2006) (“Suppression of evidence ... has always been our last resort, not our first impulse,” and is appropriate “only ‘where its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served.’ ”) (quoting United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348 , 94 S.Ct. 613 , 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974)).

Therefore, we hold that the district court properly admitted the evidence of child pornography found on the defendant’s computer storage media notwithstanding the lack of a sufficiently detailed supporting affidavit describing the need for wholesale seizure of such media.

2. Absence of Search Protocol

The defendant also argues that the search warrant was overbroad because it did not include a search protocol to limit the officers’ discretion as to what they could examine when searching the defendant’s computer media, nor did the affidavit explain why such a protocol was unnecessary. We, like the district court, find no error in the search warrant on this ground and adopt the district court’s analysis:

Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1090-1091 ; see also Adjani, 452 F.3d at 1149 (rejecting defendants’ argument that officers should have looked at only specified areas of certain email programs for enumerated keywords because “[t]o require such a pinpointed computer search, restricting the search to an email program or to specific search terms, would likely have failed to cast a sufficiently wide net to capture the evidence sought”).

Moreover, in contrast to our discussion of the overbroad seizure claim above, there is no case law holding that an officer must justify the lack of a search protocol in order to support issuance of the warrant. As we have noted, we look favorably upon the inclusion of a search protocol; but its absence is not fatal. We have also held that even though a warrant authorizing a computer search might not contain a search protocol restricting the search to certain programs or file names, the officer is always “limited by the longstanding principle that a duly issued warrant, even one with a thorough affidavit, may not be used to engage in a general, exploratory search.” Id. The reasonableness of the officer’s acts both in executing the warrant and in performing a subsequent search of seized materials remains subject to judicial review. See United States v. Rettig, 589 F.2d 418, 423 (9th Cir.1978) (“Where evidence is uncovered during a search pursuant to a warrant, the threshold question must be whether the search was confined to the warrant’s terms.... [T]he search must be one directed in good faith toward the objects specified in the warrant or for other means and instrumentalities by which the crime charged had been committed. It must not be a general exploratory search .... ” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

IV. Conclusion

We realize that judicial decisions regarding the application of the Fourth Amendment to computer-related searches may be of limited longevity. Technology is rapidly evolving and the concept of what is reasonable for Fourth Amendment purposes will likewise have to evolve. See Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 33-34 , 121 S.Ct. 2038 , 150 L.Ed.2d 94 (2001) (“It would be foolish to contend that the degree of privacy secured to citizens by the Fourth Amendment has been entirely unaffected by the advance of technology.”); cf. id. at 41, 51 , 121 S.Ct. 2038 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (expressing concern with “the supposedly ‘bright-line rule’ the Court has created in response to its concerns about future technological developments” as it “is unnecessary, unwise, and inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment” and commenting that “[i]t would be far wiser to give legislators an unimpeded opportunity to grapple with these emerging issues [of technology] rather than to shackle them with prematurely devised constitutional constraints”). New technology may become readily accessible, for example, to enable more efficient or pinpointed searches of computer data, or to facilitate onsite searches. If so, we may be called upon to reexamine the technological rationales that underpin our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence in this technology-sensitive area of the law.

That said, for the reasons set forth in this opinion, the search here was supported by probable cause and, notwithstanding the shortcomings of the search warrant affidavit, the manner of its execution does not mandate suppression of the fruits of that search. The district court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress is therefore AFFIRMED

. Or anywhere else: The computer was never found. . 18 U.S.C. § 2256 (8) defines "child pornography” as any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, video, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, of sexually explicit conduct, where— (A) the production of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; (B) such visual depiction is a digital image, computer image, or computer-generated image that is, or is indistinguishable from, that of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; or (C) such visual depiction has been created, adapted, or modified to appear that an identifiable minor is engaging in sexually explicit conduct. Section 2256(2)(B)(iii) defines "sexually explicit conduct” as "graphic or simulated lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.” Thus, the lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of a minor constitutes child pornography. A portion of section 2256(8) that is irrelevant to the issues raised in these motions was held unconstitutional in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition. See 535 U.S. 234 , 122 S.Ct. 1389 , 152 L.Ed.2d 403 (2002). . Section 2252A(a)(5)(B) prohibits: knowingly possessing any book, magazine, periodical, film, videotape, computer disk, or any other material that contains an image of child pornography that has been mailed, or shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer, or that was produced using materials that have been mailed, or shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer. . The defendant did not challenge the warrant affidavit on the ground that it included only a written description of the images and not the images themselves. Cf. United States v. Battershell, 457 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir.2006) ("It would have been preferable if the affiant in this case had included copies of the photographs [to which the affiant had access] in the warrant application. But failing to include a photograph in a warrant application is not fatal to establishing probable cause, (citing United States v. Smith, 795 F.2d 841, 847 (9th Cir.1986))). . In the district court, the defendant also argued that in order to prepare a defense his counsel and his expert were entitled to "mirror image” copies of the computer media the government seized. The district court agreed and ordered the government to provide defendant with copies. Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1091-92 . That ruling is not contested here. . We stress that in this case the state court judge who issued the warrant made his determination based upon a written description of the images. The officer presenting that description of the images had a duty, of course, to do so in good faith, providing all relevant information to the magistrate. See United States v. Mendonsa, 989 F.2d 366, 369 (9th Cir.1993) ("Suppression remains an appropriate remedy, however, when a magistrate is misled by information in the affidavit, which the affiant knows, or should know, is false.”); see also Baldwin v. Placer County, 405 F.3d 778, 782 (9th Cir.), amended by 418 F.3d 966 (9th Cir.2005) (refusing to grant an officer qualified immunity because "[t]he plaintiffs' established civil rights were violated by presentation of [a] false affidavit”). If the magistrate had been able to view the two images for himself, his analysis and our subsequent review might be different. . The defendant challenges only whether there was probable cause to believe the images described were lascivious, i.e., whether there was a fair probability that the defendant possessed evidence of a crime (child pornography). Assuming he loses the lasciviousness argument, he does not argue there was no probable cause to believe that such evidence could be found on his computer (or storage media). Cf. Gourde, 440 F.3d at 1069 ("We conclude that the affidavit contained sufficient facts to support the magistrate judge’s finding that there was a 'fair probability’ that Gourde’s computer contained evidence that he violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252 or 2252A.” (emphasis added)). . The district court's test might be an improvement over the Dost six-factor inquiry, at least when the magistrate can see and evaluate the images first hand. However, when (as here) the magistrate does not have the images, the judge would have to- determine whether "there are strong indicators that [the image] is not lascivious” based on the information the attesting officer (or, as in this case, a third-party witness) includes in the description. It is not clear that officers would be as able to decide and articulate what is relevant mitigating information (from the unrepresented target's viewpoint) as in making their affirmative showing of lasciviousness under existing doctrine. Cf. Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1085-86 (discussing the government’s and the defendant’s starkly differing views of the images during the suppression hearing). . Although the defendant at trial might have been able to present evidence supporting innocent explanations for the content of the pictures, that does not negate the images’ prima facie appearance of lasciviousness— which is the issue relevant to probable cause. . In contrast to the concerns we raised in footnote 8, supra, the defendant does not argue that the affidavit’s description of the im-ages was incomplete in any way; nor does he claim that the attesting officer was aware of hut failed to disclose mitigating facts that would tend to show the images were not lascivious. . In retrospect, it is clear that not all the storage media needed to be seized as evidence of criminal activity; of the 154 disks seized, only two zip disks contained lascivious images of children. There is no evidence or allegation that the officers knew of this result before they searched and seized. . As the defendant pointed out during oral argument, the magistrate must be made aware of what officers are contemplating and why they are doing so. For some people, computer files are the exclusive means of managing one’s life — such as maintaining a calendar of appointments or paying bills. Thus, there may be significant collateral consequences resulting from a lengthy, indiscriminate seizure of all such files. As noted earlier, however, in this case the district court granted the defendant the right to "mirror copies” of the seized storage media. See supra n. 5. . The district court found no violation because it assumed the state judge must have known it was not technologically feasible to search onsite, and therefore the affidavit did not need to so provide. See Hill, 322 F.Supp.2d at 1090 . We do not think the record is so clear, and our case law requires more. . As we noted in Adjani, 452 F.3d at 1151 , like the Tenth Circuit in United States v. Carey, 172 F.3d 1268 (10th Cir.1999), we recognize that computer files are often intermingled and officers who have a warrant to seize evidence of a specific crime may come across evidence that implicates the defendant in another crime. See also United States v. Walser, 275 F.3d 981 (10th Cir.2001). The proper steps for the officer to take in such a situation — when dealing with computer files — have not been clearly defined, and this case does not provide occasion to do so. Cf. Tamura, 694 F.2d at 595-96 ("In the comparatively rare instances where documents are so intermingled that they cannot feasibly be sorted on site, we suggest that the Government and law enforcement officials generally can avoid violating fourth amendment rights by sealing and holding the documents pending approval by a magistrate of a further search....”).