MEMORANDUM OF DECISION AND ORDER

SUMMARY OF DECISION

Plaintiffs seek an order finding defendants civilly liable to them under section 1810 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (“FISA”), 50 USC §§ 1801-71 , for eavesdropping on their telephone conversations without a FISA warrant. In the course of lengthy proceedings in this court and the court of appeals, described more fully in the decision that follows, this court determined that: FISA affords civil remedies to “aggrieved persons” who can show they were subjected to warrantless domestic national security surveillance; FISA takes precedence over the state secrets privilege in this case; a prima facie case of unlawful electronic surveillance under FISA requires plaintiffs to present to the court specific facts based on non-classified evidence showing that they are “aggrieved persons”; and plaintiffs have met their burden of establishing their “aggrieved person” status using non-elassified evidence. Because defendants denied plaintiffs’ counsel access to any classified filings in the litigation, even after top secret clearances were obtained for plaintiffs’ counsel and protective orders suitable for top secret documents proposed, the court directed the parties to conduct this phase of the litigation without classified evidence. Both plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment of liability and defendants’ cross-motions for dismissal and for summary judgment were, therefore, based entirely on non-elassified evidence.

The court now determines that plaintiffs have submitted, consistent with FRCP 56(d), sufficient non-classified evidence to establish standing on their FISA claim and to establish the absence of any genuine issue of material fact regarding their allegation of unlawful electronic surveillance; plaintiffs are therefore entitled to summary judgment in their favor on those matters. Defendants’ various legal arguments for dismissal and in opposition to plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion lack merit: defendants have failed to meet their burden to come forward, in response to plaintiffs’ prima facie case of electronic surveillance, with evidence that a FISA warrant was obtained, that plaintiffs were not surveilled or that the surveillance was otherwise lawful.

In the absence of a genuine issue of material fact whether plaintiffs were subjected to unlawful electronic surveillance within the purview of FISA and for the reasons fully set forth in the decision that follows, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the issue of defendants’ liability under FISA is GRANTED. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended complaint for lack of jurisdiction is DENIED and defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment is DENIED. Because the court has determined that the sole defendant sued in both official and individual capacities acted wholly in his official capacity and not as an individual, the individual-capacity claims are DISMISSED.

*1185 DECISION

Contending that United States government officials acting without warrants intercepted and eavesdropped on their international telephone conversations, plaintiffs Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc, an Oregon nonprofit corporation (“Al-Haramain”), and Wendell Belew and Asim Ghafoor, individuals who allege they are United States citizens and attorneys for Al-Haramain, seek summary judgment of liability on their FISA claim. Doc. # 657/099. 1 Defendants, certain high-ranking government officials and associated government agencies, oppose plaintiffs’ motion and bring their fourth motion for dismissal and/or summary judgment. Doc. # 668/103. In compliance with the court’s orders of June 3 and June 5, 2009, Doc. # 643/096, the parties have presented only non-elassified evidence to the court in support of these motions. Upon consideration of that evidence and the arguments presented by the parties, the court now GRANTS plaintiffs’ motion and DENIES defendants’ motions. The court on its own motion dismisses all claims against defendant FBI Director Robert Mueller in his individual capacity.

I

Plaintiffs filed their lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon on February 28, 2006. Their complaint alleged that plaintiffs had been subject to warrantless electronic surveillance and sought civil damages under section 1810 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 50 USC §§ 1801-71 (West 2009) (“FISA”). Plaintiffs also alleged violations of the separation of powers principle, the First, Fourth and Sixth Amendments of the United States Constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Along with their complaint, plaintiffs filed under seal a copy of what has been referred to throughout this litigation as the “Sealed Document,” a classified document that had inadvertently been disclosed by defendant Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) to counsel for Al-Haramain as part of a production of unclassified documents relating to Al-Haramain’s designation as a “Specially Designated Global Terrorist” (“SDGT”) organization. 2 Alr-Hammain Islamic Foundation, Inc. v. Bush, 451 F.Supp.2d 1215, 1218 (D.Or. 2006). The previous phases of this litigation largely focused on whether plaintiffs could use the Sealed Document.

Defendants filed their first motion for dismissal or for summary judgment, arguing that the Sealed Document could not be used in the litigation and that the common-law state secrets privilege (“SSP”) required dismissal of the case. Id. at 1217 . The Oregon district court (King, J) denied the motion, explaining that “plaintiffs should have an opportunity to establish standing and make a prima facie case, even if they must do so in camera.” Id. at 1226-27 . The court noted that “plaintiffs need some information in the Sealed Document to establish their standing and a prima facie case, and they have no other available source for this information,” id. at 1221 , and that given defendants’ many public acknowledgments of the warrantless electronic surveillance program beginning in 2005, the program itself was not a secret. Id. at 1221-23 . Nonetheless, the court determined that the Sealed Document remained highly classified, ordered *1186 plaintiffs to hand over all copies of the Sealed Document to the court, refused media requests to unseal records and plainly-contemplated maintaining the secrecy of the Sealed Document while proceeding with the litigation. Id. at 1229,1232 .

The Oregon district court declined to reach the question whether “FISA preempts the [SSP].” Id. at 1229 . The court observed: “[t]o accept the government’s argument that Section 1806(f) is only applicable when the government intends to use information against a party would nullify FISA’s private remedy [under section 1810] and would be contrary to the plain language of Section 1806(f).” Id. at 1231 . The court certified its other rulings for interlocutory appeal. During the pendency of the appeal, this case was reassigned by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) to the undersigned.

The court of appeals considered three issues on interlocutory review: (1) whether the very subject matter of the litigation is a state secret; (2) whether Al-Haramain can establish standing to bring suit, absent the Sealed Document; and (3) whether Al-Haramain can establish a prima facie case, and the government can defend against Al-Haramain’s assertions, without resorting to state secrets. In a footnote, the court of appeals observed that the third issue had not been addressed by the district court. 507 F.3d at 1197 & n. 4.

As to the first issue, the court of appeals held that while Al-Haramain’s case involved privileged information, “that fact alone does not render the very subject matter of the action a state secret” and affirmed the district court’s denial of dismissal on that basis. 507 F.3d at 1201.

The court of appeals determined that defendants had properly invoked the SSP and, based on Al-Haramain’s “showing of necessity” or “admittedly substantial need for the document to establish its case,” quoting United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1, 10 , 73 S.Ct. 528 , 97 L.Ed. 727 (1953), conducted an in camera review of the Sealed Document. 507 F.3d at 1203. Based on that review, the court wrote: “We are satisfied that the basis for the privilege is exceptionally well documented” and that disclosure of “information concerning the Sealed Document and the means, sources and methods of intelligence gathering in the context of this case would undermine the government’s capabilities and compromise national security.” 507 F.3d at 1204. The court of appeals then held: “The Sealed Document, its contents, and any individuals’ memories of its contents, even well-reasoned speculation as to its contents, are completely barred from further disclosure in this litigation by the common law [SSP].” Id.

The court of appeals next turned to the question of Al-Haramain’s standing and determined that plaintiffs could not establish standing to proceed with their lawsuit without the Sealed Document because they could not establish a “concrete and particularized” injury-in-fact under the principles set forth in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 , 112 S.Ct. 2130 , 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992), unless the courts determined that FISA, rather than the SSP, governed this case: “Al-Haramain cannot establish that it has standing, and its claims must be dismissed, unless FISA preempts the [SSP].” 507 F.3d at 1205. As noted above, the Oregon district court had declined to rule on this complex issue, which now had become pivotal to the fate of the litigation.

On the basis of the rule set forth in Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106 , 96 S.Ct. 2868 , 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976), that a court of appeals should not ordinarily consider an issue not ruled on in the district court, the court of appeals declined to decide whether FISA preempts the SSP. Instead, writing that “the FISA issue remains central *1187 to Al-Haramain’s ability to proceed with this lawsuit,” it remanded the case to this court to consider that question “and for any proceedings collateral to that determination.” 507 F.3d at 1206. The court of appeals did not comment either on the likely consequences of a determination by this court that FISA preempted the SSP for this litigation in general or for the Sealed Document’s role in this litigation in particular.

Following remand, defendants filed a second motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims (Doc. # 432/017), asserting, inter alia, that: FISA did not preempt the SSP; the SSP presented insurmountable obstacles to plaintiffs’ action; plaintiffs lacked standing to seek prospective relief; and the doctrine of sovereign immunity barred recovery under FISA’s section 1810. Plaintiffs argued that FISA preempted the SSP and that dismissal would be improper. By order dated July 2, 2008, the court held that FISA’s legislative history unequivocally established Congress’s intent that FISA preempt or displace the SSP in cases within the reach of its provisions. In re National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation (“In re NSA Telecom Litigation ”), 564 F.Supp.2d 1109, 1124 (N.D.Cal.2008). The court noted, however, the substantial obstacles facing any litigant hoping to bring an action for damages under FISA’s section 1810, which the court described as “not user-friendly.” Id. at 1136 .

Specifically, the court noted, unlike the electronic surveillance carried out by federal law enforcement agencies under the general wiretap statute, Title III, 18 USC §§ 2510-22 , much of the electronic surveillance undertaken for national security purposes does not result in criminal proceedings in which the existence of the surveillance evidence would be disclosed as a matter of course. Moreover, unlike Title III, FISA does not require that the target of an electronic surveillance ever be informed of its occurrence. The July 2 order detailed FISA’s provisions requiring certain agencies to report periodically to Congress on the number of warrants applied for and other actions taken under FISA. The July 2 order, meanwhile, underscored the absence of any regular legal mechanism by which an individual who had been subject to electronic surveillance within FISA’s purview could learn of the surveillance. 564 F.Supp.2d at 1125-30 .

A further obstacle to litigation under section 1810, the court noted, is “the lack of a practical vehicle for obtaining and/or using admissible evidence * * * sufficient to establish standing to proceed as an aggrieved party and, later, to withstand motions for dismissal and/or summary judgment.” 564 F.Supp.2d at 1131 . The court, however, noted that FISA’s section 1806(f) provides for United States district courts to conduct in camera reviews of “applications or orders or other materials relating to electronic surveillance” in certain narrowly-defined circumstances “to determine whether the surveillance of the aggrieved person was lawfully authorized and conducted.” 564 F.Supp.2d at 1131 (quoting section 1806(f)). Hence, section 1806(f) could be used to discover evidence of electronic surveillance for purposes of establishing “aggrieved person” status within the meaning of FISA’s section 1801(k) if an individual had a “colorable basis for believing he or she had been surveilled.” 564 F.Supp.2d at 1133 . 50 USC § 1801 (k) defines an “aggrieved person” as “a person who is the target of an electronic surveillance or any other person whose communications or activities were subject to electronic surveillance.” The court ruled that plaintiffs “must first establish ‘aggrieved person’ status without the use of the Sealed Document and may then bring a ‘motion or request’ under § 1806(f) * * Id. at 1134.

*1188 Noting that the civil liability provision of Title III ( 18 USC § 2520 ) had been in effect for a decade when FISA was enacted and therefore could have served as a model had Congress intended FISA’s civil liability provision to resemble Title Ill’s, the court wrote that although “Congress enacted section 1810 in order to provide a private cause of action for unlawful surveillance, section 1810 bears but faint resemblance to 18 USC section 2520 . While the court must not interpret and apply FISA in a way that renders section 1810 superfluous * * * the court must be wary of unwarranted interpretations of FISA that could make section 1810 a more robust remedy than Congress intended it to be.” 564 F.Supp.2d at 1135 . Accordingly, the court determined that among approaches employed within the Ninth Circuit for making out a prima facie case of electronic surveillance, the more stringent end of the spectrum was appropriate for FISA cases and that “plaintiffs’ showing thus far with the Sealed Document excluded falls short of the mark.” Id. at 1134-35 . The court dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint with leave to amend, explaining: “[t]o proceed with their FISA claim, plaintiffs must present to the court enough specifics based on non-classified evidence to establish their ‘aggrieved person’ status under FISA.” Id.

Plaintiffs timely filed an amended pleading, the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). Doc. # 458/035. It named generally the same defendants but replaced one office-holder with his replacement and specified that plaintiffs were suing one defendant in both his official and individual capacities. 3 Id. at 1-2 & ¶¶ 7-13. The FAC retained the same six causes of action as the original complaint, including, as relevant here, one cause of action under FISA encompassing both a request under 50 USC § 1806 (g) for suppression of evidence obtained through warrantless electronic surveillance and a claim for damages under section 1810. Doc. #458/035 at 14.

The most noteworthy change in the FAC was the ten-fold expansion of plaintiffs’ factual recitation, which newly detailed a number of public pronouncements' by government officials and publicly-available press reports disclosing post-9/11 warrantless electronic surveillance activities, as well as events publicly known about these activities, such as a much-publicized hospital room confrontation between former Attorney General John Ashcroft and then-White House counsel (later Attorney General) Alberto Gonzales. Id. at 5 . The FAC also recited a sequence of events pertaining directly to the government’s investigations of Al-Haramain, a sine qua non, in the court’s view, to establishing their “aggrieved person” status.

The FAC may be briefly summarized in the following two paragraphs:

Various government officials admitted the existence of a program of warrantless surveillance under which the NSA was authorized by the President to intercept certain international communications in which one party was outside the United States and one party was reasonably believed to be a member or agent of international terrorist network al-Qaeda or an affiliated terrorist organization. FAC ¶¶ 16-18. Al-Haramain’s assets were blocked by the Treasury Department “ in February 2004 pending an investigation of “possible crimes relating to currency reporting and tax laws,” but neither OF AC’s press release nor March 2004 congressional testimony of a FBI official about the investigation suggested that Al-Haramain had links *1189 to al-Qaeda. FAC ¶¶ 24-26, 30. In June 2004, an OFAC official testified in Congress that in investigating terrorist financing, OFAC used classified information sources. FAC ¶ 28.

Between March and June 2004, several phone conversations took place between plaintiffs Belew and Ghafoor in the United States on the one hand and Solimán alButhi, a director of Al-Haramain located in Saudi Arabia, on the other; in these conversations, the participants made reference to various individuals associated with Osama bin-Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda. FAC ¶¶ 32-35. In September 2004, OFAC formally designated Al-Haramain as a SDGT organization and, in a press release, specifically cited “direct links between the U.S. branch [of Al-Haramain]” and Osama bin-Laden; this was the first “public claim of purported links between [] Al-Haramain and [ ] bin-Laden.” FAC ¶¶ 30-35, 39-40. The FBI and the Treasury Department have stated publicly that they relied on classified information, including “surveillance” information, to designate Al-Haramain as a terrorist organization associated with al-Qaeda and bin-Laden. FAC ¶¶ 36-43. In testimony before Congress in 2006 and 2007, top intelligence officials including defendant Keith B. Alexander stated that a FISA warrant is required before certain wire communications in the United States can be intercepted. FAC ¶ 48. In a separate criminal proceeding against Ali al-Timimi in 2005, the government disclosed that it had intercepted communications between al-Timimi and Al-Haramain’s director al-Buthi. FAC ¶ 51.

The FAC’s allegations also appear in the court’s statement of material facts not genuinely at issue in section III B, infra.

On September 30, 2008, the parties filed cross-motions. Plaintiffs moved under FISA’s section 1806(f) for discovery of evidence pertaining to the lawfulness of the alleged surveillance. Doc. # 472/046. Defendants brought their third motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Doc. # 475/049.

In support of their motion under section 1806(f), as noted above, plaintiffs submitted evidence substantiating the allegations of their FAC. In addition to numerous documents drawn from United States government websites and the websites of news organizations (exhibits to Doc. # 472-1/046-1, passim), plaintiffs submitted the sworn declarations of plaintiffs Belew and Ghafoor attesting to the specifics and contents of the telephone conversations described in paragraphs 32 and 33 of the FAC. Doc. ##472-6/046-6, 472-7/046-7.

Defendants’ third motion to dismiss (Doc. # 475/049) largely ignored the court’s prior rulings regarding FISA’s displacement of the SSP in this case and the necessity of .giving effect to Congress’ intent in enacting FISA’s section 1810. Instead, defendants reiterated standing arguments made previously (at 16-17), asserted that “the law does not support an attempt to adjudicate whether the plaintiffs are ‘aggrieved persons’ in the face of the Government’s successful [SSP] assertion” (at 27-30) and contended that the adjudication of ‘aggrieved person’ status for any or all plaintiffs could not be accomplished without revealing information protected by the SSP. As for the standard required for a plaintiff to establish “aggrieved person” status under section 1810, defendants contended that only the government’s frank admission of the unlawful electronic surveillance and active cooperation in the litigation against it under FISA would suffice. They also requested interlocutory appellate review of the court’s orders following remand. Id. at 31 .

In its order of January 5, 2009, the court ruled that plaintiffs had made out a prima *1190 facie case that they are “aggrieved persons” who had been subjected to “electronic surveillance” within the meaning of section 1810. In doing so, the court employed the analysis and standard for establishing a prima facie case of electronic surveillance used by the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Alter, 482 F.2d 1016 (9th Cir. 1973) (applying 18 USC § 3504 (a)(1)) and more recently by the DC Circuit in In re Sealed Case (Horn v. Huddle), 494 F.3d 139 (D.C.Cir.2007), a case in which, as in Al-Haramain, the plaintiff sought damages under FISA’s section 1810. In re NSA Telecom. Litigation, 595 F.Supp.2d at 1083-84.

The court explained that the approach employed in Alter was appropriate in this case arising under FISA’s section 1810 given the lack of precedent in the Ninth Circuit because the Alter test’s “stringency makes it appropriate in cases arising in the somewhat more restrictive environment where national security dimensions are present.” 595 F.Supp.2d at 1084.

The court rejected defendants’ contention that only when the government has openly acknowledged conducting warrant-less electronic surveillance of an individual can that individual establish standing to sue:

595 F.Supp.2d at 1085 (citations omitted). The court concluded: “[wjithout a doubt, plaintiffs have alleged enough to plead ‘aggrieved person’ status so as to proceed to the next step in the proceedings under FISA’s sections 1806(f) and 1810.” Id. at 1086.

The January 5 order announced several next steps in the litigation that were designed to prioritize two interests: “protecting classified evidence from disclosure and enabling plaintiffs to prosecute their action.” Id. at 1089.

The court announced its intention to review the Sealed Document ex parte and in camera, then to issue an order stating whether plaintiffs could proceed — specifically, whether the Sealed Document established that plaintiffs were subject to electronic surveillance not authorized by FISA. The court explained:

595 F.Supp.2d at 1089. The order directed the government to begin processing security clearances for members of plaintiffs’ litigation team so that they would be *1191 able to read and respond to sealed portions of the court’s future orders and, if necessary, some portion of defendants’ classified filings.

The court also directed defendants to review their classified submissions to date and to determine whether the Sealed Document and/or any of defendants’ classified submissions could be declassified. Upon completion of this review, defendants informed the court that nothing they had filed under seal during the three years in which the case had by then been pending could be declassified. Doc. # 577/078.

What followed were several months of which the defining feature was defendants’ refusal to cooperate with the court’s orders punctuated by their unsuccessful attempts to obtain untimely appellate review. Expressing alarm that the January 5 order would result in the disclosure of privileged information without the opportunity for further review, defendants sought interlocutory and direct appeal. Doc. # 544/059; 545/060. The court denied defendants’ request to certify the case for interlocutory review and the court of appeals dismissed defendants’ appeal for lack of jurisdiction because no disclosure of classified information had been ordered by the court. Doc. # 562/071 and Al-Hammain Islamic Foundation, Inc v. Obama, No 09-15266, 2009 WL 3867554 (9th Cir February 27, 2009).

In response to the court’s directive to “inform the court how [they intend] to comply with the January 5 order” (Doc. # 562/071 at 3), defendants presented three similar-sounding alternatives, all of which appeared geared toward obtaining a stay of this court’s proceedings pending review by the court of appeals. Doc. # 600/084 at 1-2. The court next ordered the parties to meet and confer regarding the entry of an appropriate protective order, noting that the United States District Court for the District of Columbia had successfully used protective orders for highly classified information in the In Re Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation, D DC No Misc. 08-0442 TFH, and that defendants had given no reason why a such a protective order would not adequately protect the classified information at issue in this case. Id. at 2 .

Next, after the United States completed suitability determinations for two of plaintiffs’ attorneys and found them suitable for top secret/secure compartmented information (“TS/SCI”) clearances, government officials in one or more defendant agencies, including defendant Keith B. Alexander, refused to cooperate with the court’s orders, asserting that plaintiffs’ attorneys did not “need to know” the information that the court had determined plaintiffs attorneys would need in order to participate in the litigation. Declaration of Ariane E. Cherlenko [NSA] in Support of Defendants’ Motion of Stay Pending Appeal and for Certification of an Interlocutory Appeal, Doc. # 545-1/060-1 at 5. Moreover, according to the parties’ joint submission regarding a protective order (Doc. # 626/089 at 35), defendants refused to agree to any terms of the protective order proposed by plaintiffs and refused to propose one of their own. Doc. # 630/090 at 3.

The court ordered defendants to show cause why, as a sanction for failing to obey the court’s, orders: (1) defendants should not be prohibited, under FRCP 37(b)(2)(h), from opposing the liability component of plaintiffs’ claim under 50 USC § 1810— that is, from denying that plaintiffs are “aggrieved persons” who had been subjected to electronic surveillance; and (2) the court should not deem liability under 50 USC § 1810 established and proceed to determine the amount of damages to be awarded to plaintiffs. The court also ordered plaintiffs to submit a memorandum *1192 addressing whether it would be appropriate for them to file a motion for summary judgment on their FISA claim. Doc. # 630/090 at 3.

After hearing argument on the order to show cause, the court directed plaintiffs to move for summary judgment on their FISA claim relying only on non-classified evidence. See Doc. # 643/096. It further ordered that if and only if defendants were to rely upon the Sealed Document or other classified evidence in response, the court would enter a protective order and produce such classified evidence to plaintiffs’ counsel who have obtained security clearances. Id.

The instant cross-motions ensued.

II

Turning first to defendants’ motion to dismiss, defendants move under Rule 12(b)(1) for dismissal of plaintiffs’ FAC arguing that: (1) plaintiffs lack standing to obtain prospective declaratory or injunctive relief with respect to alleged warrant-less surveillance under the Terrorist Surveillance Program (“TSP”) because the TSP lapsed or was terminated in January 2007 and (2) the court lacks jurisdiction to review plaintiffs’ claim for retrospective damages against the United States under section 1810 of FISA, because section 1810 assertedly does not expressly waive the sovereign immunity of the United States.

Defendants’ first argument for dismissal attacks plaintiffs’ non-FISA claims, arguing that these claims seek only “prospective declaratory and injunctive relief against alleged TSP surveillance” and that such relief is not available because the TSP ended in January 2007. Doc. # 668/103 at 18-19. This mootness argument is essentially a re-tread of standing arguments made in March 2008 that were also based on the TSP’s purported January 2007 termination. Doc. #432/017 at 17. Defendants further assert: “declaratory and injunctive relief are equitable and should for similar reasons be denied as a prudential matter.” Doc. # 668/103 at 19. But defendants’ argument rests on a mistaken premise; plaintiffs’ prayer for relief seeks various items of equitable relief, but most are not predicated on the continued existence of the TSP or other wiretapping activities. Doc. # 458/035 at 16. Plaintiffs seek, for example, a declaration that defendants’ warrantless surveillance of plaintiffs “is” unlawful, which may be construed to encompass past surveillance; and orders requiring defendants to turn over to plaintiffs, purge and/or destroy files and records containing information obtained by means of unlawful electronic surveillance. Defendants do not explain what prudential considerations would prohibit such equitable relief, and the court is aware of none.

Defendants’ second argument for dismissal is a familiar one; indeed, defendants admit that they have made it before, noting that “the Government respectfully and briefly preserves its position that Section 1810 of the FISA does not waive the sovereign immunity of the United States.” Doc. # 668/103. The court considered and ruled on this issue in its order of July 2, 2008:

In re NSA Telecom. Litigation, 564 F.Supp.2d at 1125 . The court’s view of this issue has not changed.

Accordingly, the motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is DENIED.

Ill

The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment present more substantial questions. Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides: “A party claiming relief may move, with or without supporting affidavits, for summary judgment on all or part of the claim.” Rule 56(d)(2) provides: “An interlocutory summary judgment may be rendered on liability alone, even if there is a genuine issue on the amount of damages.” Rule 56(d)(1), moreover, provides that “the court should, to the extent practicable, determine what material facts are not genuinely at issue.”

Plaintiffs’ motion seeks summary adjudication of two issues: (1) plaintiffs’ Article III standing and (2) defendants’ liability under FISA’s civil liability provision, 50 USC § 1810 . Doc. #657/099. Defendants cross-move for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ FISA claim and “any remaining claim,” arguing that: (1) the Ninth Circuit’s mandate in this case “forecloses” plaintiffs’ motion; (2) plaintiffs’ evidence is too conjectural or circumstantial to establish that plaintiffs are “aggrieved persons” for FISA purposes; and (3) all other potentially relevant evidence — including whether the government possessed a FISA warrant authorizing surveillance of plaintiffs — is barred from disclosure by operation of the SSP. Doc. # 668/103.

Of particular note concerning these motions is the principle that: “[W]hen parties make cross-motions for summary judgment, they are not thereby relieved from filing materials in opposition to the other party’s motion.” William W. Schwarzer, Aan Hirsch & David J. Barrans, The Analysis and Decision of Summary Judgment Motions: A Monograph on Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 74 (Federal Judicial Center 1991).

A

Plaintiffs have submitted twenty-eight public documents and two declarations as evidence in support of their motion. Defendants had submitted many of the same documents in support of their third motion to dismiss and for summary judgment (Doc. # 475/049) (see section III B, infra) and plaintiffs had submitted all but two of the items in support of plaintiffs’ motion for discovery under FISA section 1806(f) (see declaration of Jon B. Eisenberg in support of motion pursuant to 50 USC § 1806 (f) to discover or obtain material relating to electronic surveillance, Doc. # 472-1/046-1). Not previously submitted are the government’s so-called “white paper” by the United States Department of Justice dated January 19, 2006 under the heading “Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the [NSA] Described by the President” (Declaration of Jon B. Eisenberg (“Eisenberg Deck”) Exh. AA, Doc. # 657-5/099-5) and the amicus brief submitted in ACLU v. NSA 493 F.3d 644 (6th Cir.2007), by the Center for National Security Studies and the Constitution Project (Eisenberg Deck Exh. BB, Doc. # 657-5/099-5). These new items do not bear specifically on defendants’ alleged surveillance of A-Haramain. Plaintiffs also submit the declarations of plaintiffs Asim Ghafoor and Wendell Belew (Doc. ##657/099-6; 657/099-7). The substance of these declarations is identical to that of the Ghafoor and Belew declarations submitted in support of plaintiffs’ motion under section 1806(f). Doc. ## 472-6/046-6; 472-7/046-7.

*1194 The court has already determined, based on the body of evidence submitted with plaintiffs’ motion under section 1806(f) (Doc. # 472/046), that plaintiffs have made out a prima facie case of electronic surveillance under the standard set forth in United States v. Alter. Under Alter , “the burden was then on the government to squarely affirm or deny those charges * * * [with an affidavit that is] factual, unambiguous and unequivocal.” 482 F.2d at 1027 . In FISA proceedings, 50 USC § 1806 (f) provides a procedure by which the government may do this in camera, thus avoiding the disclosure of sensitive national security information. See In re NSA Telecom. Litigation, 564 F.Supp.2d at 1131-35 . Defendants declined to avail themselves of section 1806(f)’s in camera review procedures and have otherwise declined to submit anything to the court squarely addressing plaintiffs’ prima facie case of electronic surveillance.

Instead, defendants have interposed three arguments intended to undermine plaintiffs’ claim for relief. All three arguments lack merit.

1

First, defendants contend that “the mandate of the Court of Appeals in this case forecloses plaintiffs’ motion. The Ninth Circuit expressly held that the information necessary for plaintiffs to establish their standing has been excluded from this case pursuant to the [SSP],” citing Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc. v. Bush, 507 F.3d 1190, 1203-05 (9th Cir. 2007). The passages to which defendants refer are as follows:

Al-Haramain, 507 F.3d at 1205 .

Defendants’ enthusiasm for these passages is understandable, but the court does not agree that plaintiffs are now “foreclosed” from attempting to establish standing without the Sealed Document. It is apparent from the opinion that the court of appeals, having asked plaintiffs’ counsel whether the Sealed Document was necessary for plaintiffs to establish standing, simply did not contemplate plaintiffs’ later attempt, in light of newly-available public evidence, to build a non-classified evidentiary basis for their suit.

During oral argument on the instant cross-motions, the court asked plaintiffs’ attorney about the apparent discrepancy between his representation to the court of appeals in August 2007 that plaintiffs required the Sealed Document to establish *1195 standing and his contention in the district court in 2009 that plaintiffs could establish standing without classified evidence of any kind.

RT September 23, 2009, as amended Doc. # 712/114 4 at 26-27. Plaintiffs’ counsel responded that he had not attempted to marshal public evidence because the Oregon district court had ruled that plaintiffs could use the Sealed Document. Counsel went on to explain that there were two crucial pieces of public evidence that he had not discovered as of the August 2007 oral argument: (1) a speech given on October 22, 2007 by FBI Deputy Director John S. Pistole to the American Banker’s Association stating that, in developing OFAC’s case against Al-Haramain, “we used other investigative tools — like records checks, surveillance, and interviews of various subjects” (see Eisenberg Deck Exh. S, Doc. # 657-3/099-3 at 51) and (2) “the testimony by members of the Bush administration before Congress that told us how they intercept communications, which is they do it on a wire from routing stations within the United States, which makes it electronic surveillance within the meaning of FISA * * *.” Doc. #712/114 at 28. Counsel further expressed doubt that the court of appeals could have anticipated that the FBI would “post on the FBI’s website an admission like that.” Id. at 29.

Simply put, to deem plaintiffs “foreclosed” by part IV of the court of appeals’ 2007 opinion from building their case with later-disclosed, publicly-available evidence — especially in light of defendants’ intransigence following the court’s January 5, 2009 order and the limited progress made to date along the normal arc of civil litigation — would violate basic concepts of due process in our system of justice. Defendants’ reading of part IV of the court of appeals’ opinion fails to account for these circumstances and would lead to a crabbed result the court of appeals could not have contemplated or intended.

2

Defendants’ second major contention in opposition to plaintiffs’ motion is that defendants cannot — and therefore should not be required to — respond to plaintiffs’ prima facie case by showing that “plaintiffs’ alleged electronic surveillance was authorized by a FISA warrant, or * * * plaintiffs were not in fact electronically surveilled.” Doc. # 668/103 at 10. “[Tjhis,” defendants argue, “is precisely what was precluded by the Ninth Circuit when it squarely held that ‘information as to whether the government surveilled [plaintiffs]’ is protected by the [SSP] and is categorically barred from use in this litigation.” Id., quoting Al-Haramain, 507 F.3d at 1203-04 . Defendants’ reading of the court of appeals’ opinion would require the court to impose a result contrary to the intent of Congress in enacting FISA and, indeed, contrary to the court of appeals’ interpretation of FISA in Al-Haramain.

Under defendants’ theory, executive branch officials may treat FISA as optional and freely employ the SSP to evade *1196 FISA, a statute enacted specifically to rein in and create a judicial cheek for executive-branch abuses of surveillance authority. For example, the House Report on FISA noted: “In the past several years, abuses of domestic national security surveillances have been disclosed. This evidence alone should demonstrate the inappropriateness of relying solely on [E]xecutive branch discretion to safeguard civil liberties.” Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, HR Rep. No 95-1283 Part I at 21. See also In re NSA Telecom. Litigation, 564 F.Supp.2d at 1117-24 .

Perhaps sensitive to the obvious potential for governmental abuse and overreaching inherent in defendants’ theory of unfettered executive-branch discretion, defendants protest that “the Government does not rely on an assertion of the [SSP] to cover-up alleged unlawful conduct.” Doc. # 668/103 at 37. Rather, they assert, it does so because “[disclosure of whether or not communications related to al-Qaeda have been intercepted, when, how, of who [sic], and under what authority would reveal methods by which the government has or has not monitored certain communications related to that organization.” Id. By “under what authority,” presumably, defendants mean “whether or not pursuant to a FISA warrant” — the very heart of the cause of action under 50 USC § 1810 . This fact — the presence or absence of a FISA warrant — is something defendants assert may be cloaked by the SSP, notwithstanding this court’s July 2008 determination, pursuant to the court of appeals’ remand instructions, that FISA displaces the SSP in cases within the reach of its provisions and that “this is such a case.” In re NSA Telecom. Litigation, 564 F.Supp.2d at 1124 .

In an impressive display of argumentative acrobatics, defendants contend, in essence, that the court’s orders of June 3 and June 5, 2009 setting the rules for these cross-motions make FISA inapplicable and that “the Ninth Circuit’s rulings on the privilege assertion therefore control the summary judgment motions now before the Court.” Doc. # 672/105 at 6. In other words, defendants contend, this is not a FISA case and defendants are therefore free to hide behind the SSP all facts that could help plaintiffs’ case. In so contending, defendants take a flying leap and miss by a wide margin. Defendants forewent the opportunity to invoke the section 1806(f) procedures Congress created in order for executive branch agencies to establish “the legality of the surveillance,” including whether a FISA warrant for the surveillance existed. Rather, in response to plaintiffs’ motion under section 1806(f), defendants declined to make the submissions provided for by that section and instead asserted:

Doc. # 499/051 at 26-27 and 595 F.Supp.2d at 1088. Similarly, defendants could readily have availed themselves of the court’s processes to present a single, case-dispositive item of evidence at one of a number of stages of this multi-year litigation: a FISA warrant. They never did so, and now illogically assert that the existence of a FISA warrant is a fact within the province of the SSP, not FISA.

But the court of appeals’ opinion contemplated that the case would move forward under FISA if FISA were deemed to displace the SSP. The court of appeals did *1197 not contemplate that the judicial process should be intentionally stymied by defendants’ tactical avoidance of FISA:

Al-Haramain, 507 F.3d at 1205-06 .

At oral argument, plaintiffs’ counsel argued that the burden was on defendants to show that they had a warrant because, given that the TSP was in place “in order to evade FISA, * * * why on earth would [defendants] get a FISA warrant to perform surveillance that they believed they had no need to get a FISA warrant for?” and because knowledge of the existence or nonexistence of a FISA warrant was “within [defendants’] exclusive knowledge.” Doc. # 712/114 at 8. The court finds merit in these arguments.

In summary, because FISA displaces the SSP in cases within its purview, the existence of a FISA warrant is a fact that cannot be concealed through the device of the SSP in FISA litigation for the reasons stated in the court’s July 8, 2008 order, 564 F.Supp.2d 1109 . Plaintiffs have made out a prima facie case and defendants have foregone multiple opportunities to show that a warrant existed, including specifically rejecting the method created by Congress for this very purpose. Defendants’ possession of the exclusive knowledge whether or not a FISA warrant was obtained, moreover, creates such grave equitable concerns that defendants must be deemed estopped from arguing that a warrant might have existed or, conversely, must be deemed to have admitted that no warrant existed. The court now determines, in light of all the aforementioned points and the procedural history of this case, that there is no genuine issue of material fact whether a warrant was obtained for the electronic surveillance of plaintiffs. For purposes of this litigation, there was no such warrant for the electronic surveillance of any of plaintiffs.

3

Defendants’ third argument is essentially to quarrel with the court’s finding that plaintiffs have made out a prima facie case of electronic surveillance, asserting that plaintiffs’ “evidence falls far short of establishing that the Government conducted warrantless electronic surveillance under the TSP of plaintiffs’ conversations in March and April 2004.” Doc. # 668/103 at 28.

Because defendants’ argument rests on a faulty understanding of the parties’ burdens as discussed in the preceding section, a lengthy discussion of these points is not warranted. The following discussion of defendants’ handling of certain items of evidence is included for the sake of completeness and is intended to be illustrative. Plaintiffs must — and, have — put forward *1198 enough evidence to establish a prima facie case that they were subjected to warrant-less electronic surveillance.

Among plaintiffs’ exhibits is a memorandum from Howard Mendelsohn, Deputy Assistant Secretary at the Department of the Treasury to defendant Adam J. Szubin, Director of OFAC, dated February 6, 2008. Eisenberg Decl. Exh. Z, Doc. # 657-4/099-4. This lengthy, redacted document bearing the words “Top Secret” at the top has a stated subject of “redesignation of Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation locations in the United States (AHF-OREGON) and AHF official Solimán AL-BUTHE pursuant to [Executive Order] 13224.” Id. at 126. In it, Solimán alButhe (referred elsewhere in the record as “Al-Buthi”) is described as “the Treasurer of AHF-OREGON.” Id. at 127. The document states that “AL-BUTHE was intercepted in some four conversations with Al-Timimi” on February 1, 2003. Id. at 131. Al-Buthi, meanwhile, is alleged in the FAC to be a director of Al-Haramain (Doc. # 458/035 ¶ 34) and the individual whose conversations with Ghafoor and Belew plaintiffs allege were intercepted by means of electronic surveillance in March and April 2004. Id. at ¶¶ 32, 33 and Ghafoor & Belew Decís, Doc. # # 657-6/099-6, 657-7/099-7. These documents buttress each other, as does the published speech by John Pistole to the American Bankers’ Association admitting “surveillance” of Al-Haramain Oregon. Eisenberg Decl. Exh. S, Doc. # 657-3/099-3.

Defendants attack as insufficient each item of evidence individually, ignoring the cumulative impact of the various documents. As to the Pistole speech, they quibble: “The mere statement that ‘surveillance [ ] was used’ in investigating the connections between al-Qaeda and [Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation’s] worldwide activities establishes nothing as to who, where, when, and how any such surveillance was directed.” Doc. # 668/103 at 32. As to the al-Buthi/al-Timimi intercepts, defendants write: “That Mr Al-Timimi was the target of interception and was overheard speaking with Mr Al-Buthe * * * does not indicate that any of the named plaintiffs in this case were the target of or subject to surveillance, or where or how any such surveillance had occurred, including whether or not it was warrantless surveillance on a wire in the United States or authorized under FISA.” Id. at 32.

This argument ignores that one need not be a target of electronic surveillance to be an “aggrieved person” under FISA’s section 1801(k) but may be “any other person whose communications or activities were subject to electronic surveillance.” Section 1801(k) is quoted in section I, swpra. It also ignores that Al-Haramain is the primary plaintiff in this action and surveillance of one of its officers or directors amounts to surveillance of Al-Haramain. And there is the further point that, even assuming arguendo that al-Timimi was the original target of surveillance, a productive wiretap of al-Timimi’s conversations with al-Buthi would have led to separate electronic surveillance of al-Buthi beginning in early 2003. This inference lends credence to the allegations of Belew and Ghafoor that their conversations with al-Buthi in 2004 were wiretapped.

At oral argument, defendants’ counsel commented rather obliquely about the alButhi/al-Timimi intercept memorandum that “[t]his demonstrates that the surveillance that may have been at issue in this case did not, in fact, have to be of an individual associated with Al-Haramain, could have been of someone else, could have been other sources.” Doc. # 712/114 at 34. Counsel then asserted “[t]hat surveillance * * * could well have been authorized by the FISA. I actually believe that it was.” Id. Further embellishing *1199 their attempts to create an aura of uncertainty and mystery around plaintiffs’ prima facie evidence, defendants note: “even if the plaintiffs had been subject to surveillance (which itself is not established by the evidence cited), nothing establishes how such surveillance may have occurred.” Doc. # 668/103 at 29.

Defendants have also attacked plaintiffs’ prima facie case by arguing that some of the documents, including the al-Buthi/alTimimi intercept memorandum, demonstrate that links between Al-Haramain and al-Qaeda were suspected or known well before September 2004, the date on which OFAC designated Al-Haramain as a SDGT organization and publicly announced a connection between it and Osama bin-Laden. See, for example, Defendants’ Third Motion to Dismiss, Doe. # 475/049 at 23. But later-disclosed, formerly Top Secret information about secret investigations before 2004 cannot refute plaintiffs’ assertion that at no time before September 2004 did the government publicly assert that Al-Haramain had links to Osama bin-Laden, a fact that suggests recently-acquired information in which the government had great confidence. Alone, no single item of evidence is sufficient, but together the various pieces establish a prima facie case.

Defendants’ nit-picking of each item of plaintiffs’ evidence, their remarkable insinuation (unsupported by any evidence of their own) that the al-Buthi/al-Timimi intercepts might have been pursuant to a FISA warrant and their insistence that they need proffer nothing in response to plaintiffs’ prima facie case do not amount to an effective opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.

B

The parties’ submissions establish that there is no genuine issue as to the following material facts. These facts, most of which - are summarized from plaintiffs’ pleadings in the FAC, are annotated with citations to plaintiffs’ evidence and, in many cases, with citations to identical evidence previously submitted to the court by defendants with their third motion to dismiss purportedly for calling attention to “the ‘ inadequacy of plaintiffs’ evidence.” Doc. # 475/049 at 18 n. 4. Defendants have not disputed the authenticity or accuracy of the items of evidence they submitted with the motion to dismiss nor the veracity or credibility of any statements in declarations for the truth of any matter asserted therein; rather, they have challenged the inferences that could properly be drawn. The court rejected defendants’ legal arguments in its order dated January 5, 2009 ( 595 F.Supp.2d 1077 ) and above.

Because defendants have failed to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact warranting denial of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the issue of defendants’ liability under FISA, plaintiffs’ motion must be, and hereby is, GRANTED. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is DENIED.

IV

Among the unresolved minor issues in this litigation is that of the liability of defendant FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III in his individual, as opposed to official, capacity. The original complaint did not specify whether the four individual defendants were sued in their individual, as opposed to official, capacities but plaintiffs later asserted that “a nonspecific complaint may be characterized as alleging both official and personal capacity liability” and sought to serve defendants in their individual capacities some two years after filing the complaint. Doe. # 447/030. In its July 2008 order dismissing the complaint, the court granted plaintiffs leave, if they chose to amend their pleading, to serve “all unserved defendants” with their amended complaint within fifteen days of *1203 filing it with the court. 564 F.Supp.2d at 1137 .

In the FAC, defendant Mueller is the only individual defendant named “in his official and personal capacities.” Doc. #458/035 at 1, 2. Shortly after the FAC was filed, plaintiffs filed an acknowledgement of service relating to defendant Mueller (Doc. #463/041) and counsel appeared for defendant Mueller in his individual capacity (Doc. #460/037). There were no similar filings relating to the other individual defendants and no subsequent discussion of proceedings against any individual defendant but Mueller in the individual capacity. Mueller is therefore the only defendant against whom plaintiffs seek to proceed in an individual capacity.

In a footnote to their moving papers, plaintiffs merely note that their motion does not “address the personal liability of defendant [Mueller], who, by agreement of the parties, has not yet made an appearance in this action.” Doc. # 657/099 at 39 n. 5. At oral argument, plaintiffs’ counsel stated “at this point we believe Mr Mueller is a corollary we needn’t get to” and “we really don’t see any need to pursue that avenue.” Doc. # 712/114 at 26. The court sees no reason to allow this issue to be held open for future proceedings. The court concludes that the nature of the wrongdoing by governmental actors alleged and established herein is official rather than individual or personal. See discussion in section II, supra. The specific factual allegations against defendant Mueller, moreover, plainly concern actions taken in his official capacity: the FAC alleges that Mueller testified before Congress that he had had “serious reservations about the warrantless wiretapping program.” Doc. # 458/035 at 5.

Accordingly, the court now DISMISSES without leave to amend all claims in the FAC as to defendant Mueller in his individual capacity. Defendant Mueller will remain a party to this action only in his official capacity.

V

Finally, the court turns to plaintiffs’ request that the court make two rulings on the substantive matters before it on these cross-motions — one based on the public evidence presented, and an alternate ruling based on its in camera review of the Sealed Document. Doc. # 671/104 at 6. At oral argument, counsel argued that only with the alternate ruling would the court have made a complete record for appellate review. Doc. # 712/114 at 10-15. While the court recognizes the merit of counsel’s argument, it has concluded that including an alternative ruling based on the Sealed Document would complicate the record unduly and, perhaps, be perceived as unfair to defendants (who have refrained from submitting classified evidence in connection with this round of briefing). Accordingly, the request to consider the Sealed Document in connection with these cross-motions is DENIED.

VI

Having prevailed on their motion for summary judgment of liability on their FISA claim, plaintiffs now face a decision regarding the course of the remaining proceedings in this case. They may either: (1) take steps to prosecute the remaining claims in the FAC or (2) they may voluntarily dismiss those claims in order to take the steps necessary for the entry of judgment on the FISA claim. Plaintiffs shall advise the court, no later than April 16, 2010 and in the manner set forth below, of their election.

Should plaintiffs elect the first course— to pursue their remaining claims in lieu of seeking entry of judgment — they shall, by April 16, 2010, contact the clerk to obtain a *1204 date for a case management conference to be held not later than May 28, 2010.

Should plaintiffs choose the second course, they shall submit a request for dismissal of their remaining claims together with a proposed form of judgment reflecting: their computation of damages under 50 USC § 1810 consistent with counsel’s statements at oral argument (Doc. # 712/114 at 24-25) and that statute; their entitlement to attorney fees “and other investigation and litigation costs” under section 1810(c); and the items of equitable relief sought in the FAC to which they believe they are entitled under this order. If plaintiffs believe that further proceedings are required in order for the court to determine the quantum of damages or other specifics of the judgment, they shall so advise the court in a separate written request accompanying their proposed form of judgment.

Defendants may submit an alternative proposed form of judgment or a written response to plaintiffs’ submissions within fourteen days after plaintiffs file their proposed form of judgment. Following entry of judgment herein, plaintiffs’ motion for attorney fees and costs shall be filed in accordance with FRCP 54(d) and Civil Local Rule 54.

The parties are admonished that all future submissions to the court shall comply with paragraph 1.4 of the undersigned judge’s standing order: “Chambers copies * * * must include on each page the running header created by the ECF system.”

IT IS SO ORDERED.

. Documents will be cited both to the MDL docket number (No M 06-1791) and to the individual docket number (No C 07-0109) in the following format: Doc. # xxx/yyy.

. Under Executive Order 13224, a SDGT designation authorizes the Department of the Treasury to block assets and prohibit transactions with designated individuals and organizations.

. Pursuant to FRCP 25(d), President Barack H. Obama is now substituted for former President George W. Bush because a suit against a government official in his or her official capacity is deemed to be against the current holder of the office.

. The original transcript of the September 23, 2009 hearing was filed on October 6, 2009 (Doc. #711/107). At the stipulated request of the parties, the transcript was corrected and an amended version of the transcript was filed on February 22, 2010 (Doc. #712/114). Citations herein to the record of proceedings at the September 23, 2009 hearing are to the amended transcript.