BACKGROUND

Janelle's mother, B.B., married R.M. in 2002. Janelle was born in January 2005.

R.M. was present at the birth and his name is on Janelle's birth certificate. R.M. and B.B.

separated in 2008. Janelle has been in B.B.'s sole care since then.

B.B. reported that during their marriage, R.M. abused her physically and

emotionally. In October 2008, B.B. filed for divorce. In November, R.M.'s friend told

B.B. that R.M. was planning to have B.B. killed. B.B. called the police and terminated

R.M.'s visits with Janelle. B.B. kept her location confidential because R.M. had

threatened her life. The last contact between R.M. and Janelle took place in November or

December 2008, when Janelle was three years old.

In December 2008, R.M. was arrested and jailed. B.B. obtained a restraining

order protecting her from R.M.2 In early 2009, R.M. was convicted of soliciting B.B.'s

murder. R.M. was sentenced to three years in prison. During his incarceration, he earned

no money with which to pay child support.

In mid-2009, R.M. sent a letter to Janelle at the maternal grandparents' address.

The maternal grandmother told B.B. about the letter. B.B. asked her friend Alana to read

the letter and determine whether it was appropriate for Janelle. Alana read the letter and

2 The restraining order did not apply to Janelle.

2 told B.B. it was a message to B.B. B.B. did not read the letter. R.M. sent no more letters

to Janelle, and did not send her any cards or gifts.3

In July 2009, B.B. and R.M.'s divorce became final. B.B. was granted sole legal

and physical custody of Janelle. R.M. was denied visitation and was not ordered to pay

child support. In the spring of 2010, R.B. began supporting Janelle financially and

emotionally.

R.M. was released from prison in August 2010. He began working in September,

two weeks after his release, and worked consistently after that. In January 2011, R.M.

hired an attorney. According to R.M., the attorney told him not to contact Janelle and not

to send money, and the attorney said he could not file a visitation request until R.M.'s

parole terminated. In September, R.M.'s parole terminated and his attorney filed a

motion in family court seeking visitation between R.M. and Janelle. In November, B.B.

and R.B. married. In December, the court renewed B.B.'s restraining order against R.M.

In January 2012, B.B. and R.M. attended family court mediation. The mediator

recommended that B.B. retain legal custody and that her home be Janelle's primary

residence. The mediator noted that R.M. had not been a part of Janelle's life since 2008,

and it was critical to determine whether R.M. posed a risk of harm to Janelle. The

mediator therefore recommended that there be no contact between R.M. and Janelle

3 The maternal grandmother's address never changed. R.M. knew the maternal grandmother's telephone number, which had also not changed, and did not call her. R.M. testified that the restraining order prohibited him from going to the maternal grandmother's address or telephoning her, but he "felt safe enough to send the letter because I was in custody and I knew there was nothing possible I would do." 3 pending psychological evaluations and clinical assessments of R.M., B.B., Janelle and

any other party deemed appropriate.

In March 2012, R.B. filed a request to adopt seven-year-old Janelle. B.B. joined

in the request. A hearing was set for June, but taken off calendar after R.B. and B.B.

were told they had not given R.M. sufficient notice.4 In April, R.M. was ordered to pay

child support.

On June 14, 2012, R.B. filed his petition. B.B. filed a declaration consenting to

R.B.'s adoption of Janelle. The San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency

(Agency) recommended that the petition be granted.

In July 2012, R.M. underwent a psychological evaluation. That month, B.B.

received two child support payments as a result of the garnishment of R.M.'s wages. This

was the first time she had received financial support from R.M. She received one more

support payment before trial.

In August 2012, R.M. told an Agency social worker that his arrest "was all a

mistake; [h]e had talked to his 'best friend' and the information was misunderstood."

R.M. denied there was any violence during his marriage to B.B. Janelle did not

remember R.M. and viewed R.B. as her "daddy." On August 20, the court found the

allegations in the petition true and granted the petition.

4 R.M. received the notice and appeared at the hearing. 4

DISCUSSION

Section 8604 sets forth circumstances under which the consent of a presumed

father is not required for the child's adoption.5 (§ 8604, subd. (a).) "If one birth parent

has been awarded custody by judicial order, or has custody by agreement of both parents,

and the other birth parent for a period of one year willfully fails to communicate with and

to pay for the care, support, and education of the child when able to do so, then the birth

parent having sole custody may consent to the adoption . . . ." (Id., subd. (b).) "Failure

of a birth parent to pay for the care, support, and education of the child for the period of

one year or failure of a birth parent to communicate with the child for the period of one

year is prima facie evidence that the failure was willful and without lawful excuse. If the

birth parent . . . ha[s] made only token efforts to support or communicate with the child,

the court may disregard those token efforts." (Id., subd. (c).) The petitioner has the

burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence. (In re Jay R. (1983) 150 Cal.App.3d

251, 265 [construing § 8604's predecessor, Civil Code former § 224].) On appeal, we

apply the abuse of discretion standard. (Adoption of Thevenin (1961) 189 Cal.App.2d

245, 251 [construing Civil Code former § 224].)

R.M. is incorrect in his contention that R.B.'s petition and adoption request did not

allege that R.M. had willfully failed to support Janelle. In his verified petition, R.B.

alleged Janelle "has not communicated with and seen [R.M.] since November 2008 to the

present . . . ." An attachment to the petition stated, "Please note that child, Janelle M[.],

5 No one disputes R.M.'s status as a presumed father. (§ 7611, subd. (a).) 5 has never received any child support payment and has never received any payment for

child care or medical expenses[.]" In his adoption request, R.B. cited section 8604,

subdivision (b), and declared, under penalty of perjury, R.M. "has not contacted [Janelle]

in one year or more." Furthermore, R.M. received the citation for adoption, which states:

"It is alleged that the other birth parent has been awarded custody of the child by judicial

order or has custody by agreement of both parents. It is further alleged that you have, for

a period of one year, willfully failed to communicate with and to pay for the care,

support, and education of the child when able to do so."

The court found there had been no contact between R.M. and Janelle for at least

one year and concluded "the allegations in the petition are sustainable." In the minute

order, boxes are checked corresponding to statements including "The Petition is true";

"The Court grants the petition by clear and convincing evidence"; "Mother alone may

consent to adoption"; and "The adoption may proceed pursuant to . . . Section 8604." The

box next to one more statement is also checked: "Father has willfully failed to

communicate with the minor and support the minor for one year or more." In that

statement, the words "and support the minor" are crossed out. R.M. argues that, in light

of the language that is crossed out, the court did not expressly find that R.M. had

willfully failed to support Janelle, and the record does not support a finding by clear and

convincing evidence that he failed to support her. This argument is contradicted by the

court's statement on the record that "the allegations in the petition are sustainable" and the

minute order's remaining statements quoted above. These statements, taken together,

encompass the statutory requirements of a failure to support as well as a failure to

6 communicate. Thus, the presumption remains that the court acted properly in reaching its

decision. (In re Elizabeth M. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1551, 1556, citing Evid. Code,

§ 664.)

R.M. testified he had worked since September 2010 but did not pay support for

Janelle until ordered to do so in April 2012, more than one and one-half years later. The

evidence is equally clear that he made no attempt to communicate with her from mid-

2009, when he sent the letter to the maternal grandmother's address, through the date of

the hearing, a period of approximately three years. R.M. does not contend, and the record

does not show, that the restraining order prevented him from attempting contact with

Janelle. The court did not abuse its discretion in granting the petition.

DISPOSITION

The order is affirmed.

O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

MCINTYRE, J.

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