after stating the foregoing facts, delivered the opinion of the court.

Appellant was arrested upon a complaint charging her with being “a Chinese manual laborer * * * now within the limits of the Northern district of California aforesaid, without the certificate of residence required by the act of congress entitled ‘An act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,’ approved May 5,1892, and the act amendatory thereof, approved November 3, 1893.”

The case was heard before United States Commissioner Heacock, who found “that the said Tsoi Sim is a Chinese manual laborer, and' was born in, and is a subject of, the empire of China; that she was found within the limits of the United States, to wit, in the city and *922 county oí San Francisco, in the Northern district of California, on the 20th day of April, A. D. 1901; and that when she was so found, as aforesaid, she was without the certificate of residence required by said acts; and she has not clearly established that by reason of accident, sickness, or other unavoidable cause she has been unable to procure such certificate”; and ordered her to be deported fro,m the United States to the country from whence she came, to wit, China. The district court affirmed the judgment of deportation, and from this judgment an appeal is taken to this court. The case was heard upon a stipulation as to the facts, which, together with the statute under which the order of deportation was made, is set forth in the foregoing statement of facts.

It will, for the purposes of this opinion, be conceded that, if the arrest of appellant had been made and hearing had prior to the time of her marriage to a citizen of the United States, she would not have been .entitled to remain in this country. Does the fact that appellant was lawfully married to a citizen of the United States, prior to her arrest, change her status so as to make her residence here, thereafter, lawful ? The question is important, and deserves carefül consideration. The case is a novel one, and is different in material respects from any of the Chinese cases heretofore considered by this court. From the agreed statement of facts it appears that when appellant came to the United States there was no restriction or exclusion act which prohibited her coming. Her act in .coming to the United States was lawful ; she was at that time 3 years of age; she remained lawfully in the United States for a period of 10 years prior to the passage of the “Act to amend an act entitled an act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States,” approved May 5, 1892. The time for registration under the law expired in May, 1894. She did not register, and thereafter remained unlawfully in the United States, subject to be deported to China at any time, up to the time of her marriage, unless her infancy could be considered as a legal excuse for her not registering,—a question which will not be discussed. There being no authoritative cases directly in point, we must seek by the analogy of other cases,—and especially the decisions of the courts, under the different statutes relative to the right of Chinese persons' to come into the United States,—and by independent reasoning, for the principles of law which should govern and control this case. If she had been the daughter of a merchant, she would have been entitled to remain in the United States without being registered. In Re Chung Toy Ho (C. C.) 42 Fed. 398 , 9 L. R. A. 204, Judge Deady held that the wife and children of a Chinese merchant who is entitled, under article 2 of the treaty of 1880 and section 6 of the act of 1884, to come within and dwell in the United States, are entitled to come into the United States with him, or after him, as such wife and children, without the certificate prescribed in said section 6. In the course of the opinion, after referring to the treaty with China, the court said :

In U. S. v. Gue Lim, 176 U. S. 459, 464 , 20 Sup. Ct. 415, 44 L. Ed. 544 , the court called attention to the fact that there had been a difference of opinion in the lower courts as to the true construction to be given to the treaty and the acts of congress, and after citing several cases 'said:

The opinion concludes with the statement that:

These cases recognize the principle that the domicile of the parents is the domicile of the children, and that the status of the wife is fixed by the status of the husband. That the domicile of the husband is the domicile of the wife is well settled; it was 'so expressly held in Anderson v. Watts, 138 U. S. 694, 706 , 11 Sup. Ct. 449, 34 L. Ed. 1078 . In that case the court said:

See, also, 10 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 32, and authorities there cited.

There are exceptions to this general rule, not applicable to this case, where the wife has been deserted by her husband; it being held in such cases that she might establish a separate and independent domicile. Town of Watertown v. Greaves, 50 C. C. A. 172 , 112 Fed. 183, 187 .

Counsel for the United States rely upon the decision of this court in U. S. v. Chu Chee, 35 C. C. A. 613 , 93 Fed. 797, 804 . The facts in that case are readily distinguishable from the case at' bar. There the defendants were the sons of a Chinese laborer residing in China, and *924 they came to the United States for the purpose of receiving an education as students, and were permitted to land upon presenting a consular’s certificate which did not comply with the laws. After their arrival, they attended the public and private schools in this country; their status during all this time was that of their father; they were Chinese laborers, and were unlawfully in this country, and so continued up to the time of their arrest, and, not having the certificate as required by section 6 of the act of May 5, 1892, as amended by the act of November 3, 1893, were not entitled to remain in this country. In that case it was contended, upon the part of the defendants, that the status of Chinese aliens domiciled in the United States must be determined according to their status at the time of arrest, and not at the time of entry, and that, upon being arrested, it was competent for them to show, by affirmative proof, that they were students engaged in acquiring an education in our schools, and, being so engaged, they were not members of the prohibited class, and not subject to deportation. In reply to this contention, the court said:

This language must, of course, be construed with reference to the particular facts of that case. The appellant in the present case lawfully came to the United States, and remained here lawfully up to the time of the passage of the law requiring Chinese laborers in this country • to procure the certificate of registration. After that time, and before her marriage, we shall assume, for the purposes of this opinion, that, . although a female and an infant, she was subject to deportation, notwithstanding the expression used by Deady, Judge, in Re Chung Toy Ho, supra, that “it is' common knowledge that Chinese women are not laborers.” She bases her right to remain in this country upon the; ground that, at the time of her arrest, she was the lawful wife of an. American citizen. Wa's it the intention of congress to separate a wife from her husband upon any such ground? Appellant had committed: no crime. The supreme court in Fong Yue Ting v. U. S., 149 U. S. 698, 730 , 13 Sup. Ct. 1016, 37 L. Ed. 905 , said:

See, also, U. S. v. Wong Dep Ken (D. C.) 57 Fed. 206 ; In re Sing Lee (D. C.) 54 Fed. 334 ; Wong Wing v. U. S., 163 U. S. 228 , 16 Sup. Ct. 977, 41 L. Ed. 140 .

*925 Appellant did not come to this country fraudulently, or in violation of any law. She did not get married in order to evade deportation. Her marriage was not fraudulent, but lawful, and in accordance with the usages and customs of our law. Whatever effect her error of omission in failing, during a few years of her infancy, to obtain a certificate of registration, if any she was entitled to, it certainly did not deprive her of the right to marry an American citizen lawfully domiciled in this country. This she did. By this act, her status was changed from that of a Chinese laborer to that of a wife of a native-born American. Her husband is not before the court, but his rights, as well as hers, are involved. The law is well settled that one born in the United States of Chinese parents who were permanently domiciled here, though an alien, is a citizen of the United States, and cannot be excluded therefrom, or denied the right of entry. Lee Sing Far v. U. S., 35 C. C. A. 372 , 94 Fed. 834, 836 ; U. S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S. 649, 705 , 18 Sup. Ct. 456, 42 L. Ed. 890 . It being the law that the wife and children of a Chinese merchant are permitted to remain in this country because the domicile of the wife and children .is that of the husband and father, as was expressly held in Re Chung Toy Ho, and approved by the supreme court in U. S. v. Gue Lim, supra, upon what method of legal reasoning can it be held that the •wife of an American citizen is not entitled to the same “rights, privileges, and immunities” under the law? The Chinese merchant does not stand upon a higher plane than the Chinaman who is born of ■parents, of Chinese descent, having a permanent domicile and residence in the United States. On the contrary, the native born, by virtue of his birth, becomes a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to greater rights and privileges than the alien merchant. The wife has the right to live with' her husband; enjoy his society; receive his support and maintenance and all the comforts and privileges of the marriage relations. These are her, as well as his, natural rights. By virtue of her marriage, her husband’s domicile became her domicile, ■and thereafter she was entitled to live with her husband, and remain in this country. Ifi volume 3, Treasury Decisions (Jan.-Dee. 1900), appears a letter by the assistant secretary to the collector of customs, San Francisco, upon this question, as follows:

It is true that the views of this department do not reach the standard of judicial decisions, but are entitled to great respect, and are here given for the persuasive and sound reasoning therein contained. In arriving at the conclusion stated, we are not opening the door for the commission of fraud, or departing from the true construction of the statute. Conceding that, by applying the literal language of the ■statute, it might be held that she should be deported, yet is it not evident that such a construction would necessarily lead to ábsurd results without any benefit to the United States? The object and intent of the law was to deport Chinese not entitled to remain. If appellant was to be deported, she would have the unquestioned right to immediately return, and would be entitled to land, and remain in this country, upon the sole ground that she is the lawful wife of an American citizen.

Is it not manifest that congress never intended by the passage of the law to have it apply to a case like the present? Óne of the cardinal rules as to the interpretation of statutes is that they should receive a sensible construction. In U. S. v. Kirby, 7 Wall. 482, 486 , 19 L. Ed. 278 , Mr. Justice Field, in speaking for the court, said:

Applications of this rule have been made under a great variety of circumstance's and conditions. Oates v. Bank, 100 U. S. 239, 244 , 25 L. Ed. 580 ; Lau Ow Bew v. U. S., 144 U. S. 47, 59 , 12 Sup. Ct. 517, 36 L. Ed. 340 ; Holy Trinity Church v. U. S., 143 U. S. 457 , 12 Sup. Ct. 511, 36 L. Ed. 226 ; Lee Kan v. U. S., 10 C. C. A. 669 , 62 Fed. 914, 918 ; U. S. v. Hogg, 50 C. C. A. 608 , 112 Fed. 909, 912 , and authorities there cited. The common sense of mankind approves the judgment mentioned by Puffendorf, that the Bolognian law which enacted “that whoever drew blood in the streets should be punished with -the utmost severity,” did not extend to the surgeon who opened the vein of a person that fell down in the street in a fit. The same common sense accepts the ruling, cited by Plowden, that the statute of 1st Edward II, which enacts that a prisoner who breaks prison shall be guilty of a felony, does not extend to a prisoner who breaks out when the prison is on fire, “for he is not to be hanged because he would not stay to be burnt.” Yet in each of these cases the defendant came within the strict letter of the law. In U. S. v. Kirby, the court held that:

More directly applicable to this case is that of Holy Trinity Church v. U. S., 143 U. S. 457, 460, 472 , 12 Sup. Ct. 511, 36 L. Ed. 226 . *927 There the Holy Trinity Church, a corporation in New York, made a contract with one Warren, a rector of the Church of England, under which he was to remove to the city of New York, and enter the service of the corporation as rector and pastor of its church. In pursuance of this contract, Warren came to this country, and entered upon such service. Suit was thereafter brought by the United States against the corporation to recover the penalty of $1,000, it being claimed that the contract was in'violation of the provisions of the act of congress of February 26, 1885 ( 23 Stat. 332 ), “to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States.” The circuit court held that the corporation was liable to the penalty prescribed by the act, and that the words “labor or service” of any kind cannot be given a restricted meaning, so as to exclude the vocation of a minister of the gospel, in view of the proviso which plainly signifies that they are intended to apply to all who labor in any professional callings not specially exempted. U. S. v. Church of the Holy Trinity (C. C.) 36 Fed. 303 . In so deciding, the court followed the strict letter of the law. But the supreme court took a different view. The opinion is very able and quite lengthy. The court, among other things, took especial pains to prove “that this is a Christian nation,” and asked, in the face of this and other facts: “Shall it be believed that a congress of the United States intended to make it a misdemeanor for a church of this country to contract for the services of a Christian minister residing in another nation ?” and, at the close of the opinion, said:

The judgment of the district court is reversed, and cause remanded, with instructions to enter an order for appellant’s discharge.