dissenting.

I cannot agree with the majority that summary judgment should be granted to Defendants-Appellees on DeBoer’s claim of excessive force. Under Billington v. Smith, 292 F.3d 1177 (9th Cir.2002), an officer’s otherwise reasonable defensive use of force may be rendered unreasonable as a matter of law if “an officer intentionally or recklessly provokes a violent response, and the provocation is an independent constitutional violation.” Id. at 1190-91 . Here, the officers committed an independent Fourth Amendment violation by *674 recklessly using unreasonable force in entering the house — where DeBoer was legally residing — with guns drawn, in order to take custody of him, and in doing so, “caused the ‘escalation that led to the shooting’ ... and ‘provoked an armed response,”’ Id. at 1189 (emphasis and citation omitted). It therefore follows that “they [may] be held liable for [the] shooting ... — even though they reasonably shot him at the moment of the shooting.” Id. at 1188 . The contours of this constitutional rule were clearly established in Alexander v. City and County of San Francisco, 29 F.3d 1355 (9th Cir.1994). Any conclusions the officers may have drawn as to the lawfulness of their conduct would be unreasonable and therefore would not provide a basis for qualified immunity. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 , 205, 121 S.Ct. 2151 , 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001).

In the instant case, there was no threat to the safety of the officers at the time they forcibly entered the residence. DeBoer’s parents had left the house and no officers or other persons were inside — only DeBoer. Thus, the only potential and immediate danger presented by DeBoer was to himself — the exact type of danger that the mental health professionals from South Sound Mental Health Services (“SSMH”) would be best equipped to address. The officers were well aware of DeBoer’s mentally unstable condition, given Sergeant Hutchings’s communication with his parents, the information relayed to the officers through the 911 dispatch, and the past experience of Officers Brown and Tupper. There is nothing in the record to suggest that any of the officers consulted the SSMH workers who were on the scene about his condition or as to any possible alternative courses of action; in fact, the report of DeBoer’s police procedures expert states that “SSMH personnel were not allowed to communicate [with DeBoer] or asked for advice [by the police].” This was directly contrary to the policies and procedures of the Olympia Police Department.

There was no justification for the police officers’ failure to follow departmental policy, consult with the mental health professionals on the scene, and allow them to communicate with DeBoer so as to calm him down and help him regain his mental equihbrium. Given the amount of time that the officers were present at the house, there was surely no need to make split-second decisions. There was an adequate amount of time for other officers to arrive and for Sergeant Hutchings to meet with DeBoer’s parents. Surely he could have met with the mental health professionals as well, to obtain their aid in formulating a plan to deal with the mentally disturbed individual. Had the officers consulted with the SSMH personnel about DeBoer’s potential reactions to different tactical or strategic methods of dealing with him, they likely would have avoided a situation in which deadly force was required.

In our past decisions, we have held that officers must use special care in dealing with those who are emotionally or mentally disturbed. See Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1283 (9th Cir.2001), reh’g en banc denied, 272 F.3d 1272, 1274 (9th Cir.2001) (holding that “where it is or should be apparent to the officers that the individual is emotionally disturbed, that is a factor that must be considered in determining, under Graham [v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 , 109 S.Ct. 1865 , 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989) ], the reasonableness of the force employed”). In Alexander , the plaintiff argued that “it was unreasonable for the officers to storm the house of a man whom they knew to be a mentally ill, half-blind recluse who had threatened to shoot anybody who entered.” Id. at 1366 . This court agreed, holding that granting summary judgment to the defendants was in *675 appropriate under such circumstances, because the force used in storming the house could be unreasonable, depending on the officers’ reason for entering the house. Id. at 1367 . As we did in Alexander , I would hold in this case that summary judgment was not appropriate, because it is not reasonable to storm a house with guns drawn in order to take into custody a mentally unstable individual suffering from Chronic Paranoid Schizophrenia who does not actively present a threat to anyone in his immediate vicinity, unless all reasonable alternatives have been exhausted.

For the above reasons, I would conclude that DeBoer’s Fourth Amendment rights were violated by the officers’ conduct, that the officers are not entitled to qualified immunity, and that the district court’s grant of summary judgment to defendants was in error. Accordingly, I dissent.