Ignacio

MEMORANDUM **

Rodolfo Jadan Ignacio and his wife Olivia Ignacio, natives and citizens of the Philippines, petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) summary affirmance of an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of their applications for asylum and withholding of removal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252 , review for substantial evidence, see Meza-Manay v. INS, 139 F.3d 759, 762 (9th Cir.1998), and deny the petition for review.

Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that Ignacio failed to establish past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of an enumerated ground. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 , 112 S.Ct. 812 , 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992).

Ignacio contends that he was persecuted on account of an actual or imputed political opinion when guerrillas kidnapped him and forced him to make monthly “revolutionary tax” payments. Ignacio concedes that he never voiced his political opinion to the guerrillas. The IJ determined that Ignacio failed to show that he was persecuted “on account of’ one of the protected grounds. We agree. See Sangha v. INS, 103 F.3d 1482, 1489 (9th Cir.1997) (“To establish an…