United States v. $3,124,977.28 in U.S. Currency

MEMORANDUM **

Aman Khan and Stella Khan (“the Khans”) challenge the district court’s denial of their motion for leave to amend their answer to the forfeiture complaint, and Stella Khan (“Stella”) challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the government in the forfeiture action against certain assets and real property. 1 Because the facts and procedural posture of this case are known to the parties, we do not repeat them here.

We review the district court’s denial of a motion for leave to amend an answer for abuse of discretion. See Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir.2001). Where the district court has entered, as it did here, a pretrial scheduling order limiting the time to join additional parties or amend the pleadings, the motion for leave to amend is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16. See Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607-08 (9th Cir.1992). We will review a district court’s determination as to the preclusive effect of a pretrial order only for “a clear abuse of discretion.” Id. at 607 .

The district court did not clearly abuse its discretion when it denied the Khans’ motion for leave to…