PROCEEDINGS (IN CHAMBERS): ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING WITHOUT PREJUDICE IN PART THE MOTION TO DISMISS; ALLOWING PLAINTIFFS TO AMEND THE COMPLAINT; AND ALLOWING ALL PARTIES TO FILE DISPOSITIVE MOTIONS

Linda Kanter, Courtroom Deputy.

This is an action under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. Defendants — the Motion Picture Industry (“MPI”) Health Plan and its Board of Directors (“the Plan”) — have moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. The Court will grant the motion to dismiss with prejudice as to plaintiffs’ claim that the Plan’s “third-party reimbursement” provision is unenforceable because it was not presented and explained with sufficient clarity (“the clarity claim”). The Court will deny the motion to dismiss without prejudice, however, as to plaintiffs’ claim that the Plan’s application of that same provision should be subject to equitable defenses. On the equitable-defense issue, the plaintiffs may well be able to plead a claim under a cognizable legal theory, and should be afforded an opportunity to rectify any inadequacies in their pleading if they so choose. 1 In other words, the de *1164 fendants prevail on the clarity claim, but the plaintiffs’ equitable-defense claim survives for the time being. Finally, the Court will grant plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint and will allow all parties to file dispositive motions on a schedule set forth below.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY and BACKGROUND

Norman Mull (“Mull”) 'is a “wrangler” who resides in California, and he has been employed in the motion picture industry as a wrangler, a stunt man, and on one occasion as an actor. See Complaint filed August 3, 2012 (“Comp”) ¶¶ 3-4; see also Internet Movie Database, http://www. imdb.com/name/nm0611899. In connection with that employment, the Plan provided medical insurance coverage to Mull, his wife Danielle Mull, and his daughter Lenai Mull (“plaintiffs”), see Comp ¶ 4.

The complaint does not appear to allege that either defendant was the plan administrator. ERISA defines plan administrator as “(i) the person specifically so designated by the terms of the instrument under which the plan is operated; (ii) if an administrator is not so designated, the plan sponsor; or (iii) in the case of a plan for which an administrator is not designated and a plan sponsor cannot be identified, such other person as the Secretary [of Labor] may by regulation prescribe.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (16)(A). “[T]he plan administrator is not determinéd by the actions or responsibilities of a particular party, but by the language in the coverage documents.” Turnipseed v. Educ. Mgmt. LLC’s Employee Disability Plan, 2010 WL 140384 , *4 (N.D.Cal. Jan. 13, 2010). The plaintiffs may rectify this oversight if they choose to amend the complaint. Cf. Lynn v. PG & E Co., 2010 WL 2557383 , *4 (N.D.Cal. June 21, 2010) (“ERISA authorizes claims against the relevant plan and plan administrator. Because the complaint fails to allege that PG & E is the plan or plan administrator, it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Accordingly, the Court grants defendant’s motion to dismiss on this ground, with leave to amend to name the proper defendant or plead that PG & E is a proper defendant.”); Larson v. Providence Health Plan, 2009 WL 562815 , *5 (D.Or. Mar.2, 2009) (“[P]laintiffs’ complaint does not allege that PSH-0 is the health plan or a plan administrator. * * * [Therefore ... defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings as to ... PHS-O should be granted. If, however, plaintiffs can allege in good faith that ... PSH-O is or was a plan administrator, they may file an amended complaint....”).

Plaintiffs allege that while Lenai was entitled to medical benefits under the Plan as a dependent of her father, she sustained severe injuries in an auto accident in February 2010, see Comp ¶ 6. Lenai underwent surgeries designed to stabilize fractures, inflate a lung, and implant rods in her thighs, causing her to miss substantial time from college and to endure physical and mental pain and suffering, see id. Lenai’s accident-related medical expenses were about $190,000 as of August 3, 2012, of which the Plan paid $148,000, see id.

Plaintiffs allege that the driver who caused the accident settled Lenai’s claims against him for his liability insurance policy limit of $100,000 (“the third-party settlement”). By contrast, plaintiffs allege, “the full value” of Lenai’s “severe injuries” is about $2 million, such that her settlement with the driver’s insurance carrier did not make her whole. See Comp ¶ 7. This allegation is material to plaintiffs’ claim that the Court should let them assert equitable defenses to limit the enforcement of the reimbursement provision, such as the make-whole doctrine. See generally CGI Techs. & Solutions, Inc. v. Rose, 683 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir.2012) (“it is a *1165 general equitable principle of insurance law that, absent an agreement to the contrary, an insurance company may not enforce a right to subrogation until the insured has been fully compensated for her injuries, that is, she has been made whole.”) (citing Barnes v. Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n of Calif. H & W Benefit Plan, 64 F.3d 1389 , 1395 (9th Cir.1995)); Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Kohler, 2011 WL 5321005 , *6 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 2, 2011); accord Cagle v. Bruner, 112 F.3d 1510 (11th Cir.1997) (holding that the make-whole doctrine applies in favor of a beneficiary “where an ERISA plan neither explicitly adopts nor disavows the doctrine”); see, e.g., Providence Health Plans of Oregon v. Simnitt, 2009 WL 3713131 (D.Or.2009) (“This court ruled that a beneficiary must be fully compensated for her injuries, or ‘made whole,’ before an insurance company may enforce a right to subrogation. Further, the court ruled that the language of the ERISA plan at issue did not abrogate the ‘make whole’ doctrine. Following this ruling, the parties stipulated that defendant had not been made whole by her recovery and that judgment be entered in defendant [beneficiaryj’s favor.”).

Statutory and Regulatory Provisions Cited by the Parties, and Plaintiffs’ Theory of the Case.

As discussed below, defendants contend that the clear language of the Plan requires Lenai to turn the $100,000 third-party settlement proceeds over to the Plan, as reimbursement for its payment of medical claims on her behalf, pursuant to a reimbursement provision entitled “Claims Involving Third Party Liability” (“the reimbursement provision”) which appears at pages 49-50 of the 195-page Active MPI Health Plan Summary Plan Description (“SPD”). See generally Unisys Med. Plan v. Timm, 98 F.3d 971, 973 (7th Cir.1996) (“Unlike subrogation, which arises under state law and allows the insurer to stand in the shoes of its insured, reimbursement is a contractual right governed by ERISA and comes into play only after & plan member has received personal injury compensation. While subrogation and reimbursement may have similar effects, they are distinct doctrines.”). Defendants further contend that until and unless Lenai turns over the $100,000, the plan entitles them to deny medical claims submitted by any of the Mulls at least up to the $100,000 the Plan is owed under the provision. 2 See Comp ¶ 8. The reimbursement provision provides in pertinent part as follows:

The Plan’s Right to Recovery Reimbursement

Comp., Ex. 1 at 77-78 (emphasis added). The third-party reimbursement provision refers to a provision entitled Overpayments, which provides as follows:

Comp., Ex. 1 at 72 (SPD page 44) (emphasis added).

Yet the plaintiffs complain, unpersuasively, that the reimbursement provision cannot be enforced, as a matter of law, because it is not presented in a logical fashion that enables the average participant to find it and because somehow the average participant would be unable to fully understand the provision and how it interacts with other provisions. For one thing, plaintiffs complain, the reimbursement provision is not reflected in a separate entry in the SPD’s main index, but rather appears in a sub-index on SPD page 27. Moreover, plaintiffs complain that the reimbursement provision appears in the Coordination of Benefits section of the SPD sub-index even though it does not address coordination. Conversely, plaintiffs allege, the reimbursement provision “does not appear in close conjunction with” the summary of benefits for Hospital and Health Plan Services (SPD pp. 35-39) or in close conjunction with the Health Plan Options Summary (SPD pp. 29-33). See Comp ¶ 8.

Paragraphs 9-13 of the complaint contain legal argument rather than factual allegations, centering primarily on 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2 and-3. According to plaintiffs, both 29 U.S.C. § 1022 and accompanying regulations require that SPDs make these descriptions and explanations in a manner that can be understood by the average participant and is not misleading or incomplete. See Comp ¶ 9. Beginning with the statute itself, 29 U.S.C. § 1022 (a) provides that an SPD

In turn, the next subsection, 29 U.S.C. § 1022 (b), requires every SPD to contain information including, inter alia,

(Emphasis added.) Turning from the ERISA statute to the implementing regulations, plaintiffs contend that 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-3 (i) requires SPDs to clearly describe anything which could result in reduction or recovery of benefits that a participant might otherwise expect to receive, and to summarize any plan provisions that might eliminate benefits. See Comp ¶ 9. Indeed, § 2520'.102-3(i) requires that all SPDs include this information:

The Court now looks to the cross-referenced regulations, 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-3 (j) and (k). The regulations at 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-3 (k) and —3(j)(l) deal only with employee pension benefit plans and thus are not relevant in this case. The regulation at § 2520.102 — 3(j) (2) requires that an employee welfare benefit plan’s ■ SPD in- *1168 elude, inter alia, “a statement of the conditions pertaining to eligibility to receive benefits, and a description or summary of the benefits.” The regulation at § 2520.102 — 3(j)(2) requires that if an employee welfare benefit plan is a group health plan, its SPD must include, inter alia, “a description of: cost-sharing provisions, including premiums, deductibles, coinsurance, and copayment amounts for which the participant or beneficiary will be responsible; [and] any annual or lifetime caps or other limits on benefits under the plan .... ” (Emphasis added.)

The plaintiffs contend that the Plan’s reimbursement provision (pages 49-50 of the SPD) is a reduction or restriction of benefits which violates the aforementioned regulation because it is not clear, and because it effectively hides the reimbursement provision in a section addressing Coordination of Benefits when it does not deal with coordination of benefits. Plaintiffs further contend that the Plan’s reimbursement provision violates these regulations because it is not placed in close conjunction with the summary of benefits, nor does the summary of benefits cross-reference the reimbursement provision (which according to plaintiffs “purports to completely eliminate the health care benefits under the Plan”). See Comp ¶ 9,

Next, the plaintiffs contend that the. reimbursement provision is contrary to Ninth Circuit precedent governing the courts’ exercise of their equitable powers in ERISA cases. Specifically, the plaintiffs complain that the reimbursement provision purports to waive any equitable defenses that a participant might have against enforcement, such as the make-whole doctrine, the common-fund doctrine, and equitable apportionment, whereas the Ninth Circuit, according to plaintiffs, has held that “all equitable defenses may be raised against [a Plan]’s assertion of ERISA reimbursement claims.” See Comp ¶ 10 (citing CGI Technologies and Solutions, Inc. v. Rose, 683 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir.2012), pet. cert. filed, 81 U.S.L.W. 3114 (U.S. Aug. 24, 2012) (No. 12-240)).

The plaintiffs also complain that the reimbursement provision “fails to limit the Plan’s right of recovery to medical expenses which the Plan paid and to which ... Lenai ... recovered title in her personal injury action. Since Lenai Mull only recovered about 5% of her total damages in her settlement [$100,000 from the negligent driver’s insurance carrier compared to an alleged total of $2 million in costs caused to Lenai due to the accident], she also recovered title to only 5% of her medical expenses incurred.” Comp ¶ 10. In their brief, plaintiffs elaborate that in accordance with principles set forth in Palmer on Restitution (cited favorably by the Ninth Circuit in the ERISA case CGI, 683 F.3d at 1124 ), the Plan “would be unjustly enriched if it recovered more than the [proportion of medical expenses which Lenai Mull recovered in her personal injury [action] (presumably [$100,000 / $2 million] x $100,000 [which Lenai received from the third party] = $5,000).” Plaintiffs’ Brief filed Nov. 6, 2012 in Opposition to Motion to Dismiss (“P’s Opp”) at 5.

Plaintiffs further complain that the Plan and the SPD are contracts of adhesion which “violate plaintiffs’ reasonable expectations concerning both their health coverage and their ability to retain the proceeds of any damages they may recover for personal injuries they may suffer.” Comp ¶ 11.

Finally, plaintiffs complain that the reimbursement provision purports to authorize the Plan to hold both participants and their dependents liable for reimbursement of amounts which one participant receives from a third party. Plaintiffs contend that Supreme Court precedent prohibits such a provision in an ERISA plan. See Comp *1169 ¶ 12. Plaintiffs allege that by enforcing the unenforceable provision — i.e. by refusing to pay any of their covered expenses until it has denied claims equal to the $100,000 she received from the third party and should, in the Plan’s view, turn over to the Plan pursuant to the reimbursement provision — the Plan has caused all the plaintiffs, not just Lenai, to suffer delays in obtaining necessary care unrelated to Lenai’s injuries. See id.

The Plaintiffs’ Claims.

In Count One, the plaintiffs seek declaratory relief, see Comp ¶ 16. First, they seek a declaration that the reimbursement provision summarized at SPD 49-50 is unenforceable because it violates 29 U.S.C. § 1022 and 1132(a)(1)(B) & (a)(3) and 29 C.F.R. §§ 2520.102-2 & -3. See Comp ¶ 15. Second, plaintiffs seek a declaration that the Plan cannot use the reimbursement provision to recover from plaintiffs an amount greater than the Plan has paid, because that would not constitute “ ‘appropriate equitable relief pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3).” See Comp ¶15. Third, plaintiffs seem to seek a declaration that the Plan is not “entitled to any constructive trust or equitable lien [against Lenai’s settlement] ... because there has been no fraud or other wrongful conduct on the part of the plaintiff[s], [as] would be necessary to support such causes of action [sic].” Comp ¶ 15; cf., e.g., Mairena v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car Hosp. Ins. Plan, 2010 WL 3931098 , *9 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 6, 2010) (plan’s allegations were sufficient to state an actionable counterclaim for imposition of a constructive trust or equitable lien; “Plaintiff has not cited any authority after Sereboff indicating that the plan fiduciary must also establish fraud or wrongdoing in order to create a constructive trust or equitable lien by agreement.”).

The Prayer for Relief makes clear that the plaintiffs also seek a declaration that defendant’s putative “equitable claim for reimbursement under 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)” fails entirely for two reasons: (1) because the claim is barred by the make-whole rule and (2) because the Plan cannot demonstrate any fraud or- other wrongful conduct by plaintiffs that -would support imposing a constructive trust or equitable lien on Lenai’s $100,000 settlement proceeds. See Comp at 11 Prayer ¶¶2 & 7. Alternately, if the Court holds that defendant’s “equitable claim for reimbursement under 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3)” is barred by the federal common law make-whole doctrine, plaintiffs seek a declaration that the reimbursement claim is limited by the doctrine of equitable apportionment to its “fair share” of Lenai’s third-party settlement. Specifically, the plaintiffs seek a declaration that the Plan’s share of Lenai’s third-party settlement cannot be more than “the medical expenses to which plaintiff actually recovered title in her personal injury case.” See Comp at 11 Prayer ¶¶ 3-4.

In Count Two, the plaintiff seek injunctive relief pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3), which they say “provides that an ERISA plan participant can seek to enjoin any act or practice that violates any provision of ERISA or the terms of the plan or to obtain other appropriate equitable relief.” See Comp ¶ 18. The Prayer for Relief makes clear that plaintiffs seek an order directing the Plan to stop claiming self-help credits under the reimbursement provision and to pay all benefits otherwise due under the plan. See Comp at 12 Prayer ¶ 9.

In Count Three, the plaintiffs plead a cause of action for recovery of benefits due under the plan, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(1)(B). They contend that the Plan is wrongfully refusing to pay all plaintiffs’ covered medical expenses on the premise that Lenai has not yet fulfilled her contractual obligation to give the Plan the *1170 $100,000 she received in her settlement with the driver’s insurance carrier. See Comp ¶ 21. Count Four is a request for an award of attorney’s fees and costs should the plaintiffs prevail on counts one through three.

LEGAL STANDARD: MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

Defendants seek dismissal of all claims against them pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for “failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” To avoid dismissal, a claim “must provide ‘more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ ” In re Rigel Pharms., Inc. Securities Lit., 697 F.3d 869, 875 (9th Cir.2012) (“Rigel ”) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 , 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). The complaint’s wellpled factual allegations are assumed to be true, Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp., 552 F.3d 981, 989 (9th Cir.2009), and construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, W. Radio Servs. Co. v. Qwest Corp., 678 F.3d 970, 976 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 758 , 184 L.Ed.2d 499 (2012).

Ultimately, the well-pled factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.... ” Rigel, 697 F.3d at 875 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 ). A claim has facial plausibility for 12(b)(6) only “ ‘when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’ ” Caviness v. Horizon Community Learning Center, Inc., 590 F.3d 806, 812 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 , 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009)). “ ‘Conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences,’ of course, ‘are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.’ ” Caviness, 590 F.3d at 812 (quoting Epstein v. Wash. Energy Co., 83 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir.1996)). While “[t]he plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement’ ... it asks for' more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-78 , 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 , 127 S.Ct. 1955 ). Where a complaint pleads facts “merely consistent with” a defendant’s liability, it “stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677 , 129 S.Ct. at 1949 .

In assessing whether a plaintiff has carried its Rule 12(b)(6) burden, the Court is generally limited to the face of the complaint and its attached exhibits, materials incorporated therein by reference, and matters suitable for judicial notice, see Zucco, 552 F.3d at 989 ) (judicially noticeable matters); Autotel v. Nevada Bell Tel. Co., 697 F.3d 846, 850 (9th Cir.2012) (attached exhibits), pet. cert. filed on other grounds, — U.S.L.W. -, 2012 WL -(U.S. Dec. 3, 2012) (No. 12-688). Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201(b), this Court may take notice of “matters of public record,” Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668 , 669 (9th Cir.2001) (citing Mack v. So. Bay Beer Distrib., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir.1986)), including but not limited to publicly filed records of federal and state courts, see Smith v. Duncan, 297 F.3d 809, 815 (9th Cir.2002). In addition, the matter to be noticed must be “not subject to reasonable dispute,” either because it is “generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court” or because it is “capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R.Evid. 201(b). “Ready determination” means that the document must be readily accessible to the public. See Reynolds v. Hedgpeth, 472 Fed.Appx. 595, 598 (9th Cir. *1171 2012) (citing 21B Wright & Miller, Fed. Prac. and Proc. § 5106.1 (2d ed. 2011)).

Finally, if a claim cannot be cured by amendment, it should be dismissed without affording leave to further amend. “Although leave to amend should be given freely,” see Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a), “a district court may dismiss without leave where the plaintiffs proposed amendments would fail to cure the pleading deficiencies and amendment would be futile.” Shechet v. Kim, 481 Fed.Appx. 366, 366 (9th Cir. 2012) 3 (citing Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1041 (9th Cir.2011)); see also Harris v. County of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1135 (9th Cir.2012) (“Dismissal without leave to amend is appropriate only when the Court is satisfied that an amendment could not cure the deficiency.”) (citing Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir.2003)).

LEGAL STANDARD: REVIEW OF ERISA PLAN ADMINISTRATOR’S DECISION

“A Court reviews a denial of ERISA benefits de novo unless ‘the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.’ ” Flynn v. Sun Life Ass. of Canada, 809 F.Supp.2d 1175, 1183 (C.D.Cal.2011) (Valerie Baker Fairbank, J.) (quoting Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 , 109 S.Ct. 948 , 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989)); see also Standard Ins. Co. v. Morrison, 584 F.3d 837, 841 (9th Cir.2009) (“ ‘Ensuring that reviewing courts respect the discretionary authority conferred on ERISA fiduciaries encourages employers to provide medical and retirement benefits to their employees through ERISA-governed plans — something they are not required to do.’ ”) (quoting Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105 , 128 S.Ct. 2343, 2353 , 171 L.Ed.2d 299 (2008) (Roberts, C.J., concurring in judgment & concurring in part)). When an administrator’s benefits decision is subject to de novo review, a Court must interpret the plan documents without deferring to any party’s interpretation of the plan. See Firestone, 489 U.S. at 112-13 , 109 S.Ct. 948 .

By contrast, where the plan gives the administrator discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan, the Court reviews benefit decisions under the deferential “arbitrary and capricious” standard, which is the same as an abuse-of-discretion standard. See Sluimer v. Verity, Inc., 606 F.3d 584, 590 (9th Cir.2010). “‘A plan administrator’s decision to deny benefits must be upheld under the abuse of discretion standard if it is based upon a reasonable interpretation of the plan’s terms and if it was made in good faith.’ ” Sluimer, 606 F.3d at 590 (quoting McDaniel v. Chevron Corp., 203 F.3d 1099, 1113 (9th Cir.2000)). The question is not whose interpretation of the plan documents is most persuasive, but only whether- the administrator’s interpretation was unreasonable. See Sluimer, 606 F.3d at 590 (citation omitted).

Where the administrator labored under a conflict of interest, the abuse-of-discretion standard still obtains, but it is *1172 applied differently. As the Supreme Court has explained, where the entity that administers the plan,

MetLife v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 108 , 128 S.Ct. 2343 , 171 L.Ed.2d 299 (2008). The Supreme Court further refined the standard of review in ... Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506 , 130 S.Ct. 1640 , 1644, 176 L.Ed.2d 469 (2010), “emphasizing] that under Glenn, ‘a deferential standard of review remains appropriate even in the face of a conflict.’ ” Salomaa v. Honda LTD Plan, 642 F.3d 666 , 674 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Conkright, 130 S.Ct. at 1646). See, e.g., Day v. AT & T Dis. Income Plan, 698 F.3d 1091, 1095-96 (9th Cir.2012) (administrator did not have inherent or structural conflict of interest).

The SPD here states in pertinent part as follows:

Doc 9-2 at 5. Nonetheless, in this case the Court need not decide whether the de novo standard of review or the deferential standard of review applies. This is because the Court is called upon not to interpret a provision of the plan but to decide pure matters of law, and under no circumstance does a court defer to a plan administrator’s position on a matter of law. Indeed, the SPD itself is careful, to state that the plan administrator has discretion to interpret the plan and to decide “any factual question .... ” See also, e.g., Coffin v. Bowater, Inc., 385 F.Supp.2d 38, 49 (D.Maine 2005) (“[T]he plan administrator is due no deference in determining whether the 1999 sale of GNP resulted in a plan termination as a matter of law.”), recon. denied, 2005 WL 3021979 (D.Maine Nov. 10, 2005), aff'd, 501 F.3d 80 (1st Cir.2007); cf. Ryan v. Asbestos Workers Union Local 42 Pension Fund, 27 Fed.Appx. 100 (3d Cir.2002) (even under the deferential “arbitrary and capricious” standard of review, a court “need not defer to the Trustees’ decisions which are ‘... erroneous as a matter of law” ”) (citing, inter alia, Courson v. Bert Bell NFL Player Retirement Plan, 214 F.3d 136 (3d Cir.2000)). Namely, the court does not defer to the plan’s reading of the law on key legal issues presented by this case: (1) whether the Plan’s presentation and explanation of the reimbursement provision satisfy 29 U.S.C. § 1022 (a) and 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102 and 2520.103 and if not, whether the Court has the authority to estop the Plan from applying that provision, and (2) whether the Court may apply federal common-law equitable doctrines to limit the Plan’s application of that provision. See Sluimer, 606 F.3d at 590 (holding that plan administrator’s error of law necessarily constitutes an abuse of discretion) (citing Schikore v. BankAmerica Supplemental Retirement Plan, 269 F.3d 956, 960 (9th Cir.2001)).

DISCUSSION

ERISA’s Purpose, Structure, and Private Enforcement Mechanisms.

ERISA was enacted in 1974 to govern two kinds of employee benefit plans: wel *1173 fare benefit plans and pension benefit plans. See Pisciotta, v. Teledyne Industries, Inc., 91 F.3d 1326, 1330 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Fort Halifax Packing Co., Inc. v. Coyne, 482 U.S. 1, 8 , 107 S.Ct. 2211 , 96 L.Ed.2d 1 (1987)). The Supreme Court has observed that ERISA “is ... a ‘comprehensive and reticulated statute,’ the product of a decade of congressional study of the Nation’s private employee benefit system.” Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 251 , 113 S.Ct. 2063 , 124 L.Ed.2d 161 (1993) (citing Nachman Corp. v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 446 U.S. 359, 361 , 100 S.Ct. 1723 , 64 L.Ed.2d 354 (1980)). “Congress enacted ERISA to ‘protect the interests of participants in employee benefit plans and their beneficiaries’ by setting out substantive regulatory requirements for employee benefit plans and ‘to provide for appropriate remedies, sanctions, and ready access to the Federal courts.’ ” Aetna Health, Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 208 , 124 S.Ct. 2488 , 159 L.Ed.2d 312 (2004) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1001 (b)). The Ninth Circuit directs courts to “remain mindful that ‘ERISA is remedial legislation which should be liberally construed in favor of protecting participants in employee benefit plans.’ ” Chuck v. Hewlett Packard Co., 455 F.3d 1026, 1035 (9th Cir.2006) (quoting Batchelor v. Oak Hill Med. Group, 870 F.2d 1446, 1449 (9th Cir.1989)). On the other hand, ERISA does not mandate what kind of benefits employers must provide if they choose to have an employee benefit plan. See Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882, 887 , 116 S.Ct. 1783 , 135 L.Ed.2d 153 (1996); Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 833 , 123 S.Ct. 1965 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1034 (2003).

ERISA § 502, codified as Civil Enforcement at 29 U.S.C. § 1132 , authorizes various people and entities to bring a civil action. Section 502(a) provides that a civil action may be brought:

29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(l)-(3). The remaining provisions of section 1132(a) have no apparent relevance to this case, as those provisions either authorize civil actions by the Secretary, a State, or an employer, or *1174 pertain to specialized situations that neither side alleges is present in our case. 5

Here, there is apparently no dispute that the plaintiffs are “plan participants” as defined by 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (7). Contrast Harris v. Amgen, Inc., 573 F.3d 728, 732-33 (9th Cir.2009); Curry v. CTB McGraw-Hill, LLC, 296 Fed.Appx. 563 (9th Cir.2008) (holding plaintiffs were not plan participants). Nor is there any dispute that the defendant Plan here is an “employee welfare benefit plan” within the meaning of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (1) (any plan or fund or program which an employer establishes or maintains for the purpose of providing medical, surgical, or hospital care or benefits to its participants or their beneficiaries). Contrast Daniels-Hall v. NEA, 629 F.3d 992, 997-98 (9th Cir.2010) (union had not established ERISA employee pension benefit plan by endorsing and marketing annuities); Gonzales v. Unum Life Ins. Co., 2009 WL 3226519 (S.D.Cal. Oct. 2, 2009) (voluntary workplace disability plan did not qualify as ERISA employee benefit plan because it fell within “safe harbor” provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1104 (c) and 29 C.F.R. § 2550 .404c-l).

Plaintiffs Fail to State a Claim that Lack of Clarity Renders the Reimbursement Provision Unenforceable.

The Plan is demanding that Lenai turn over the $100,000 settlement as reimbursement for expenses which the plan has thus far covered. The Plan seeks the $100,000 pursuant to a reimbursement provision entitled “Claims Involving Third Party Liability” on pages 49-50 of the Plan’s 195-page SPD. See Comp ¶ 8. Because Lenai has not turned over the $100,000, the Plan is using “self-help” by denying otherwise-covered medical claims by Lenai or the other plaintiffs until it has denied $100,000 worth of such claims. The reimbursement provision is not reflected in a separate entry in the SPD’s main index entry, but rather appears in a sub-index on page 27. Moreover, plaintiff complains, the provision appears in the Coordination of Benefits section of the SPD sub-index even though it is not a Coordination of Benefits provision. Conversely, plaintiffs allege, the reimbursement provision does not appear “does not appear in close conjunction with” the summary of benefits for Hospital and Health Plan Services (SPD pp. 35-39) or in close conjunction with the Health Plan Options Summary (SPD pp. 29-33). See Comp ¶ 8. Finally, plaintiffs complain that the reimbursement provision thwarts the reasonable expectations that a beneficiary has upon reading another plan provision that deals with out-of-pocket expenses. They reason as follows,

P’s Opp at 13.

Generally, “ ‘ERISA seeks to safeguard the well-being and security of working men and women and to apprise them of their rights and obligations under any employee benefit plan.’ ” Peralta v. Hispanic Business, Inc., 419 F.3d 1064, 1070 (9th Cir.2005) (quoting Blau v. Del Monte Corp., 748 F.2d 1348, 1352 (9th Cir.1984)) (holding that although “there is no express statutory requirement to notify, participants in a timely fashion of plan cancellation, such a requirement is implicit in the structure and purpose of ERISA, and is more vital than the ordinary technical reporting and disclosure requirements”). “[T]he evils against which ERISA was enacted to guard [are] insecurity, lack of knowledge, and inability to police plan administration .... ” Peralta, 419 F.3d at 1070 (quoting Blau, 748 F.2d at 1352 ) (emphasis. added). In its declaration of policy goals, Congress stated that “[d]ue to the lack of employee information and adequate safeguards concerning their [employee welfare and benefit plans’] operation, it is desirable in the interests of employees and their beneficiaries ... that disclosure be made ... with respect to the establishment, operation, and administration of such plans.” 29 U.S.C. § 1001 (a).

The Ninth Circuit has held that in order to further ERISA’s “central policy goal” of “protecting] plan participants” by requiring disclosure of financial and other information, “plans must provide plan participants with an SPD, which is the ‘statutorily established means of informing participants of the terms of the plan and its benefits’ and serves as ‘the employee’s primary source of information regarding employment benefits.’ ” Scharff v. Raytheon Co. Short Term Disability Plan, 581 F.3d 899, 904 (9th Cir.2009) (quoting Bergt v. Ret. Plan for Pilots Employed by MarkAir, Inc., 293 F.3d 1139, 1143 (9th Cir.2002) and citing 29 U.S.C. § 4022 (a)). To that end, ERISA provides that the SPD “shall include the information described in subsection (b) of this section, shall be written in a manner calculated to be understood by the average plan participant, and shall be sufficiently accurate and comprehensive to reasonably apprise such participants and beneficiaries of their rights and obligations under the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1022 (a).

The text of 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2 and-3 implement and clarify section 1022(a)’s command of a clear and logically presented SPD. Section 2520.102-3(i) requires SPDs to clearly describe any circumstances which could result in reduction or recovery of benefits that a participant might otherwise expect to receive, and to summarize any plan provisions that might eliminate benefits. Both 29 U.S.C. § 1022 and the regulation at section 2520.102-2 require that SPDs make these explanations in a manner that can be understood by the average participant and is not misleading or incomplete. But the mere existence of these regulations alone does not compel the finding that plaintiffs have stated a claim on which relief could actually be granted (on their claim that the reimbursement provision is unenforceable because it was not clearly presented and explained and because it thwarts the average plan participant’s, reasonable expectations).

Plaintiffs assert that the Plan’s reimbursement provision is a restriction of benefits which violates the regulation because it is not clear, and because it counterintuitively places the provision at in a section about Coordination of Benefits when it does not deal with coordination. Plaintiffs further contend that the Plan’s reimbursement provision violates these regulations because it is not placed in close conjunction with the- summary of benefits, nor *1176 does the summary of benefits cross-reference the reimbursement provision (which according to plaintiffs “purports to completely eliminate the health care benefits under the Plan”). The Court notes that the Ninth Circuit sided with ERISA plan participants with regard to a similar argument that a preexisting-conditions exclusion was not written and presented in a manner that informed and met the reasonable expectations of the average plan participant. The Ninth Circuit recently explained as follows:

Scharff, 581 F.3d at 905 . But the Court’s review of Saltarelli reveals a colorable argument that Saltarelli is factually distinguishable from our case, because the preexisting conditions exclusion there was presented and explained far less clearly than- the reimbursement provision at issue here.

The reimbursement provision here was not unduly difficult to find, nor was it unreasonably difficult for the ordinary beneficiary to comprehend. The Court concurs with the Plan’s characterization of the clarity and import of the reimbursement and related provisions:

MTD at 8-9 (citing Ex. 1 at 77) (emphasis added).

In sum, “the SPD’s important role in disclosure goes both ways: just as employees may rely on the terms of the plan as described in the SPD, so may a clear description in the SPD put them on notice of that plan’s terms, including its clear repudiation of a claim for benefits.” Bilello v. JPMorgan Chase Ret. Plan, 607 *1177 F.Supp.2d 586, 593-94 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (citing Hirt v. Equitable Ret. Plan for Employees, 450 F.Supp.2d 331, 333 (S.D.N.Y.2006), aff 'd, 285 Fed.Appx. 802, 804 (2d Cir.2008)). The allegations in the complaint do not make it plausible that they could recover on their claim that the reimbursement provision was so unclearly presented or explained as to be unenforceable as a matter of law. Even considering the allegations and. contentions in plaintiffs’ briefs, there is nothing to suggest they will be able to state such a claim in an amended complaint, When a court concludes that amendment would be futile to save a claim, the court may properly deny leave to amend as to that claim. See Pink v. Modoc Indian Health Project, Inc., 157 F.3d 1185, 1189 (9th Cir.1998) (citing DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 186 (9th Cir.1987)).

The Plan further contends that the plaintiffs have not made sufficient allegations to state a claim for money damages and/or invalidation of the reimbursement provision based on the Plan’s alleged failure to clearly explain and present that provision. The Plan asserts that “[i]f a plaintiff is seeking to invalidate a plan or be awarded money damages based upon disclosure violations, Plaintiffs must show active concealment or some significant reliance upon or possible prejudice flowing from a faulty summary plan description.” MTD at 17 (citations omitted). As noted above, the Court has determined that plaintiffs have failed to state a claim that the reimbursement provision violated the clarity requirements of the statute and regulations. That determination obviates the need to consider whether plaintiffs could meet any additional requirement that they show reliance on an impermissibly unclear provision and harm flowing from that reliance.

For Purposes of Rule 12(b)(6), Plaintiffs Have Stated a Claim that the Plan’s Application of the Reimbursement Provision Should be Subject to Equitable Principles.

Next, the Plan seeks to dismiss the plaintiffs’ claim for equitable invalidation, limitation, or amelioration of the reimbursement provision. The Plan rests heavily on the notion that “ERISA is constructed upon th[e] basic tenet of the primacy of the written terms of the Plan” and “ERISA provides no cause of action for benefits by participants who believe the terms of the written Plan are simply unfair.” See Defendants’ Brief filed Oct. 11, 2012 in Support of Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”) at 8; see also Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Schoonejongen, 514 U.S. 73, 83 , 115 S.Ct. 1223 , 131 L.Ed.2d 94 (1995) (stating that ERISA is “built around reliance on the face of written plan documents”).

In this vein, the Plan emphasizes that ERISA section 502(a)(3), i.e., 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(3), authorizes a participant or beneficiary inter alia to bring a civil action to (A) enjoin any act which violates the statute or “the terms of the plan” and (B) to obtain any other appropriate equitable relief to redress such violations or enforce any provisions of the statute or the terms of the plan. “Nothing in ERISA,” asserts the Plan, “evidences an intent to authorize the court to override written plan documents.” MTD at 8. Discussing Count Two — wherein plaintiffs seek to enjoin the Plan from continuing to deny medical claims until it has recouped the $100,000 third-party settlement that Lenai Mill received but has not turned over to the Plan — the Plan states, “[although Plaintiffs seek to avail themselves of the civil enforcement scheme it is clearly not to enforce the terms of the plan but to have the court rewrite the plan.” MTD at 9; see also MTD at 18 (“Plaintiffs are not requesting ‘appropriate equitable relief to *1178 enforce the terms of the plan, but a declaration that the plan terms are unenforceable, as written, or that the Plan’s contractual rights, including self help ... are limited by equitable principals [sic] regardless of whether the Plan has sought ‘appropriate equitable relief under section 502(a)(3) of ERISA.”); MTD at 24 (“Plaintiffs are not seeking plan benefits, rather plaintiffs are seeking benefits in violation of the terms of the Plan.”).

But these arguments by the Plan are not conclusive at the 12(b)(6) stage; they beg the question, which appears at least arguable, whether Ninth Circuit law permits a plan participant/beneficiary to assert equitable defenses to eliminate, restrict, or offset the unjustly harsh effects of a plan’s application of a plan provision. Defendants assert that the Court may not consider equitable defenses and principles in deciding whether, how, and to what extent a plan administrator may implement a plan provision, until and unless the Plan affirmatively asks for judicial relief. Yet the defendants thus far have not shown that Ninth Circuit precedent compels that conclusion. On the contrary, the defendants cite only a Seventh Circuit decision for their position that a federal court may not consider the equities of allowing a plan administrator to enforce a plan provision without limitation “where a plan has not filed a civil action nor sought judicial relief to recover” overpayments. See MTD at 21 (citing Northcutt v. GM Hourly-Rate Employees Pension Plan, 467 F.3d 1031 (7th Cir.2006)). Consequently, defendants have not shown that the equitable-defense claim is not based on a cognizable legal theory under federal common law as it exists in this circuit:

In sum, these arguments by the Plan go to the ultimate success or failure of the equitable-defense claim, not the adequacy of those claims for purposes of the Twombly/Rvíe 12(b)(6)/Rule 8 pleading standard. It is simply not clear as a matter of law, as the plan would have it, that “nothing in ... any common law developed by the Courts under ERISA ... authorizes the intrusion into the contractual relationship between the Plan and Plaintiffs [which is] demanded by the Plaintiffs.” MTD at 9. The Court finds that the Mulls’ allegations and contentions raise their right to relief on their equitable-defenses claim above the speculative level. Accordingly, the plaintiffs have satisfied the 12(b)(6) pleading standard with regard to their claim that the reimbursement provision cannot be enforced as written because it violates Ninth Circuit ERISA precedent 6 by purporting to waive any equitable defenses that a participant might have against a plan’s claims. Plaintiffs have provided a reasonably clear and plain statement of their claim that such a waiver of participants’ equitable defenses is unenforceable under CGI Techs. & Solutions Inc. v. Rose, 683 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir.2012) (“CGI”), pet. cert. filed, 81 U.S.L.W. 3114 (U.S. Aug. 24, 2012) (No. 12-240), and they have supplied sufficient allegations and contentions to show that this claim is legally cognizable and facially plausible. See generally OSU Student Alliance v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1060-61 (9th Cir.2012) (“To avoid dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff must ‘allege sufficient factual matter to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ”) (quoting Pinnacle Armor, Inc. v. US, 648 F.3d 708, 721 (9th Cir.2011) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-78 , 129 S.Ct. at 1949 )); see *1179 also Gray v. IBEW Local 332 Pension Trust, 495 Fed.Appx. 831, 832 (9th Cir.2012) (Hug, Farris, Leavy) (“dismissal [under 12(b)(6) ] ‘is proper where there is either a lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal claim.’ ”) (quoting Hinds Investments, LP v. Angioli, 654 F.3d 846, 849-50 (9th Cir.2011)). Specifically, the majority in CGI stated as follows:

CGI, 683 F.3d at 1120, 1121 , and 1123 (internal citations omitted) (italics added). 7 *1180 As one treatise has characterized the Ninth Circuit’s decision in CGI, in a reading favorable to our plaintiffs,

Pension & Benefits Week Newsletter Vol. 18, No. 29 (RIA July 23, 2012). The CGI panel then remanded, instructing the district court to fashion “appropriate equitable relief’ pursuant to § 502(a)(3):

CGI, 683 F.3d at 1125-26 ; see generally Krieger v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 2012 WL 1029526 , *6 (D.Ariz. Mar. 27, 2012) (“The Amara Court explained that § 502(a)(3) may authorize three possible equitable remedies: estoppel, reformation, and surcharge.”) (citing Skinner v. Northrop Grumman Ret. Plan B, 673 F.3d 1162, 1165 (9th Cir.2012) (citing Amara, 131 S.Ct. at 1878-80)). As defendants note, unlike the lawsuit in CGI, this is not an action or counterclaim by a plan fiduciary against a beneficiary. See MTD at 2-3 (“[E]ven if the Plan were seeking equitable relief under section 502 of ERISA, which it is not____”). But it is not clear that our Circuit would confine CGI’s reasoning (about the availability of equitable defenses notwithstanding ERISA plan terms that purport to limit or restrict such defenses) to actions brought under that provision alone. CGI used strong language in holding that district courts retain their equitable discretion to consider a beneficiary’s equitable defenses even if a plan expressly purports to take away that discretion. In light of CGI, the Plan has not shown that plaintiffs lack a cognizable legal theory to support their claim that this Court retains its traditional equitable authority to consider equitable defenses and thereby refuse or limit enforcement of the reimbursement provision. 8

*1181 With respect to plaintiffs’ equitable-defenses claim, the Plan seems to be demanding more than Rule 12(b)(6) permits at this early stage. The motion to dismiss necessarily challenges only whether the complaint meets 12(b)(6)’s pleading standard, which is not a summary judgment standard. See, e.g., Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1214 (9th Cir.2012) (vacating 12(b)(6) dismissal) (“His allegations of deliberate indifference to his medical condition were sufficient to satisfy the pleading requirement. To the extent Appellees contest Akhtar’s ability to prove harm, that is an issue for summary judgment or trial, not a Rule 12(b)(6) motion .... ”); accord Swanson v. Citibank, N.A., 614 F.3d 400, 404 (7th Cir.2010) (discussing Iqbal’s clarification of 12(b)(6), the court stated, “ ‘Plausibility’ in this context does not imply that the district court should decide ... which version is more likely than not.”).

The Court intimates no opinion, of course, as to who will ultimately prevail on plaintiffs’ equitable-defenses claim. See Trustees of SAG-Producers Pension & Health Plans v. NYCA, Inc., 572 F.3d 771, 775 (9th Cir.2009) (“we are satisfied that the trustees have made out a colorable federal claim that properly belongs in federal court. Whether the trustees will ultimately prevail, of course, remains to be seen. At this stage, however, the district court correctly analyzed this case under Rule 12(b)(6).... ”); In re WellPoint, Inc. Out-of-Network UCR Rates Lit., 865 F.Supp.2d 1002 (C.D.Cal.2011) (Gutierrez, J.) (denying motion to dismiss ERISA claim and noting that “12(b)(6) tests only the sufficiency of the pleaded claims, not necessarily the actual availability of relief’) (citing Ehrman v. Standard Ins. Co., 2007 WL 1288465 , *4 (N.D.Cal. May 2, 2007)).

Finally, as to Count Four, a request for attorneys fees and costs pursuant to ERISA section 502(g)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (g)(1), the Court agrees with the defendants (MTD at 24-25) that requests for damages or attorneys fees and costs are not properly asserted as independent causes of action. Cf. Nelson v. Original Smith & Wesson Business Entities, 2010 WL 7125186 , *4 (D.Alaska May 18, 2010) (“The Court need not address Counts 5 and 6 for damages and punitive damages, as such claims are not independent causes of action.”), recon. denied, 2010 WL 7125187 (D.Alaska June 14, 2010), aff'd, 449 Fed.Appx. 581 (9th Cir.2011). Moreover, it is premature to consider the appropriate form of relief until and unless the plaintiffs win a judgment on one of their substantive claims. See Jarvis v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2012 WL 3647452 , *2 (D.Mont. Aug. 23, 2012) (denying motion for partial summary judgment and noting that “attorneys fees issues ... are premature at this time”); Hulihan v. Reg. Transp. Comm’n of So. Nevada, 2012 WL 2060955 , *2 (D.Nev. June 7, 2012) (“[T]his Court denied without prejudice Defendants’ Motion for Attorney’s Fees and Costs as premature because there has yet to be an entry of final judgment....”), COA den., 2012 WL 3135681 (D.Nev. Aug. 1, 2012).

ORDER

Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted [Doc. # 9] is GRANTED in part and DENIED without prejudice in part, as follows:

— The plaintiffs’ claim that the plan’s third-party reimbursement provision is unenforceable due to lack of clarity is DISMISSED for failure to state a claim.

*1182 — The motion to dismiss is DENIED without prejudice as to the remainder of the complaint.

No earlier than May 31, 2012 10 , and no later than July 31, 2012, the parties MAY FILE dispositive motions.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

This is not a final and immediately appealable order.

. In November 2012, this Court issued Orders finding the motion suitable for decision without oral argument, granting defendants leave to file an over-length reply, and granting plaintiffs leave to file a sur-reply no later than December 12, 2012 (Docs 16, 19, 20). That deadline has passed, and plaintiffs have not filed a surreply or a motion for extension of time.

. In CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, - U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1866 , 179 L.Ed.2d 843 (2011) (“Amara "), the Supreme Court overruled the Ninth Circuit’s "prior decisions that had treated SPD language as if it were an enforceable part of the [employee benefit] plan.” Skinner v. Northrop Grumman Retirement Plan B, 673 F.3d 1162, 1165 (9th Cir.2012). "In holding that the SPD language was not part of the plan, the Court made it clear that 'summary documents, important as they are, provide communication with beneficiaries about the plan, but that their statements do not themselves constitute the terms of the plan for purposes of § 502(a)(1)(B) [which is 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(1)(B)].’ ” Skinner, 673 F.3d at 1165 (quoting Amara,--U.S. at'-, 131 S.Ct. at 1878 ).

. Ninth Circuit Rule 39-3(b) provides, "Unpublished dispositions and orders of this court issued on or after January 1, 2007 may be cited to the courts of this circuit in accordance with FRAP 32.1.” In turn, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1(a) provides, “A court may not prohibit or restrict the citation of federal judicial opinions, orders, judgments, or other written dispositions that have been (I) designated as 'unpublished,' ‘not for publication,’ 'not precedential,’ 'not precedent,' or the like, that (ii) issued on or after January 1, 2007.”

. In our case, defendant Plan notes that it has not brought a civil action (or asserted any counterclaim) in its role as ERISA plan fiduciary under 1132(a)(3) or any other provision of ERISA. Cf., e.g., Mayhew v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 822 F.Supp.2d 1028 (N.D.Cal. 2011). One becomes an ERISA fiduciary by (i) exercising discretionary authority or control over the management of a plan or disposition of its assets, (ii) rendering investment advice for a fee or other compensation, or (iii) exercising discretionary authority over the administration of a plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1002 (21)(A). This definition of fiduciary “is therefore functional," Advanced Salon Visions, Inc. v. Lincoln Ben. Life Co., 2010 WL 3341803 , *4 (S.D.Cal. Aug. 25, 2010) (citing Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 262 , 113 S.Ct. 2063 , 124 L.Ed.2d 161 (1993)), and should be broadly construed, see TH & G Employees Trust v. Buster, 24 F.3d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir.1994).

. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (a)(4) (Secretary, participant, or beneficiary may bring an action for appropriate relief in the case of a violation of § 1025(c) of this title [entitled "individual statements furnished by administrator to participants ...”]. Subsections (5) through (7) authorize certain suits only by the Secretary or by a State. Subsection (8) authorizes the Secretary, employer, or other person to enjoin any act which violates § 1021(f) or to obtain appropriate equitable relief to redress such violation or enforce § 1021(f). Subsection (9) addresses insurance contracts and annuities. Subsection (10) addresses certain multi-employer plans.

. Congress "expected federal courts to develop ‘a federal common law of rights and obligations under ERISA-regulated plans.’ ” Native Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp., 696 F.3d 849, 855 (9th Cir.2012) (quoting Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 56 , 107 S.Ct. 1549 , 95 L.Ed.2d 39 (1987)). In fashioning that common law, federal courts "are guided by principles of trust law.” Standard Ins. Co. v. Morrison, 584 F.3d 837, 841 (9th Cir.2009) (quoting Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111 , 109 S.Ct. 948 ).

. Chief District Judge Beistline, sitting by designation, dissented as follows:

*1180 CGI, 683 F.3d at 1126 (D.J. Beistline, dissenting) (paragraph break added). According to WestLaw, to date, no Ninth Circuit court has discussed Judge Beistline's CGI dissent.,

. In CGI, an amicus brief in support of the certiorari petition contends, inter alia, that CGI’s application of the make-whole doctrine as a defense to an “equitable lien by agreement" remedy conflicts with Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Med. Servs., 547 U.S. 356, 368 , 126 S.Ct. 1869 , 164 L.Ed.2d 612 (2006). See Brief of Amicus Curiae Providence Health Plan, 2012 WL 4501743 , filed in U.S. Supreme Court Sept. 26, 2012.

About half a year ago, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in US Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen, 663 F.3d 671 (3d Cir.2011), reh’g & reh’g en banc denied (3d Cir. Jan. 4, 2012), cert. granted,-U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 36 , 183 L.Ed.2d 674 (2012) to determine the following similar question: “Whether ... ERISA Section 502(a)(3) authorizes courts to use equitable principles to rewrite contractual language and refuse to order participants to reimburse their plan for benefits paid, even where the plan's terms give it an absolute right to full reimbursement.” See U.S. Airways, Inc.’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari, 2012 WL 1451089 (Apr. 25, 2012) (No. 11- *1181 1285). It appears that the matter was argued before the Supreme Court on November 27, 2012. See http://www.supremecourt.gov/ search.aspx?Search=mccutchen&type=Site retrieved Dec. 13, 2012.

. Because a motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading within the meaning of Fed. R.Civ.P. 15(a), plaintiffs have a right to amend once in any event. See Shaver v. Operating Engineers Local 428 Pension Trust Fund, 332 F.3d 1198, 1201 (9th Cir.2003).

. The Supreme Court heard argument on November 27, 2012 in McCutchen, 663 F.3d 671 , which also involves equitable principles in the ERISA context. The parties should await the Supreme Court's opinion in McCutchen before filing motions with regard to the remaining claim.