Zepeda-Martinez

MEMORANDUM *

Felipe Zepeda-Martinez (“Zepeda”) appeals the district court’s sentence of 70 months following his guilty plea to one count of unlawful reentry of a removed alien in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326 . We affirm. Because the parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history of the case, we will not recount it here.

Zepeda first argues that the district court improperly enhanced his sentence by sixteen levels. The district court based this funding upon his prior California conviction for corporal injury to a spouse under California Penal Code § 273.5. Under California law, a defendant cannot be convicted under § 273.5 unless “the injury results from a direct application of force on the victim by the defendant.” People v. Jackson, 77 Cal.App.4th 574, 578 , 91 Cal. Rptr.2d 805 (2000). The Jackson court expressly held that the statutory language prevents a conviction merely for the “direct, natural and probable consequences” of an action. Id. at 580 , 91 Cal.Rptr.2d 805 . Thus, Zepeda could not have been convicted based on an aiding and abetting theory and must have himself used force on this victim. This is a crime of violence. Zepeda’s arguments to the contrary…