This case is before the court upon a writ of error to the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of California.

Plaintiffs in error (plaintiffs below) are the trustees in dissolution of the Valley Pipe Line Company, dissolved April 21, 1919, by decree of the superior court of the city and county of San Francisco.

The defendant in error, Justus S. Wardell, was collector of internal revenue for the First district of California prior to November, 1917, and up to December 31, 1920. John L. Flynn and John P. McLaughlin, the other defendants in error, have been the successors in office of the said Wardell,. and were made defendants by the court in succession by orders of substitution.

This action was brought by the trustees of the Valley Pipe Line Company against Wardell, as collector of internal revenue, to recover $100,474.67, the aggregate of 14 monthly assessments of taxes levied, assessed, and- collected from the Valley Pipe Line Company upon the transportation of oil by that company for the months of November and December, 1917, and January to December,, inclusive, 1918, under subdivision (d) of section 500 of the War Revenue Act of October 3, 1917 ( 40 Stat. 314 ). The act provides:

A claim for the refund of these taxes was made to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and denied. Thereupon this action was commenced in the District Court, resulting in a judgment and nonsuit, from which this writ of error is prosecuted.

Plaintiffs in error contend that the pipe line transportation features of the War Revenue Act of October 3, 1917, do not authorize the imposition of this tax; that the tax is limited by the statute to public util *787 ity corporations, basing that claim in part upon the terms of the subtitle carrying the taxing clause referred to. The subtitle is “Title V,” providing a “War Tax on Facilities Furnished by Public Utilities.”

The plaintiffs in error contend that as the Valley Pipe Line was a mere subsidiary corporation by which the Shell Company of California operated its own pipe line, it was not a public utility.

On the books of the Valley Pipe Line Company a monthly charge was made against the Shell Company of California for oil transported by its pipe line. The aggi-egate of these monthly charges for the period from November 1, 1917, to December 31, 1918, amounted to such a sum that a tax equivalent to 5 per centum of the amount so stated is the sum of $100,474.67, the amount assessed and paid by the Valley Pipe Line Company to the collector of internal revenue.

The antecedents of the Valley Pipe Line Company and the Shell Company of California and their relations to each other and to other corporations is set out in detail in the evidence; but we think it will be sufficient if we confine ourselves, for the present, to the consideration of the relations of these two corporations with each other and with the other corporations named during the period involved in this assessment.

The Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, Limited, a British corporation, owned the entire capital stock of the California Oil Fields, Limited, and the entire capital stock of the Shell Company of California, organized under the laws of California on January 30, 1915.

The California Oil Fields, Limited, owned and operated the oil fields at Coalinga, Cal. The Shell Company owned a refinery plant at Martinez, Cal. The Valley Pine Line Company was organized under the laws of California on April 17, 1914.

During the period involved in this assessment, the Shell Company owned all the capital stock of the Valley Pipe Line Company except the qualifying shares held by the directors of the latter company. The Valley Pipe Line Company owned and operated the pipe line connecting the oil fields at Coalinga with the refinery plant of the Shell Company at Martinez, Cal. The distance between the Coalinga oil fields and the refinery at Martinez is 170 miles. The pipe line crosses the state highway at certain points, but nowhere parallels it.

During the period involved in this assessment, the operations of the pipe line and the relations between the Valley Pipe Line Company and the Shell Company of California were as follows:

The books of the Valley Pipe Line Company were kept in the offices of the Shell Company by employees of the latter company, and the Shell Company made a book charge for this service to the Valley Pipe Line Company of $2.500 a month. The Valley Pipe Line Company, however, had its own field organization and its own employees for its field operations, and for the actual field management and operation of the pipe line. For taking care of its expenses in this regard it had its own account in the Anglo & London-Paris National Bank. Its field employees were paid by checks upon this bank. The vouchers from the field came into the office of the Shell Company in San Francisco and were audited by Shell Company employees, and primarily by one *788 G. F. Gordon, the chief accountant of the Shell Company in its San Francisco office, and after having been O. K.’d by him, were passed on to officers of the Shell Company (who were also officers of the Valley Pipe Fine Company) and were vised by the latter. The latter then signed checks upon the account of the valley Pipe Fine Company on the Anglo & Fondon-Paris National Bank, in payment of these accounts. The items thus paid are shown in the journal and ledger of the Valley Pipe Line Company.

From time to time, as the funds of the Valley Pipe Line Company in the account at the Anglo & London-Paris National Bank (and this account contained all of the funds which said Valley Pipe Line Company had anywhere with the exception of petty cash held in the field which originated from this account) would become depleted, the fact would be called to the attention of the officers of the Valley Pipe Line Company who were also officers of the Shell Company, and a sufficient amount to meet the requirements of the Valley Pipe Line Company would thereupon be deposited by the Shell Company in the account of the Valley Pipe Line Company at the Anglo & London-Paris National Bank. These amounts would be carried into the books of the Valley Pipe Line Company as a credit to the Shell Company.

The books of the Valley Pipe Line Company therefore showed as charges against the Shell Company the amounts charged each month for transporting oil, and as credits, the amounts advanced by the Shell Company to the Valley Pipe Line Company to carry on its operations; also, numerous little miscellaneous items on one side or the other.

Were these transactions between the Shell Company and the Valley Pipe Line Company of such a character that they constituted in law (and specifically the War and Revenue Act of October 3, 1917) the transactions of a single corporation, dealing with its own property in its own way; or were they the transactions of two independent corporations dealing co-operatively with each other with respect to the transportation of oil, an article of commerce?

In Pullman Palace Car Co. v. Missouri Pacific Co., 115 U. S. 587 , 6 Sup. Ct. 194, 29 L. Fd. 499, suit was brought by the Pullman Car Company in the United States Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Missouri to enjoin the Missouri Pacific Company from discontinuing the use of the drawing-room and sleeping cars of the Pullman Company on the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company in the transportation of passengers; from refusing to haul such cars on passenger trains running on such line; and from contracting with any other person for supplying like cars for that use.

The Circuit Court dismissed the bill on demurrer, and the Pullman Car Company appealed.

The Pullman Car Company had a written contract with the Missouri Pacific to furnish the latter with drawing-room and sleeping cars sufficient to meet all the requirements of travel, and the Missouri Pacific Company agreed to haul the same on the passenger trains on its own line of road and on all roads which it then controlled, or might thereafter control, by ownership, lease, or otherwise. The railway ■company also agreed that the Pullman Company should have the ex- *789 elusive right for a term of years not then expired to furnish for the use of the railway company drawing-room or parlor and sleeping' cars on all the passenger trains of the railway company, and over its entire line of railway, and on all roads which it controlled, or might thereafter control, by ownership, lease, or otherwise, and that it would not contract with any other party to run said class of cars and over said lines of road during the period of the lease.

After the making of this contract, the Missouri Pacific had consolidated with itself certain other companies under the laws of Missouri, retaining its former name. The consolidated company assumed all the obligations of the separate consolidating companies, and continued to use and operate the former road together with other consolidated lines.

The Missouri Pacific Company had become the owner of all but 1195 of the 220,682 shares of the capital stock of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company. Five of the directors of the Missouri Pacific were also directors in the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company, and the two roads were operated under the same general management. The general offices of the two companies were kept together, and both roads were managed substantially by the same persons.

The bill alleged that this ownership by the Missouri Pacific Company was with the intent and purpose of controlling the management and administration of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company, and for the purpose of subordinating in effect the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company and the Missouri Pacific Company to the same management and control and of running and operating said roads as one line and in the interest of Missouri Pacific Company. The demurrer admitted to be true all facts stated in the bill which were well pleaded.

The question was whether the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company was controlled by the consolidated Missouri Pacific Company within the meaning of the contract and the law governing corporate relations.

The court was of the opinion that the railroad of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company was not controlled by the Missouri Pacific in such a way as to require that company to haul the Pullman cars over it if the contract was binding on the new company to the same extent it would be on the old, were that company still in existence and standing in the place of the new.

The court said further:

It was held by the Supreme Court that the Missouri Pacific Company did not control the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Company with respect to the hauling of the drawing-room and sleeping cars of the Pullman Company. The decree of the Circuit Court, dismissing the bill, was accordingly affirmed.

In the more recent case of Peterson v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 205 U. S. 364 , 27 Sup. Ct. 513, 51 L. Ed. 841 , action was brought by the plaintiff in error against the defendant in error (afterwards referred to as the Pacific Company) upon a certificate from the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Texas, raising the question of jurisdiction of the latter court over the action. The Pacific Company was an Illinois corporation. The charge was that that company was engaged in carrying on its business in the state of Texas in the name and through the Chicago, Rock Island & Gulf Railroad, a corporation of the state of Texas, which latter company, it was alleged, was an auxiliary corporation, and agent of the plaintiff, and was then and there dominated and controlled by the Pacific Company; its lines of railroad being operated by the Pacific Company as part of the Rock Island system.

It was held by the Supreme Court that the Pacific Company was not doing business in the state of Texas simply because another railroad, of which it owned practically the entire capital stock, did do business therein. The latter was a separate legal entity, authorized under the laws of Texas, and legitimately carrying on business there. The Circuit Court was accordingly without jurisdiction in the case.

The plaintiffs in error cite the case of Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe, 247 U. S. 330 , 38 Sup. Ct. 540, 62 L. Ed. 1142 , and the case of Gulf Oil Corporation v. Lewellyn, 248 U. S. 71 , 39 Sup. Ct. 35, 63 L. Ed. 133 , as holding a different view.

We do not think that these two cases are open to such construction. On the contrary, we are of the opinion that they in effect affirm and supplement the Pullman and Peterson Cases from a different point of view. In both cases the questions in controversy arose under the federal Income Tax Act of October 3, 1913 (38 Stats. 114, 166), and related to dividends accumulated prior 'to the act.

In the first case, the Southern Pacific Company, owning all the cap *791 ital stock of the Central Pacific Company, and in the actual physical possession of the railroads and all other assets of the Central Pacific Company and in charge of all of its operations, brought suit to recover from Lowe, the collector of internal revenue, a tax assessed against it and paid upon certain dividends received by the Southern Pacific Company from the Central Pacific Company, the subsidiary corporation, in the early part of the year 1914, but which were in fact paid out of the surplus accumulated by the Central Pacific not only prior to the effective date of the act (March 1, 1913), but prior to the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (February 25, 1913), authorizing the taxation of the income from property without apportioning the tax among the states according to population.

The dividends were declared and paid the Southern Pacific Company during the first six months of the year 1914; but as the surplus out of which the dividends were paid had been accumulated by the Central Pacific Corporation prior to January 1, 1913, the payment in 1914 was held to be only constructive, being carried into effect by bookkeeping entries which simply reduced the apparent surplus of the Central Pacific and reduced the apparent indebtedness of the Southern Pacific to the Central Pacific by precisely the amount of the dividends.

The court held that the accumulations, having accrued to the Central Pacific through earnings before the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment and the effective date of the Income Tax Act of 1913, would be regarded as its capital, and not as income for the purpose of the act, and that such dividends were not taxable'as income of the share holding company prior to the effective date of the Income Tax Act of 1913.

This is a clear and distinct recognition of the fact that the two corporations were separate and independent of each other for taxation purposes, and that the real transaction, as shown by the books of the Central Pacific Company (Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe, [D. C.] 238 Fed. 847, 849 ), was the fact that the dividends sought to be taxed against the Southern Pacific Company in 1914 had been paid out of the surplus earnings of the Central Pacific Company which had accrued prior to June 30, 1909. In other words, the real transaction was that of the subsidiary company.

In the second case, the Gulf Oil Corporation was a holding company, owning all the stock in certain other corporations, except the qualifying shares held by the directors.

Prior to January 1, 1913, the earnings of the subsidiary companies had been used in common by the several subsidiary companies in the acquisition of property and in carrying on the business.

About March 1, 1913, such accumulated earnings in prior years were taken over by the holding corporation in the form of dividends declared by the several subsidiaries, equal in amount to their respective interests. It was held by the Supreme Court, as in the case of the Southern Pacific Company, that such dividends were not taxable as income under the Act of October 3, 1913, where the earnings of the subsidiary companies had accrued before the tax year and had prac *792 tically become capital, citing Lynch v. Turrish, 247 U. S. 221, 228 , 38 Sup. Ct. 537, 62 L. Ed. 1087 . Here again we have the recognition of the separate and independent character of dominant and subsidiary corporations for the purpose of taxation. And the real transaction was that of the subsidiary corporations. Applying that rule here, we find that the real transaction was that of the Valley Pipe Line Company, confirmed by the entries in the books of the company.

It .seems very plain that these latter cases do not, in any way, modify the decision of the Supreme Court in the Pullman and Peterson Cases; but, on the contrary, reaffirming them from a point of view that makes all four cases indisputable authority in the present case.

The opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Walker v. Gulf & I. R. Co. of Texas, 269 Fed. 885 , is in substance to the same effect. The latter case is also an authority dealing more directly with the question involved in the present case.

It is next contended by the plaintiffs in error that the subtitle of the statute imposing this war revenue tax limits its scope to public utilities. We do not think it is necessary to resort to the subtitle of this statute for its correct interpretation. When the meaning of an act of Congress is ambiguous, resort may be had to the title, as .well as to any other feature of the act, to remove such ambiguities; but when the intent is plain and the language of the statute clear and unambiguous, nothing is left to construction. The cases are numerous in the federal courts, as well as elsewhere, supporting this rule, and need not be cited. We think the taxing clause in this statute is perfectly plain and needs no construction to determine that it is not so limited. But we pass that question because we think it can be satisfactorily determined that the Valley Pipe Line was a public utility furnishing facilities for the transportation of oil and therefore within the express terms of the statute.

What constitutes a public utility has been a subject of comprehensive legislation by the state of California.

In section 1 of the act of the Legislature, approved December 23, 1911, relating to Public Utilities (Stats, of California, Extra Session, 1911, p. 18), it is provided:

In section 2, par. (m), of the same act, it is provided:

In paragraph (bb) of the same section, page 22, it is provided:

*793 In section 2 of the act of Legislature approved June 4, 1913, in effect August 10, 1913 (Stats, of California 1913, pp. 657, 658), it is provided:

In section 3, St. 1913, p. 533, it is provided:

When the Valley Pipe Line Company was incorporated under the laws of the state of California on April 17, 1914, and the Shell Company was incorporated under the same laws on January 30, 1915, these acts of the Legislature were on the statute books of the state in full force and effect, and became as much a part of the articles of incorporation of the two companies as though they had been written thereon.

In Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas, 177 U. S. 28, 43 , 20 Sup. Ct. 518, 524 ( 44 L. Ed. 657 ), the Supreme Court, referring to a foreign corporation in the state of Texas, said: '

We must presume, therefore, that the Valley Pipe Line Company constructed its pipe line from the oil fields of Coalinga to the refinery at Martinez, a distance of 170 miles, for the purpose of transporting oil as a common carrier under the provisions of the Public Utilities Act, and that the transportation here in question was so carried on, and this presumption is not overcome by the claim that the pipe line was engaged only in transporting oil for the Shell Company (owning all the stock of the Valley Pipe Line Company), and not for the public.

But assuming that the Shell Company, by reason of its ownership of the stock of the Valley Pipe Line Company, was in fact transporting oil for itself alone, then under section 501 of the War Revenue Act we find that it was subject to a tax equivalent to the tax imposed by section 500 of the act. That section is as follows:

It does not appear that the transportation comes within the exceptions mentioned in any of the provisos contained in the section. The tax is constitutional. Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U. S. 41 , 20 Sup. Ct. 747, 44 L. Ed. 969 ; McCray v. United States, 195 U. S. 27 , 24 Sup. Ct. 769. 49 L. Ed. 78 , 1 Ann. Cas. 561; Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U. S. 107 , 31 Sup. Ct. 342, 55 L. Ed. 389 , Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1312; Billings v. United States, 232 U. S. 261 , 34 Sup. Ct. 421, 58 L. Ed. 596 . _

_ Judgment of the District Court is affirmed.