The indictment, filed January 17, 1893,- charges defendant with the crime of bringing within the United States, and aiding and abetting the landing of, 35 Chinese laborers, contrary to law. To this indictment the defendant has interposed a plea in bar, alleging that all the acts and wrongs charged against the defendant in the indictment herein constitute part of the acts, wrongs, and violations of law set forth in ■ a certain libel of information filed in this court January 6, 1893, and entitled “The United States vs. The Steam Schooner Louis Olsen,” etc., upon which libel a decree of forfeiture was made 'and entered May 8, 1893, ordering, adjudging, and decreeing that :the said schooner Louis Olsen, her engines, tackle, "apparel, and furniture, be forfeited to the use of the United States. The district attorney has demurred to'this plea on the ground that it is not sufficient in law to bar the United States from prosecuting the defendant upon the. indictment. The second count of the libel is based upon section 10 of the act of May 6, 1882, as amended by the act of July 5,1884, and charges, in substance, that F. O. Deering, the master of the said vessel, did on or about the 3d day of November, 1892, knowingly, wrongfully, and unlawfully bring into the United States, by said steam schooner Louis Olsen, from a foreign port or place, and land, and permitted to be landed, 35 Chinese laborers, who were not entitled to come into or be in the United States. It is further alleged that the master, F. C. Deering, knowingly, wrongfully, and unlawfully aided and abetted the landing of the said Chinese laborers by furnishing them transportation upon the said steam schooner Louis Olsen from the foreign port to the United States. The case was heard May 8, 1893, and a decree of forfeiture was entered in favor of the United States for the reasons and causes set forth in said libel of information.

William Olsen, the defendant in the present case, was the claimant and owner of the steam schooner Louis Olsen. In the indictment now before the court the defendant is charged with the of *581 fense of bringing info the United States 35 Chinese laborers. He is also charged, in the same count, with the mime of aiding and abetting the landing of the said Chinese laborers from the steany schooner Louis Olsen, which had arrived from a foreign port or. place, and it is set forth that he so aided and abetted such landing by furnishing transportation to the said Chinese laborers from a foreign port to the United States, providing them with food and other accommodations during the voyage, and by employing the officers and crew to manage the vessel, and by supplying them with boats, crews, and other means and appliances to enable them to land in the United States. It is claimed on the part of thé defendant that the transaction alleged in the libel of information-against the steam schooner Louis Olsen and the transaction charged against the defendant in this indictment are but one and the same, and that the judgment of forfeiture in the proceedings in rem against the vessel is a bar to the prosecution of the defendant under the indictment. The district attorney contends that the plea in bar is not sufficient, in this: that it is not alleged that the judgment in bar has become final, since, for aught that appears in the plea, the condemnation proceedings may he now pending on appeal. The allegations of t;he plea are that the district court of the United States "determined the issue joined between the United States and said claimant in favor of the United States, and ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said schooner Louis Olsen, her engines, tackle, apparel, and furniture, be, and they were accordingly, condemned as forfeited to the use of the United States, for the reasons and causes set forth in said libel.”

In Coleman v. Tennessee, 97 U. S. 509 , a soldier in the military service of the United States, during the war of the Rebellion, committed the crime of murder in the state of Tennessee. He was tried by a military court-martial, convicted, and sentenced to suffer death, but for some cause unknown the sentence was not carried into effect. After the constitutional relations of the state of Tennessee to the Union were restored, he was, in one of her courts, indicted1 for the same murder. To the indictment he pleaded his conviction before the court-martial. The plea, being overruled, he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. The question in the supreme court of the United States was the jurisdiction of the state court over the person of the defendant, and it was held that the state court had no jurisdiction to try him for the oifense, as he, at the time of committing it, was not amenable to the laws of Tennessee; and that Ms plea, although not proper, inasmuch as it admitted the jurisdiction of that court to try and punish him for the offense, if it were not for such former corn viction, would not prevent the supreme court from giving effect to the objection taken in this irregular way to such jurisdiction. In a dissenting opinion, Mr. Justice Clifford upholds the jurisdiction of the state court, and, among other things, discussed the sufficiency of the plea in bar. The learned judge says:

As there is nothing here stated in the dissenting opinion in conflict with the prevailing opinion of the court,- it may he accepted as authority as to the necessity of an averment in the plea that the judgment in bar is unreversed, and continues in full force and effect. I am therefore of the opinion that the plea in bar is defective in that particular, but I am not prepared to sa.y that the plea must also show that, no appeal or writ of error has been taken from the judgment pleaded in bar. It is true that a single line in Wharton’s Criminal Pleading and Practice (section 435) seems to express that view, but the authorities cited do not support the text.- The true rale appears to be that, wdiere the judgment has been entered by a court of competent jurisdiction, upon a valid indictment, sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction, it will protect the defendant from a second prosecution for the same offense while it stands. Bishop, in his work on Criminal Law, (section 1021,) states the rule in this -way:

Applying this rale to the libel of information and judgment of forfeiture in this case, 'it is apparent that, even though there is an appeal pending in the case, the defendant is not, for that reason, deprived of the protection of the judgment, if it is otherwise sufficient.

This brings us to tbe consideration of the most important question involved in the plea.. It is contended on the part of the defendant that, his vessel having been forfeited under the provisions of section 10 of the act of May 6, 1882, for a violation, on the part of the master, of section 2 of the same act, as amended by the act of July 5, 1884, such judgment of forfeiture is a bar to the prosecution of the defendant criminally for a violation of section II of the act of July 5, 1884, and in support of this position he cites, among other cases, the following: Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall. 163 ; U. S. v. McKee, 4 Dill. 128 ; Coffey v. U. S., 116 U. S. 436 , 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 437 ; and U. S. v. One Distillery, 43 Fed. Rep. 846. There is nothing in Ex parte Lange applicable to the present case. In the Case of McKee the defendant was being prosecuted in a civil action, *583 under sed ion 3296, Rev. Hi., to recover tlie penalty of double the tax on certain distilled spirits, removed to a place other (han the distillery warehouse provided by law, and it was charged that the defendant aided and abefied (he removal of such distilled spirits. To this action the defendant pleaded that he had been indicted, convicted, and punished for this same offense, under si charge for conspiring with certain distillers to defraud the United States by unlawfully removing distilled spirits without payment, of the taxes thereon, contrary to the provisions of section 5440 of the lie vised Htaintes; that the judgment of the court was that he pay a fine of ? 10,000, and be imprisoned in ihe county jail for two years; and he further pleaded a fall and unconditional pardon by the president, and he exhibited a copy of the pardon with Ms plea. The court held that, ihe specific acts of removal of distilled spirits, on which the civil suit was brought, were the same acts which were proved in support of the indictment in the criminal case, and. that the pardon was also a bar to the civil suit, and, moreover, ihe court was strongly of the opinion that the pardon would be a good bar to an action for acts not included in that prosecution, but of the same character. The plea was accordingly sustained. Here the same party was being prosecuted in the two actions for the same specific acts, and the issues were therefore identical. This is not the case at bar, as we will find presently, when we come to examine the issues presented by the pleadings.

In Coffey v. U. S. the action was to forfeit certain property under the provisions of sections 3257, 3450, and 3153 of the Revised Statutes. The claimant of the property, in his answer, among other things, set up a prior judgment of acquittal on a criminal information against him by the United States in the same court, founded on the same sections of ihe Revised Statutes, and he alleged that such criminal information contained allegations of all the violations of law charged in the libel against his property. There was a, demurrer to tills part of the answer. The supreme court, in discussing the question thus presented, said:

Tiie defendant in the present case certainly does not come within any rule here established,' — First, because the prior proceedings *584 were not against him individually, but for the forfeiture of an offending thing; second, it was not the act of the defendant that was in. issue as the cause of the forfeiture; and, third, the judgment was of conviction, and not of acquittal. That these distinctions were recognized as important by the supreme court in the case cited is evident, not only from the language just quoted, but also from what the court further said on the subject. The court said:

The court says further:

Referring now to section 10 óf the act of July 5,1884, under which the judgment of forfeiture was entered against the steam schooner Louis Olsen, we find it provides as follows:

The provision of the act .which, it was alleged, the master violated, was section 2, which provides as follows:

The act that was .in issue in the forfeiture proceedings was the act of the master, and the alleged guilty thing was the vessel. The defendant was not the master, but claimed to be the owner, and he lost his property because it was, in the judgment of the court, an offender against the law. In the case of The Palmyra, 12 Wheat. 14 , the supreme court said:

This distinction has been observed in many acts of congress fixing fines, penalties, and forfeitures for the violations of law, and particularly in those relating to the customs revenue, and vessels *585 engaged in foreign and domestic commerce; and until recently no question has heen raised as to the right of the government to proceed in one action for the forfeiture of the offending thing, and in another for the punishment of the offender. In Wapples on Proceedings in Rem (page 22, § 21) the author, in speaking of an aclion in rem, says:

In the case of U. S. v. Three Copper Stills, etc., 47 Fed. Rep. 495, Judge Barr of Kentucky adopts this view of the law in a case arising under the internal revenue law, and in the course of an. able opinion he reviews the decisions in U. S. v. McKee and Coffey v. U. S., and arrives at the conclusion that in neither case did the court intend to declare or intimate that the proceedings in rem, taken to forfeit property, was putting the offender “twice in jeopardy of life or limb,” within the meaning of the constitutional prohibition. These authorities would seem to he conclusive of the question now under consideration, hut for the reliance placed by counsel for the defendant upon the decision of Judge Ross, of the southern district of California, in the case of U. S. v. One Distillery, 43 Fed. Rep. 846. An examination of that case' will show, however, that, like the other cases cited in support of the defendant’s plea, it presents a state of facts necessarily limiting the law of the case. The proceedings were under the internal revenue laws. A corporation was engaged in distilling. The secretary of the corporation, who was a stockholder, was indicted; tried, and convicted in 1888 for the violation of certain provisions of the law and regulations relating to the business operation of the distillery, alleged to have heen committed in 1887. Proceed-' ings in rem were also taken in 1888 to forfeit the distillery property for these alleged violations of law. Claimants appeared and filed an answer, alleging their ownership of the property in partnership, and its purchase by them at a public sale, in good faith, and for a valuable consideration, after the alleged violations of law. They also alleged that they made large and expensive additions to the property, admitted that they were owners of stock in the original corporation, but denied that they had any knowledge of the alleged frauds on the part of the corporation or its officers, or ever heard of them until after the seizure of their property by the collector. They denied that the brandy and alcohoi found on the premises at the time of the seizure constituted any part of the property alleged to have heen in possession of the corporation at the time of the violations of law charged against the corporation. They alleged that, in order to secure the releksé *586 of their property from, seizure aud prevent its sale, and save further loss and damage by the suspension of their business, they were compelled to pay, and did pay under protest, to the collector, the sum of $3,392, alleged to have been due to the government by reason of the failure of the corporation to comply with the rules and regulations of the revenue department in 1887. By an amended answer the claimants set up the further defense that the secretary of the corporation had been indicted and tried upon an indictment containing five separate counts, charging him with unlawful acts against the revenue laws while he was the secretary of the distillery company; that upon this indictment he was convicted upon the first count and acquitted as to the other four.' The district attorney demurred to this answer, and the demurrer was overruled, the court holding that the same fraudulent acts and omissions that were introduced in evidence in support of the indictment against the secretary of the corporation were presented as grounds of forfeiture in the proceedings in rem against the property; that the right which the government was seeking to enforce in the forfeiture proceedings was a right which vested at the time the fraudulent acts were committed by the secretary, while he was a stockholder in the corporation, and interested in every part and parcel of the property; and to enforce this right was to take his property, and punish him twice. ,

• Without expressing an opinion as to whether the action for ;.a forfeiture might not have been maintained under the statute in that case, it is sufficient for the present purpose to observe that it appears from the statement of the case made by the court that the proceedings in rem involved a retrial of the same issues between the same parties, and in this important particular the case differs from the one at bar. Here the defendant is charged with the violation of section 11 of the act of July 5, 1884, in aiding and abetting, the landing in the United States of Chinese laborers from a foreign port or place. It is true the indictment sets forth that he so aided and abetted the landing of such Chinese laborers by furnishing them transportation on the steam schooner Louis Olsen from a foreign port to the United States, and this is substantially the offense charged against the master of the vessel in the second count of the libel of information upon which the vessel was forfeited, but it needs no argument to show that more than one person might be guilty of the offense.of aiding and abetting the commission of a crime of this character by the use of the same means. Manifestly, the government will have to show upon the trial of' this indictment, either by direct testimony or by evidence from which the fact may be inferred, that the defendant had guilty knowledge of the illegal employment of his vessel, and that he did, independently of the master of the vessel, in fact aid and abet the landing in the United States of Chinese laborers from a foreign port or place. In this view of the case the plea in bar is not sufficient, and the demurrer must be sustained, and it is so ordered.