Birdinground

MEMORANDUM **

Quenton Birdinground appeals his conviction by jury trial for second degree murder, assault resulting in serious bodily injury, and use of a firearm during a crime of violence. He first argues that the district court erred by excluding a defense expert on Crow Indian culture and tradition. A careful review of the record, however, shows that the defense never tendered the witness nor made any offer of proof, and the district court never issued a ruling specifically excluding the witness. “To preserve an issue for review requires an offer of proof and the making of a record.” United States v. Bagley, 837 F.2d 371, 375 (9th Cir.1988). Moreover, even if the district court had excluded expert testimony on cultural propensities, it would not have abused its discretion in doing so. United States v. Castaneda, 94 F.3d 592, 596 (9th Cir.1996).

The district court also did not err in refusing to give a voluntary intoxication instruction with respect to second degree murder. Birdinground’s argument that because “malice aforethought” means to kill either deliberately and intentionally or recklessly, second degree murder involves specific intent to kill, is unfounded in the case…