(after stating the facts as above). The plaintiff assigns error to the ruling of the trial court that all the demands of the plaintiff which accrued prior to 1917 were barred by the statute of limitations. We are not required to discuss the assignment for the reason that the ruling of the court, whether erroneous or not, could have had no effect upon the determination of the case; the jury having found against the plaintiff on his later claims of the same kind which were not barred by the statute. If there was error, it was harmless. The same is true of the assignment that the court .erred in ruling that Miller’s action in seconding the motion for the payment of the 5 per cent.' commission to the defendant and voting for the same estopped him, and his assignee the plaintiff, to assert that the allowance of that commission was illegal and unauthorized, for the plaintiff presented in this third cause of action a demand of the same nature as that which was assigned to him by Miller, and which was unaffected by the question of an estoppel, and the jury upon that demand found in favor of the defendant.

*22 Error is assigned to the court’s refusal to instruct the jury that the trustees alone had the power to fix the salary of its officers, and that if the defendant collected $18,000 from the accumulated profits of the corporation without a prior resolution from the board of trustees authorizing him to do so, the plaintiff would be entitled to recover on his first and second causes of action. The instruction so requested leaves out of consideration some of the testimony in the cáse. There was evidence tending to show that before the services were rendered, there was a resolution authorizing the payment to the defendant of 2% per cent, on the dividends. The plaintiff’s contention that the 2y2 per cent, commission was paid only on authority from the advisory committee is not sustained by the record. It is true that there was testimony that in January, 1912, when the plaintiff asked the defendant for some authority for the 2% per cent, payment, the defendant wrote that by virtue of a resolution of the advisory board passed at its annual meeting January, 1911, the plaintiff was voted 2% per cent, as a bonus on all dividends declared in addition to his salary. But in addition to this there was evidence that the 2% per cent, commission was set forth in the annual reports which were approved by the board of trustees and by the stockholders annually, and there was evidence that at the meetings of the trustees each year after the adjournment of the stockholders’ meetings, the 2% per cent, commission was authorized prior to the rendition of the services for which it was paid.

We find no error in the refusal to instruct the jury that the defendant while acting as trustee could not recover pay for past services, in the absence of some express provision therefor by statute, charter, or by-laws, or some agreement to that effect made and entered into before the services were rendered. The corporation was dissolved after having conducted its business for a period of about 19 years. It had offices at Tacoma, Wash., and branches in Alaska, British Columbia, and Scotland. It owned ranches in Alberta. It had 5,000 head of cattle. It raised large crops of wheat. It owned and operated steamers and cold storage plants. The president was not by the bylaws made the manager of the corporation. The liquidation of the assets was a matter entirely distinct from the management of the corporation. There was evidence that the services rendered by the defendant were of a value much greater than the sum which was paid him, that the liquidation was very ably managed, that it was all done under the immediate direction of the defendant, and that it was wholly outside of the scope of his duties as fixed by the by-laws. In Blom v. Blom Codfish Co., 71 Wash. 41 , 127 Pac. 596 , the Supreme Court of Washington affirmed the general rule that where a president of. a corporation renders services as a general manager with the consent of the other officers, he may recover on an implied contract for such services without any express contract therefor. In Fitzgerald Const. Co. v. Fitzgerald, 137 U. S. 98 , 11 Sup. Ct. 36, 34 L. Ed. 608 , the court held that while an officer of a corporation may recover compensation for performing the usual and ordinary duties of his office, only when there is an express agreement therefor, yet he may be entitled to com *23 pensation under an implied contract where he has performed services clearly outside his ordinary duties under circumstances which indicate that it was understood by the other officers of the corporation and by himself that his services were to be paid for. This court made application of the rule in Montana Tonopah Mining Co. v. Dunlap, 196 Fed. 612 , 116 C. C. A. 286 , holding that an officer or director of a corporation may recover reasonable compensation for services rendered for the corporation outside the scope of his official duties, if the services were rendered under such circumstances as to raise the fair presumption that the parties intended and understood- that they were to be paid for it. Among other cases so holding are National Loan & Investment Co. v. Rockland Co., 94 Fed. 335 , 36 C. C. A. 370 , and see 7 R. C. L. 465; 14a C. J. 137. The case of Wonderful Group Mining Co. v. Rand, 111 Wash. 557 , 191 Pac. 631 , cited by the plaintiff, is distinguishable from the present case in that after the board of trustees in that case, had performed services under a resolution of the board of directors abolishing all salaries, four of the five members whc constituted the board, eleven years later, voted salaries to themselves for the entire period during which they had rendered services to the corporation, disregarding the rule that a trustee may not vote for his own compensation. The court said that the resolution thus to pay themselves for general service under the guise of compensation for special services was “merely a subterfuge.”

It is contended that the court erred in excluding proffered evidence that at the time when Miller seconded and voted for the motion for a 5 per cent, commission he did not know that the defendant was receiving $1,000 a month or the' 2% per cent, commission which had been paid to him. In the view which we have already expressed of Miller’s action thus sought to be explained, the error, if error there was, was harmless. But we are unable to see how it could be shown that Miller, who was a trustee and had been a stockholder for many years and had attended the stockholders’ meetings, could show that he was ignorant of what was done at the meetings and of the contents of the reports of the accountants.

It is contended that the advisory board had no legal existence, and several assignments of error direct attention to the rulings of the trial court in admitting testimony in regard to the advisory board and communications between the board and the defendant. It was in evidence that when the corporation was organized, 85 per cent, thereof was subscribed in Great Britain, and that the defendant, being unwilling to assume the whole responsibility for the corporation, suggested to the stockholders at a meeting in Great Britain that they appoint a committee to work in harmony with the trustees and officers in America, in order to carry out the wishes of the majority. There could be nothing illegal in the creation and activities of such a board so long as it remained an advisory board. The court below in instructing the jury properly delimited its powers, saying: 4

We find no error for which the judgment should be reversed.

Judgment is affirmed.