(after slating the facts as above). The assignments of error present this question: Were the lands from which the timber was cut by the defendant in error “adjacent’’ to the line of its railroad, within the meaning of the act of March 3, 1875? Section 1 of the said act provides:

It is contended by the plaintiff in error that the word “adjacent,” in this section, should be construed to mean “in proximity to,” “contiguous,” or “near” the line of the railroad, and that the distance of 17 to 26 miles cannot reasonably come within such a definition. The section has been variously construed by the trial courts, but not definitely passed upon by the court of last resort. In U. S. v. Denver & R. G. R. Co. (D. C.) 31 Fed. 886 , the court construed the language of the act as intending to indicate such timber and other materials as *724 could be conveniently reached by ordinary transportation by wagons, In U. S. v. Chaplin (C. C.) 31 Fed. 890 , land was declared to be “adjacent,” within the purpose and intent of the act, when by reason of its proximity thereto it is directly and materially benefited by the construction of the railroad. And in U. S. v. Lynde (C. C.) 47 Fed. 297, 300 , the court expressed the opinion that just what should be considered adjacent land must be determined by the evidence in each particular case. The latter view has met with the approval of this court, as indicated by the opinion of Judge Hawley in Stone v. U. S., 12 C. C. A. 451 , 64 Fed. 667 , 29 U. S. App. 32. No exact definition was there attempted, the court merely holding that, “under the facts presented,” a reasonable construction of the language of the act would not permit the timber land in question to be deemed adjacent to the line of railroad of the defendant company. This decision was affirmed by the supreme court of the United States (Stone v. U. S., 167 U. S. 178, 191 , 17 Sup. Ct. 778, 42 L. Ed. 127 ), without further determining the boundary of adjacency contemplated by the act of congress. The court concurred with the view expressed in Denver & R. G. R. Co. v. U. S. (C. C.) 34 Fed. 838, 841 , that congress did not intend to grant anything like a general right to take timber from land where it was most convenient, but, other than this expression, did not attempt to interpret the language of the act, and left the decision dependent upon the particular facts presented.

. It is well settled that, while public grants are to be construed strictly against the grantees, they are not to be so construed as to defeat the intent of the legislature, or to withhold what is given either expressly or by necessary or fair implication. And to ascertain that intent it is often necessary to look to the condition of the country when the acts were passed, as well as to the purposes declared on their face, and read all parts of them together. Railroad Co. v. Barney, 113 U. S. 618, 625 , 5 Sup. Ct. 606, 28 L. Ed. 1109 . In U. S. v. Denver & R. G. R. Co., 150 U. S. 1, 15 , 14 Sup. Ct. 11, 37 L. Ed. 975 , this rule-of construction was held to be properly applicable to the act of 1875 in controversy in the present action. In that case the timber was cut from lands adjacent to the line of railway of the defendant, but was used in the construction of its road at points distant from the place at which it was taken. Under the rule of construction above stated, it was held to be the purpose of congress to aid railroad companies entitled to the benefits of the act by conferring the right to take timber necessary for road construction from adjacent public lands, and use it upon distant portions of their lines. Applying, then, this liberal construction of the act to the facts before us, we are entitled to consider that the road under construction passed through a barren, frontier country; that, according to the admitted facts, there was no suitable timber upon either side of the said road nearer than the lands in question, and that said lands from which the timber was cut were near enough and so located with reference to said road as to be directly and materially benefited thereby; that said timber could be hauled by wagon to said railroad with reasonable profit. These conditions are important in considering whether the privilege conferred by congress has been properly exercised, and whether the mutual benefits contemplated by *725 the act are likely to be realized. The case of Bacheldor v. U. S., 28 C. C. A. 246 , 83 Fed. 986 , presented a similar state of facts to the one at bar. Bacheldor, acting for the Denver & Rio Grande Railway Company, had cut timber from government land some 25 miles distant by wagon road from the line of railroad, in the construction of which it was to be used. No suitable timber could be found nearer. The trial court instructed the jury that the word “adjacent,” as used in the act of congress authorizing the cutting of timber for railroad construct ion, meant the tier of townships lying adjoining on either side of the townships upon or through which the line and right of way of the proposed railroad passed. The supreme court of the territory of New Mexico affirmed the conviction of Bacheldor, but the judgments of both courts were reversed by the circuit court of appeals for the Eighth circuit; Judge Thayer, speaking for the court, declaring that no court can say, as a matter of law, that a trespass was committed because timber was taken from a place 25 miles distant by wagon road from the right of way of the railroad, but it should be left to a jury of the vicinage to determine, under proper instructions from the court, whether the right accorded by the statute was fairly exercised, as congress intended it should be. The fact that congress did not in definite terms limit the right to take timber and other materials to adjoining townships, but used the word “adjacent,” — a purely relative term, which may be understood differently when applied to different objects or under different circumstances, — was there considered very persuasive evidence that congress did not intend to fix an arbitrary line, beyond which the right to take timber and other materials should not extend, but that its purpose was to leave such right to be governed by circumstances. It was further said:

We are in accord with this construction of the act. And while, under some circumstances, the cutting of timber from public lands at a distance of from 17 to 26 miles from the line of railroad under construction would undoubtedly be deemed a trespass, as without the meaning of the word “adjacent” in said act, the circumstances of the present case do not warrant such a holding. No injury appears to have been suffered by the plaintiff in error by reason of the act of the defendant in error. On the contrary, the land from which the timber was cut is admittedly benefited by the construction of the railroad, and, under all the conditions existing, it should be considered to be *726 “adjacent” to the line of railroad constructed by the defendant in error, as contemplated by the act of 1875.'

The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.