Opinion

In this proceeding we address, at the request of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, questions about the applicability of California law to nonresident employees who work both here and in other states for a California-based employer. We conclude the Labor Code’s overtime provisions (id., §§ 510, 1194) do apply to plaintiffs’ claims for compensation for work performed in this state, and that the same claims can serve as predicates for claims under California’s unfair competition law (UCL) (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.). We also conclude that plaintiffs’ claims for overtime compensation under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (ELSA) ( 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq.; see id., § 207(a)) for work performed in other states cannot serve as predicates for UCL claims.

I. Background

Plaintiffs Donald Sullivan, Deanna Evich and Richard Burkow formerly worked as “Instructors” for defendant Oracle Corporation, a large software company headquartered in California. As Instructors, plaintiffs’ job was to train Oracle’s customers in the use of the company’s products. Plaintiffs Sullivan and Evich reside in Colorado, and plaintiff Burkow resides in Arizona. Required by Oracle to travel, plaintiffs worked mainly in their home states but also in California and several other states. During the time period relevant to this litigation (2001-2004), Sullivan worked 74 days in California, Evich worked 110 days, and Burkow worked 20 days.

For years, Oracle did not pay its Instmctors overtime. Oracle’s practice in this regard followed the company’s determination that its Instructors were exempt, as teachers, from California and federal overtime laws. (See generally Industrial Welfare Com., wage order No. 4-2001, § 1(A)(3)(a), codified as Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11040, subd. (l)(A)(3)(a); 29 C.F.R. § 541.303 (2010).) In 2003, Oracle’s Instructors sued the company in a federal class action alleging misclassification and seeking unpaid overtime compensation. (Gabel & Sullivan v. Oracle Corp. (C.D.Cal. Mar. 29, 2005, No. CV-03-00348-AHS); see Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 981-982 .) Shortly thereafter, Oracle reclassified its Instructors and began paying them overtime under the Labor Code (in 2003) and the FLSA (in 2004). In 2005, the federal action was settled and the claims of the plaintiff class dismissed with prejudice, except for the present claims concerning nonresident Instructors. (See Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d at p. 982 .)

The present claims are three: First, plaintiffs claim overtime compensation under the Labor Code for days longer than eight hours, and weeks longer than 40 hours, worked entirely in California. (See Lab. Code, §§ 510, subd. (a), 1194.) Second, plaintiffs restate the same claim as one for restitution under the UCL. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17203.) Plaintiffs contend, in other words, that Oracle’s failure to pay overtime for work performed in California was an “unlawful [or] unfair . . . business act or practice” (id., § 17200) for purposes of the UCL. Third, and again under the UCL, plaintiffs claim restitution in the amount of overtime compensation due under the FLSA ( 29 U.S.C. § 207 (a)) for weeks longer than 40 hours worked entirely in states other than California. Plaintiffs thus seek to use Oracle’s alleged violation of the FLSA in other states as the predicate unlawful act for a UCL claim under California law.

Plaintiffs pled the claims just described in a complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. That court granted Oracle’s motion for summary judgment based on stipulated facts. (Sullivan v. Oracle Corp. (C.D.Cal. Oct. 18, 2006, No. CV-05-00392-AHS).) On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part. (Sullivan v. Oracle Corp. (9th Cir. 2008) 547 F.3d 1177, 1187 .) Reversing on tire first and second claims, the court held the Labor Code and the UCL did apply to plaintiffs’ claims for overtime days and weeks worked entirely in California. Affirming on the third claim, the court held the UCL did not apply to plaintiffs’ claims under the FLSA for overtime worked in other states. Subsequently, however, the Ninth Circuit withdrew its opinion and asked us to decide the underlying questions of California law, on which it had found no directly controlling precedent. (Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 983 .) The court noted the answers to its questions would have both “considerable practical importance” because “[a] large but undetermined number of California-based employers employ out-of-state residents to perform work in California,” and possibly also “an appreciable economic impact on the overall labor market in California, given the competitive cost advantage out-of-state employees may have over California-resident employees if overtime pay under California law is not required for work they perform in California.” (Ibid.)

We granted the Ninth Circuit’s request. Accordingly, the following certified questions are now before us: “First, does the California Labor Code apply to overtime work performed in California for a California-based employer by out-of-state plaintiffs in the circumstances of this case, such that overtime pay is required for work in excess of eight hours per day or in excess of forty hours per week? [f] Second, does [Business and Professions Code section] 17200 apply to the overtime work described in question one? [][] Third, does [section] 17200 apply to overtime work performed outside California for a California-based employer by out-of-state plaintiffs in the circumstances of this case if the employer failed to comply with the overtime provisions of the FLSA?” (Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 983 .)

We note that, while plaintiffs’ complaint contains class action allegations, the federal district court has not yet certified a class, and no question concerning class certification is before us. Also not before us is the question whether Oracle properly classified plaintiffs as exempt from the overtime laws during the relevant time period.

II. Discussion

A. Do the Labor Code’s Overtime Provisions Apply to Work Performed in California by Nonresidents?

The question whether California’s overtime law applies to work performed here by nonresidents entails two distinct inquiries: first, whether the relevant provisions of the Labor Code apply as a matter of statutory construction, and second, whether conflict-of-laws principles direct us to apply California law in the event another state also purports to regulate work performed here. These inquiries lead to the conclusion that California law does apply.

1. Statutory Construction.

California’s overtime laws apply by their terms to all employment in the state, without reference to the employee’s place of residence. The overtime statute declares simply that “[a]ray work in excess of eight hours in one workday and ... 40 hours in any one workweek . . . shall be compensated at the rate of no less than one and one-half times the regular rate of pay . . , (Lab. Code, § 510, subd. (a), italics added.) The civil enforcement provision provides that “any employee receiving less than . . . the legal overtime compensation applicable to the employee is entitled to recover in a civil action the unpaid balance . . . .” (Id., § 1194, subd. (a), italics added.) Moreover, a preambular section of the wage law (Lab. Code, div. 2, pt. 4, ch. 1, § 1171 et seq.) confirms that our employment laws apply to “all individuals” employed in this state (id., § 1171.5, subd. (a), italics added).

That the overtime laws speak broadly, without distinguishing between residents and nonresidents, does not create ambiguity or uncertainty. The Legislature knows how to create exceptions for nonresidents when that is its intent. The Legislature has, for example, exempted certain out-of-state employers who temporarily send employees into California from the obligation to comply with the workers’ compensation law (Lab. Code, § 3200 et seq.), on the conditions of compliance with the home state’s compensation laws and interstate reciprocity (see id., § 3600.5, subd. (b)). In contrast, the Legislature has not chosen to authorize an exemption from the overtime law on the basis of an employee’s residence, even though it has authorized exemptions on a variety of other bases. (See id., §§ 510, subd. (a)(l)-(3), 511, 514, 515.)

That California would choose to regulate all nonexempt overtime work within its borders without regard to the employee’s residence is neither improper nor capricious. As a matter of federal constitutional law, “[sjtates possess broad authority under their police powers to regulate the employment relationship to protect workers within the State. Child labor laws, minimum and other wage laws, laws affecting occupational health and safety, and workmen’s compensation laws are only a few examples.” (De Canas v. Bica (1976) 424 U.S. 351, 356 [ 47 L.Ed.2d 43 , 96 S.Ct. 933 ].) Furthermore, the overtime laws serve important public policy goals, such as protecting the health and safety of workers and the general public, protecting employees in a relatively weak bargaining position from the evils associated with overwork, and expanding the job market by giving employers an economic incentive to spread employment throughout the workforce. (Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443, 456 [ 64 Cal.Rptr.3d 773 , 165 P.3d 556 ].) The Legislature has considered these purposes sufficiently important to make the right to overtime compensation unwaivable (Lab. Code, § 1194) and the failure to pay overtime a crime (id., § 1199; see Gentry , at p. 456). To exclude nonresidents from the overtime laws’ protection would tend to defeat their purpose by encouraging employers to import unprotected workers from other states. Nothing in the language or history of the relevant statutes suggests the Legislature ever contemplated such a result. A contrary conclusion would be difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile with the Legislature’s express declaration that “[a]ll protections, rights, and remedies available under state law ... are available to all individuals . . . who are or who have been employed, in this state.” (Lab. Code, § 1171.5, subd. (a).)

Oracle, arguing that California’s overtime law does exclude nonresidents, relies not on the language or history of the relevant statutes but on a misreading of our decision in Tidewater Marine Western, Inc. v. Bradshaw (1996) 14 Cal.4th 557 [ 59 Cal.Rptr.2d 186 , 927 P.2d 296 ] (Tidewater). Oracle reads Tidewater as holding that California overtime law follows California residents wherever they go throughout the United States; based on that premise, Oracle contends that other states’ overtime laws must be allowed to follow their own residents into California to avoid an offense to interstate comity. The argument fails because the premise is incorrect: Tidewater says no such thing.

At issue in Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th 557 , was whether wage orders promulgated by the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) applied to California residents who worked for California employers on boats that transported workers and supplies from the California coast to oil-drilling platforms stationed offshore within California’s state law boundaries, between the Santa Barbara coast and the Channel Islands. When the boats’ crew members sued their employers for overtime, the employers sued for an injunction to prohibit the wage orders’ enforcement. We held the wage orders did apply. Federal law, we explained, did not preclude California’s assertion of jurisdiction, and “California employment laws implicitly extend to employment occurring within California’s state law boundaries, including all of the Santa Barbara Channel.” ( 14 Cal.4th at p. 565 ; see Gov. Code, § 110 [“The sovereignty and jurisdiction of this State extends to all places within its boundaries as established by the Constitution.”].)

Our opinion in Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th 557 , includes language intended to caution against overly broad conclusions about the extraterritorial application of employment laws. Ironically, this is the language Oracle reads as holding that a state’s employment laws follow its residents wherever they go. In fact, our remarks were more limited. We wrote: “In some circumstances, state employment law explicitly governs employment outside the state’s territorial boundaries. (Lab. Code, §§ 3600.5, 5305 [California workers’ compensation law applies to workers hired in California but injured out of state].) The Legislature may have similarly intended extraterritorial enforcement of IWC wage orders in limited circumstances, such as when California residents working for a California employer travel temporarily outside the state during the course of the normal workday but return to California at the end of the day. On the other hand, the Legislature may not have intended IWC wage orders to govern out-of-state businesses employing nonresidents, though the nonresident employees enter California temporarily during the course of the workday. Thus, we are not prepared, without more thorough briefing of the issues, to hold that IWC wage orders apply to all employment in California, and never to employment outside California.” (!Tidewater, at pp. 577-578.)

We thus foresaw in Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th 557 , as a possibility, only limited extraterritorial application of California’s employment laws, precisely balanced by interstate comity: California law, we suggested, might follow California resident employees of California employers who leave the state “temporarily . . . during the course of the normal workday” (id., at p. 578), and California law might not apply to nonresident employees of out-of-state businesses who “enter California temporarily during the course of the workday” (ibid., italics added). In contrast, plaintiffs here claim overtime only for entire days and weeks worked in California, in accordance with the statutory definition of overtime. (See Lab. Code, § 510.) Nothing in Tidewater suggests a nonresident employee, especially a nonresident employee of a California employer such as Oracle, can enter the state for entire days or weeks without the protection of California law.

Oracle attempts to bolster its argument with a Washington decision, Bostain v. Food Express, Inc. (2007) 159 Wn.2d 700 [ 153 P.3d 846 ], but the case offers Oracle no assistance. Bostain involved a claim for unpaid overtime brought by an interstate truckdriver hired in Washington and based at the Washington terminal facility of a California motor carrier. The court held the plaintiff was entitled to overtime compensation under Washington law for the time he spent driving outside that state. (Id., 153 P.3d at pp. 851-854.) The question before the court was not whether another state’s overtime law applied, but whether the plaintiff would be paid overtime under Washington law, or not at all. Bostain says nothing about a case such as this, in which nonresident employees seek to apply the overtime law of the state in which they worked and in which the employer is based, and the employer seeks to avoid that law by applying the less favorable law of plaintiffs’ home states. Such disputes are resolved under the applicable conflict-of-laws analysis, which we address below. (See post, at p. 1202 et seq.)

Speaking further to the issue of statutory construction, Oracle contends the Legislature would not likely have intended that California’s wage law apply to visiting, nonresident employees if compliance imposed practical burdens on employers. Such burdens, Oracle suggests, might arise not just from the effort and expense of complying with the overtime law, but from complying as well with other provisions of California wage law governing such matters as the contents of pay stubs, meal periods, the compensability of travel time, the accrual and forfeiture of vacation time, and the timing of payment to employees who quit or are discharged. Because the laws on these subjects vary from state to state, Oracle argues, to require an employer to comply with the laws of every state in which its employees work might amount to an undue burden on interstate commerce and, thus, violate the commerce clause. (U.S. Const., art. I, § 8, cl. 3.) Oracle analogizes the situation to that of a trucking company required to comply with the conflicting laws of various states governing such matters as trailer length and mud flaps. (See generally, e.g., Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Rice (1978) 434 U.S. 429 [ 54 L.Ed.2d 664 , 98 S.Ct. 787 ]; Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines (1959) 359 U.S. 520 [ 3 L.Ed.2d 1003 , 79 S.Ct. 962 ].) We should, Oracle contends, construe the overtime statutes to avoid any such constitutional problem. We find the argument unpersuasive for several reasons:

First, the case before us presents no issue concerning the applicability of any provision of California wage law other than the provisions governing overtime compensation. While we conclude the applicable conflict-of-laws analysis does require us to apply California’s overtime law to full days and weeks of work performed here by nonresidents (see post, at p. 1202 et seq.), one cannot necessarily assume the same result would obtain for any other aspect of wage law. California, as mentioned, has expressed a strong interest in governing overtime compensation for work performed in California. In contrast, California’s interest in the content of an out-of-state business’s pay stubs, or the treatment of its employees’ vacation time, for example, may or may not be sufficient to justify choosing California law over the conflicting law of the employer’s home state. No such question is before us.

Second, the asserted burdens on out-of-state businesses to which Oracle refers are entirely conjectural. The stipulated facts contain nothing supporting Oracle’s assertions, and no out-of-state employer is a party to this litigation; Oracle itself is based in California.

Third, the Ninth Circuit has not asked us to address, nor do we address, any question concerning the commerce clause. (U.S. Const., art. I, §8, cl. 3.) This does not mean, of course, that in reaching our decision we would ignore any constitutional ramifications. Certainly we would not construe a statute in a manner that raised serious constitutional questions if the statute’s language reasonably permitted any other construction. (See People v. Engram (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1131, 1161 [ 116 Cal.Rptr.3d 762 , 240 P.3d 237 ].) Oracle, however, has raised no constitutional question of sufficient gravity to require us to undertake the exercise of determining whether California’s overtime statutes might bear a restrictive, .nonliteral interpretation. Challenges to state statutes under the commerce clause are typically addressed under the test set out in Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970) 397 U.S. 137, 142 [ 25 L.Ed.2d 174 , 90 S.Ct. 844 ]: “Where [a challenged] statute regulates even-handedly to effectuate a legitimate local public interest, and its effects on interstate commerce are only incidental, it will be upheld unless the burden imposed on such commerce is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits.” California’s overtime law, applying to all work performed in the state, regulates evenhandedly to effectuate the legitimate local public interests we have previously identified, namely, protecting health and safety, expanding the job market, and guarding against the evils of overwork. (See Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443, 456 .) Oracle’s argument that California’s overtime laws might burden interstate commerce more than incidentally, by imposing onerous regulations on businesses that bring or send employees to work temporarily in California, is based in large part on the assumption that, if out-of-state employers must pay overtime under California law, they must also comply with every other technical aspect of California wage law. The assumption, as noted, is of doubtful validity. (See ante, at p. 1200.) In any event, to the extent other states have legitimate interests in applying their own wage laws to their own residents for work performed in California, the applicable conflict-of-laws analysis takes those interests into account. We turn to that analysis now.

2. Conflict of Laws.

Plaintiffs, as mentioned, contend California’s overtime law governs their work in this state, while Oracle contends the laws of plaintiffs’ home states (Colo, and Ariz.) govern. For over four decades, California courts have resolved such conflicts by applying governmental interest analysis. (See, e.g., McCann v. Foster Wheeler LLC (2010) 48 Cal.4th 68, 83, 87-88 [ 105 Cal.Rptr.3d 378 , 225 P.3d 516 ]; Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 95, 100 [ 45 Cal.Rptr.3d 730 , 137 P.3d 914 ] (Kearney)-, Offshore Rental Co. v. Continental Oil Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 157, 163-170 [ 148 Cal.Rptr. 867 , 583 P.2d 721 ]; Bernhard, v. Harrah’s Club (1976) 16 Cal.3d 313, 320-321 [ 128 Cal.Rptr. 215 , 546 P.2d 719 ]; Reich v. Purcell (1967) 67 Cal.2d 551, 554-556 [ 63 Cal.Rptr. 31 , 432 P.2d 727 ].) Section 196 of the Restatement Second of Conflict of Laws, which Oracle suggests might also be relevant, has nothing to do with this case. Section 196 identifies the state whose law governs the validity of an employment contract. The right to overtime under California law is unaffected by contract. (See Lab. Code, § 1194, subd. (a) [“Notwithstanding any agreement to work for a lesser wage, any employee receiving less than ... the legal overtime compensation ... is entitled to recover ... the unpaid balance . . . .” (italics added)]; see also Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443, 456 [statutory right to overtime compensation is unwaivable].)

We typically summarize governmental interest analysis as involving three steps: “First, the court determines whether the relevant law of each of the potentially affected jurisdictions with regard to the particular issue in question is the same or different. Second, if there is a difference, the court examines each jurisdiction’s interest in the application of its own law under the circumstances of the particular case to determine whether a true conflict exists. Third, if the court finds that there is a true conflict, it carefully evaluates and compares the nature and strength of the interest of each jurisdiction in the application of its own law ‘to determine which state’s interest would be more impaired if its policy were subordinated to the policy of the other state’ [citation], and then ultimately applies ‘the law of the state whose interest would be the more impaired if its law were not applied.’ ” (.Kearney, supra, 39 Cal.4th 95, 107-108, quoting Bernhard, v. Harrah’s Club, supra, 16 Cal.3d 313, 320 .)

a. Do the relevant laws differ?

We determine, first, “whether the relevant law of each of the potentially affected jurisdictions with regard to the particular issue in question is the same or different.” (.Kearney, supra, 39 Cal.4th 95, 107.) California's overtime law clearly differs from that of Colorado and Arizona, plaintiffs’ home states. California law requires overtime compensation at the rate of one and one-half times the regular rate of pay for work in excess of eight hours in one workday, 40 hours in one workweek, and the first eight hours on the seventh workday in one week. Overtime compensation increases to twice the regular rate for work in excess of eight hours on the seventh workday. (Lab. Code, § 510, subd. (a).) In contrast, Colorado requires pay at one and one-half times the regular rate for work in excess of 40 hours in one workweek, 12 hours in one workday, and 12 consecutive hours without regard to when the workday starts and ends. ( 7 Colo. Code Regs. § 1103-1 (4) (2011).) Arizona has no overtime law, so the federal FLSA applies by default, requiring overtime compensation at one and one-half times the regular rate for hours worked in excess of 40 hours in one workweek. ( 29 U.S.C. § 207 (a)(2)(C).) Unlike California law, neither Colorado law nor the FLSA requires double pay for any work.

b. Does a true conflict exist?

Because the relevant laws differ, we next “examine[] each jurisdiction’s interest in the application of its own law under the circumstances of the particular case to determine whether a true conflict exists.” ( Kearney, supra, 39 Cal.4th 95, 107-108.) In conducting this inquiry, “we may make our own determination of [the relevant] policies and interests, without taking ‘evidence’ as such on the matter.” (Offshore Rental Company, Inc. v. Continental Oil Co., supra, 22 Cal.3d 157, 163, fn. 5 .)

Whether a true conflict exists under the circumstances of this case is doubtful, at best. California has, and has unambiguously asserted, a strong interest in applying its overtime law to all nonexempt workers, and all work performed, within its borders. (See Lab. Code, § 1171.5, subd. (a) [“All protections, rights, and remedies available under state law ... are available to all individuals . . . employed, in this state.”]; see also id., §§ 510, subd. (a) [“[a]ny work”], 1194, subd. (a) [“any employee”], 1199 [criminal sanctions]; see also discussion ante, at p. 1197 et seq.) California’s interests, as this court has identified them, are in protecting health and safety, expanding the labor market, and preventing the evils associated with overwork. (Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443, 456 .) Similar interests underlie the FLSA’s overtime provisions (Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System (1981) 450 U.S. 728, 739 [ 67 L.Ed.2d 641 , 101 S.Ct. 1437 ]) and, we may assume, Colorado law as well. Neither Arizona nor Colorado, however, has asserted an interest in regulating overtime work performed in other states. Arizona, as mentioned, has no overtime law at all, and Colorado’s overtime law purports to govern only “work performed within the boundaries of the state of Colorado . . .” ( 7 Colo. Code Regs. § 1103-1 (1) (2011)). These circumstances reveal no genuine basis for concluding a true conflict exists.

Arguing against this conclusion, Oracle points out that Colorado’s and Arizona’s workers’ compensation statutes, like California’s, expressly have extraterritorial effect for certain resident employees who suffer industrial injuries outside their home states. (See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-41-204 [discussed in Hathaway Lighting v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office (Colo.Ct.App. 2006) 143 P.3d 1187, 1189 ]; Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 23-904 .A [discussed in DiMuro v. Industrial Com. of Arizona (Ct.App. 1984) 142 Ariz. 57 [ 688 P.2d 703, 707 ]]; cf. Lab. Code, § 3600.5, subd. (a).) Broadly extrapolating from these statutes, Oracle argues that Colorado and Arizona have an interest in extending the protection of their employment laws to their residents who work in other states. Certainly a state has such an interest, at least in the abstract, when the traveling, resident employee of a domestic employer would otherwise be left without the protection of another state’s law. (Cf. Tidewater, supra, 14 CalAth 557 [Cal. overtime law protects residents working offshore within Cal.’s state law boundaries]; Bostain v. Food Express, Inc., supra, 153 P.3d 846 [Wn. overtime law protects resident interstate truckdriver; no other state’s law claimed to apply].) But the statutes on which Oracle relies speak narrowly to the subject of workers’ compensation. Accordingly, those statutes for present purposes show only that Colorado and Arizona know how to assert an interest in applying their laws extraterritorially, and thus highlight the same states’ failure to assert any extraterritorial interests with respect to overtime compensation. In any event, Colorado and Arizona have expressed no interest in disabling their residents from receiving the full protection of California overtime law when working here, or in requiring their residents to work side-by-side with California residents in California for lower pay. (Cf. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts (1985) 472 U.S. 797, 822 [ 86 L.Ed.2d 628 , 105 S.Ct. 2965] [as a matter of due process, a state “ ‘may not abrogate the rights of parties beyond its borders having no relation to anything done or to be done within them’ ”].)

Oracle next posits that Colorado and Arizona have an interest in providing hospitable regulatory environments for their own businesses and, based on that premise, argues those states also have an interest in shielding their own businesses from more costly and burdensome regulatory environments in other states. We do not doubt the premise that a state can properly choose to create a business-friendly environment within its own boundaries. “[T]he federal system contemplates that individual states may adopt distinct policies to protect their own residents and generally may apply those policies to businesses that choose to conduct business within that state.” ( Kearney, supra, 39 CalAth 95, 105.) However, every state enjoys the same power in this respect. Therefore, “[i]t follows from this basic characteristic of our federal system that, at least as a general matter, a company that conducts business in numerous states ordinarily is required to make itself aware of and comply with the law of a state in which it chooses to do business.” (Ibid.) The federal Constitution does not require a state “ ‘to substitute for its own [laws], applicable to persons and events within it, the conflicting statute of another state’ ” (Phillips Petroleum v. Shutts, supra, 472 U.S. 797, 822 [discussing the full faith and credit and due process clauses (U.S. Const., art. IV, § 1 & 14th Amend.)]) or permit one state to project its regulatory regime into the jurisdiction of another state (Healy v. The Beer Institute (1989) 491 U.S. 324, 336-337 [ 105 L.Ed.2d 275 , 109 S.Ct. 2491 ] [discussing the commerce clause (U.S. Const., art. I, § 8, cl. 3)]). Consequently, neither Colorado nor Arizona has a legitimate interest in shielding Oracle from the requirements of California wage law as to work performed here.

c. Which state’s interest would be more impaired?

The final step in governmental interest analysis requires us “ ‘to determine which state’s interest would be more impaired if its policy were subordinated to the policy of the other state’ ” and to apply “ ‘the law of the state whose interest would be the more impaired if its law were not applied.’ ” ( Kearney, supra, 39 Cal.4th 95, 108 , quoting Bernard v. Harrah’s Club, supra, 16 Cal.3d 313, 320 .) Assuming for the sake of argument a genuine conflict does exist (see ante, at pp. 1203-1204), to subordinate California’s interests to those of Colorado and Arizona unquestionably would bring about the greater impairment. To permit nonresidents to work in California without the protection of our overtime law would completely sacrifice, as to those employees, the state’s important public policy goals of protecting health and safety and preventing the evils associated with overwork. (Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443, 456 .) Not to apply California law would also encourage employers to substitute lower paid temporary employees from other states for California employees, thus threatening California’s legitimate interest in expanding the job market. (Ibid.) By way of comparison, not to apply the overtime laws of Colorado and Arizona would impact those states’ interests negligibly, or not at all. Colorado overtime law expressly does not apply outside the state’s boundaries, and Arizona has no overtime law. (See ante, at p. 1203.) Alternatively, viewing Colorado’s and Arizona’s overtime regimens as expressions of a general interest in providing hospitable regulatory environments to businesses within their own boundaries, that interest .is not perceptibly impaired by requiring a California employer to comply with California overtime law for work performed here.

For these reasons, we answer the first of the certified questions as follows: The California Labor Code does apply to overtime work performed in California for a California-based employer by out-of-state plaintiffs in the circumstances of this case, such that overtime pay is required for work in excess of eight hours per day or in excess of 40 hours per week. (See Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 983 .)

B. Does the UCL Apply to Violations of the Labor Code in California?

With the second certified question, the Ninth Circuit asks us in effect to decide whether Oracle’s alleged violations of the overtime provisions of California law (Lab. Code, §§510, 1194) constitute unlawful acts potentially triggering liability under the UCL (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.). We have already decided that the failure to pay legally required overtime compensation falls within the UCL’s definition of an “unlawful . . . business act or practice” (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200; see Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Products Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th 163, 177 [ 96 Cal.Rptr.2d 518 , 999 P.2d 706 ] [UCL authorizes, as restitution, order for payment of unlawfully withheld wages]), and the parties offer no argument on the point.

Accordingly, we answer the second certified question as follows: Business and Professions Code section 17200 does apply to the overtime work described in question one. (See Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 983 .)

C. Does the UCL Apply to Claims Under the FLSA for Overtime Work Performed by Nonresidents in Other States?

Our discussion thus far has exclusively concerned Oracle’s alleged failure to compensate plaintiffs according to California law for overtime worked in this state. We turn now to the third certified question, which concerns plaintiffs’ claim that Oracle has also failed to compensate them according to the FLSA ( 29 U.S.C. § 207 (a)) for overtime worked in other states. This claim, despite its reference to the FLSA, arises under California and not federal law. In the prior class action (see ante, at p. 1194), plaintiffs settled their timely claims under the FLSA, which were subject to a limitation period of two or three years, depending on the circumstances. ( 29 U.S.C. § 255 (a).) Now, in this action, plaintiffs attempt to restate time-barred FLSA claims, which were excluded from the prior settlement, as UCL claims based on the predicate “unlawful . . . act” (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200) of violating the FLSA. (See Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1143 [ 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29 , 63 P.3d 937 ] [UCL borrows violations from other laws, making them independently actionable as unfair practices].) The question before us is whether the UCL reaches plaintiffs’ FLSA claims under the circumstances of this case. We conclude it does not.

Plaintiffs’ claim implicates the so-called presumption against extraterritorial application. (See generally Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc. v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1036, 1059 [ 80 Cal.Rptr.2d 828 , 968 P.2d 539 ].) However far the Legislature’s power may theoretically extend, we presume the Legislature did not intend a statute to be “ ‘operative, with respect to occurrences outside the state, . . . unless such intention is clearly expressed or reasonably to be inferred “from the language of the act or from its purpose, subject matter or history.” ’ ” (Ibid., quoting North Alaska Salmon Co. v. Pillsbury (1916) 174 Cal. 1, 4 [ 162 P. 93 ].) Neither the language of the UCL nor its legislative history provides any basis for concluding the Legislature intended the UCL to operate extratenitorially. Accordingly, the presumption against extraterritoriality applies to the UCL in full force. (See, e.g., Norwest Mortgage, Inc. v. Superior Court (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 214, 222-225 [ 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 18 ].) We thus proceed to consider whether plaintiffs’ proposed application of the UCL would cause it to operate, impermissibly, with respect to occurrences outside the state.

The Ninth Circuit has asked us to decide whether the UCL applies to plaintiffs’ FLSA claims “in the circumstances of this case” (Sullivan III, supra, 557 F.3d 979, 983 ), which we understand to mean in accordance with the same stipulated facts on which the federal courts have based their decisions. Those stipulated facts identify only a single instance of relevant conduct occurring in California: “The decision-mating process to classify Instructors as exempt from the requirement to be paid overtime wages under the FLSA occurred primarily from within the headquarters offices of Oracle Corporation located in Redwood Shores, California.” Certainly the UCL reaches any unlawful business act or practice committed in California. (See Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 [“As used in this chapter, unfair competition shall mean and include any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice . . . .”].) But for an employer to adopt an erroneous classification policy is not unlawful in the abstract. (Cf. Walsh v. IKON Office Solutions, Inc. (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1440, 1462 [ 56 Cal.Rptr.3d 534 ] [addressing Cal. wage law].) What is unlawful, and what creates liability under the FLSA, is the failure to pay overtime when due. (See 29 U.S.C. § 207 (a)(1) [“no employer shall employ any of his employees ... for a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives [overtime] compensation”].) Accordingly, that Oracle’s decision to classify its Instructors as exempt was made in California does not, standing alone, justify applying the UCL to the nonresident plaintiffs’ FLSA claims for overtime worked in other states. Nor does any other basis for applying the UCL to those claims appear in the stipulated facts.

In contrast to the abstract classification decision, the failure to pay legally required overtime compensation certainly is an unlawful business act or practice for purposes of the UCL. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200; see Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Products Co., supra, 23 Cal.4th 163, 177 [UCL authorizes, as restitution, order for payment of unlawfully withheld wages].) Thus, the UCL might conceivably apply to plaintiffs’ claims if their wages were paid (or underpaid) in California, but the stipulated facts do not speak to the location of payment. The parties invite us to speculate about the place of payment as a basis for holding the UCL does, or does not, apply. We decline to do so. Whether the parties are entitled to rely on facts or assertions beyond the stipulated facts to support or defeat the motion for summary judgment is a question of federal procedure for the federal courts. Given the limitations of the certified question procedure, which does not confer on us plenary jurisdiction over cases pending in the courts of other sovereign entities, our answer must be confined to the circumstances of this case as established by the stipulated facts.

Accordingly, we answer the third certified question as follows: Business and Professions Code section 17200 does not apply to overtime work performed outside California for a California-based employer by out-of-state plaintiffs in the circumstances of this case based solely on the employer’s failure to comply with the overtime provisions of the FLSA.

Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Kennard, J., Baxter, J., Chin, J., Corrigan, J., and Boren, J., concurred.

(See Sullivan v. Oracle Corp. (9th Cir. 2009) 557 F.3d 979, 983 (Sullivan III); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.548 [decision on request of a court of another jurisdiction].) Including Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Virginia and Washington. “The Legislature finds and declares the following: [f] (a) All protections, rights, and remedies available under state law, except any reinstatement remedy prohibited by federal law, are available to all individuals regardless of immigration status who have applied for employment, or who are or who have been employed, in this state.” (Lab. Code, § 1171.5, subd. (a), added by Stats. 2002, ch. 1071, § 4, p. 6915.) The immediate impetus for Labor Code section 1171.5’s enactment was the Legislature’s desire to protect undocumented workers from sharp practices in the wake of Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB (2002) 535 U.S. 137 [ 152 L.Ed.2d 271 , 122 S.Ct. 1275 ], in which the high court held the National Labor Relations Board could not award backpay to a foreign national not legally entitled to work in the United States. (See, e.g., Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1818 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 22, 2002, pp. 2-6; Assem. Com. on Labor & Employment, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1818 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) June 22, 2002, pp. 2-3.) Section 1171.5, however, cannot reasonably be read as speaking only to undocumented workers, given that it was drafted and codified as a general preamble to the wage law and broadly refers to “all individuals” employed in the state. (Id., subd. (a).) More importantly, no reason exists to believe the Legislature intended to afford stronger protection under the employment laws to persons working illegally than to legal nonresident workers. The question arose because state and federal law defined California’s boundaries in the Santa Barbara Channel differently. (See Tidewater, supra, 14 Cal.4th 557, 564 .) “Any work in excess of eight hours in one workday and any work in excess of 40 hours in any one workweek and the first eight hours worked on the seventh day of work in any one workweek shall be compensated at the rate of no less than one and one-half times the regular rate of pay for an employee.” (Lab. Code, § 510, subd. (a).) Differences also exist in the way California law, Colorado law and the FLSA determine whether an employee is exempt from the requirement of overtime compensation. These additional differences do not, however, affect our analysis or conclusion. Plaintiffs do not specifically identify the states in which they performed the overtime work relevant to this claim. As noted, plaintiffs worked in several states other than California and their home states. (See ante, at p. 1195 & fn. 2.) Plaintiffs candidly explained at oral argument in the Ninth Circuit that their reason for suing under the UCL is to obtain recovery for a year the FLSA no longer reaches by invoking the UCL’s four-year statute of limitations. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17208.) Plaintiffs’ claim also potentially implicates the due process clause of the United States Constitution (14th Amend.), which places additional limitations on the extraterritorial application of state law. (See, e.g., Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, supra, All U.S. 797, 818.) We need not address any such constitutional issue, however, given our conclusion that the UCL does not apply. The decisions on which plaintiffs rely in arguing to the contrary, Wershba v. Apple Computer, Inc. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 224 [ 110 Cal.Rptr.2d 145 ], and Clothesrigger, Inc. v. GTE Corp. (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 605 [ 236 Cal.Rptr. 605 ], are inapposite. In each case, the unlawful conduct that formed the basis of the out-of-state plaintiffs’ claims (i.e., fraudulent misrepresentations made to induce consumer transactions), and that justified the application of California law to resolve those claims, occurred in California. (See Wershba v. Apple Computer, Inc., supra, at pp. 241-242; Clothesrigger, Inc. v. GTE Corp., supra, at p. 613.) Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Two, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.