Pham

MEMORANDUM *

Lien Thi Bich Pham, a native and citizen of Vietnam, petitions for review of the *741 Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing her appeal from an Immigration Judge’s order denying her application for asylum. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252 . We review questions of law de novo, and we review the BIA’s factual findings for substantial evidence. Hernandez-Montiel v. INS, 225 F.3d 1084, 1090 (9th Cir.2000). We deny the petition for review.

Pham has not established that former prostitutes or repatriates in Vietnam constitute particular social groups. 1 See id. at 1093 (defining “particular social group” as “one united by a voluntary association, including a former association, or, by an innate characteristic that is so fundamental to the identities or consciences of its members that members either cannot or should not be required to change it.”); see also Ochoa v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir.2005) (holding that a “particular social group” must be narrowly defined); Sanchez-Trujillo v. INS, 801 F.2d 1571, 1577 (9th Cir.1986).

Even if Pham had established that former prostitutes or repatriates in Vietnam constituted particular…