This action was brought by the plaintiff in error to recover the value of certain steel rails which it is alleged were wrongfully and unlawfully converted by the defendants in error. The property in quest i< o was assessed for taxes in Chehalis county as the property of the plaintiff in error, and was thereafter sold for the nonpayment of the taxes. The defendant Lewis is the treasurer of Chehalis county. The defendants Book, Weatherwax, and Wilson were the purchasers of the property at the tax sale. The court, at the close of the testimony, sustained the motion of defendants to instruct the jury to find a verdict for defendants, by granting a nonsuit.

The record shows that, as the case was presented to the circuit court, the assessment, levy, and sale by the county were virtually conceded to be regular, except upon two points raised by the plaintiff against defendants’ motion: (i) That the assessment was not made against the owner of the rails; (2) that the rails were not taxable in Chehalis county. The assessment, levy, and sale were made under the provisions of the statute of Washington of 1893, p. 823 et seq. Under this statute all property, real and personal, is subject to assessment and taxation for state and county purposes on the 1st day of April of each year in which the same shall be listed, unless expressly exempted therefrom. It is made the duty of the owner to list his property and furnish the list to the assessor, and, if he fails to do so, it is the duty of the assessor to ascertain the amount and value of such property, and assess the same at such amount as he believes to be the true value thereof. Section 20 reads as follows:

*284 There are no provisions in the statute which directly declare that he shall assess the property to the true owner. Section 35 provides that.:

The facts elicited at the trial were substantially as follows: The rails in question had been a part of the cargo of the steamer Abercorn, which in 1888 was wrecked at North Beach, within the limits of Chehalis county. They were removed from the wreck late in 1891 or early in 1892, and thereafter remained within said county up to the time of their sale for taxes on June 30,1894. The underwriters bought the rails after the wreck, and in 1891 sold them to A. 31. Cannon and Paul Mohr. On November 15, 1892, Cannon and Mohr sold the same to the Columbia Bailway & Navigation Company, a corporation organized under the laws of Washington, with its principal office at Tacoma, Pierce county, and having for its principal object (on paper) the building of a railroad on the north side of the Columbia river, and across the interior of Washington. On November 15, 1892, the Columbia Bailway & Navigation Company conveyed the same to the State Trust Company, plaintiff in error, by bill of sale therefor, absolute on its face, which was filed for record and duly recorded in the office of the auditor of Chehalis county on the 15th day of June, 1893, in book 10 of Miscellaneous Becords. On November 2, 1893, a second bill of sale was executed by the same parties, in terms substantially the same as the first bill of sale, except that the second one had annexed 'to it the affidavit of A. 31. Cannon, president of the Columbia Baihvay & Navigation Company, to the effect “that this bill of sale was made in good faith, and without any design to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors.” This bill of sale was filed for record and recorded in the office of the auditor of Chehalis county on November 25, 1893, in volume 12, Miscellaneous Becords. 31r. Bangs, the president of the State Trust Company, testified that “in November, 1892, the State Trust Company was advised by its counsel at Spokane that either the form of the first bill of sale or of the record rendered the execution, delivery, and recording of a new bill of sale desirable.” The testimony on the part of the plaintiff was to the effect that the Columbia Bailway & Navigation Company was indebted to the State Trust Company for a loan of $50,000; that a note was given for said amount on November 29, 1892, payable eight months after date; that said bills of sale were executed and delivered as collateral security for the payment of said indebtedness, and were intended as confirming the pledge of the rails to the State Trust Company, “and not as a means of transferring the actual title.” The plaintiff offered to show that when the second bill of sale was left in the auditor’s office a request was made that it be recorded “in the chattel mortgage records, as it was in fact intended by the parties to operate as a mortgage,” which testimony, upon objection, was excluded by the court. With reference to the notice given to Mr. Lewis, the county treasurer *285 of Chohalis county, concerning the ownership of the property, Mr. llodgdon, one of the attorneys for the plaintiff, testified as follows:

Mr. Lewis gave his version of the conversation with Mr. Hodgdon as follows:

The following question was then asked by defendants’ counsel on cross-examination:

To this question plaintiff objected upon the ground that it was incompetent, and the objection was overruled, and the witness answered :

At the time of ihe listing of the property for taxation, on April 1, 1893, the State Trust Company was in the possession of the property; was the record owner thereof, by virtue of the first hill of sale, the second not having at that time been executed. Neither Lewis nor any of the county officers had any knowledge as to the ownership otherwise than was obtained from the records.

The following telegram and letters were introduced in evidence:

In a subsequent letter of July 10, 1893, to Mr. Arnold, by the secretary, the company said :

Thereafter the following notice was posted upon the rails:

The bill of exceptions shows that:

Tt is therefore affirmatively shown, as before stated, that there were only two points urged at the trial against defendants’ motion: (1) That the rails were not assessed to, nor sold as the property of, the owner; that the bills of sale executed to the State Trust Company were mortgages only, and that the property in question still belonged to the Columbia Railway <& Navigation Company. (2) That the property was not taxable in Chehalis county, because (a) it was in transitu; (b) it, being the property of the Columbia Railway & Navigation Company, a corporation of the state of Washington, with its principal place of business in Pierce county, was not taxable in Chehalis county.

Rid the court err in granting a nonsuit? The law is well settled that the owner of property for the purpose of taxation is the person or corporation having the legal title thereto. Tracy v. Reed, 38 Fed. 69, 74 ; Miner v. Pingree, 110 Mass. 47 ; Richardson v. City of Boston, 148 Mass. 508 , 20 N. E. 166 ; Augusta Bank v. City of Augusta, 36 Me. 255 ; Augusti v. Bank, 46 La. Ann. 530 , 15 South. 74 ; Vance v. Corrigan, 78 Mo. 94 . The rails in question were not listed by the owner to the assessor as the law required. He was compelled to act upon the best information obtainable. In ascertaining the ownership of property for the purposes of taxation xmder such circumstances, the record title, in the absence of actual knowledge, must control. It is unnecessary for the assessing officer to investigate all matters pertaining to the ownership of the property or of the validity of the record. He has the right to act upon the appearances of the title to the property as shoAvn by the records. It does not devolve upon him to test the validity of the title deeds or documents in order to ascertain the name of the owner. The authorities upon this subject clearly show that the appearance of the title, as shown by the record, and the evidence, in the present case, were *287 sufficient to maintain the validity of the assessment. The North Cape, 6 Biss. 505, 515 , Fed. Cas. No. 10,316; Finney v. Boyd, 26 Wis. 366, 371 ; French v. Spalding, 61 N. H. 395, 402; Mason v. Bemiss, 38 La. Ann. 935, 938 ; Puget Sound Agricultural Co. v. Pierce Co., 1 Wash. T. 159,168; Butler v. Stark, 139 Mass. 19 , 29 N. E. 213 ; Jones v. Town of Bridgeport, 36 Conn. 283 . As was said by Blodgett, J., in the North Cape, the—

In Angustí v. Bank, the court, in discussing a similar question, said:

Persons who own the property at the time of the assessment are the proper ones upon whom the tax should be imposed, irrespective of any prior or subsequent change of ownership. 25 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 121, and authorities there cited.

It is unnecessary to consider the objection urged against the ruling of the court in permitting Lewis to testify that the State Trust Company was the owner of the property, or to the ruling of the court excluding the request to have the second bill of sale recorded in tbe Book of Chattel Mortgages, for the reason that such rulings, even if erroneous, would not have changed the result. Migeon v. Railway Co., 23 C. C. A. 156 , 77 Fed. 249 , and authorities there cited; Haley v. Elliott (Colo. Sup.) 38 Pac. 771 . The notice given to Lewis by Hodgdon was insufficient to invalidate tbe assessment. No notice whatever was given to the purchasers of the rails at the tax sale to the effect that the State Trust Company was not the owner of the property. If the assessing officer had the right to act upon the appearances of title as manifested by the conduct of the State Trust Company, and as shown by the records, then it matters not who the real owner was.

The cases cited by plaintiff are so great in number as to render it impracticable to attempt any extended review of them. Many of them have no reference whatever to tax cases. Others relate to street assessments, in which much stricter rules prevail than in the collection of taxes due to the state and county government. Numerous cases are cited where there was a positive statute directing the assessment to be made in the name of the true owner of the property; and in such cases, where it appeared that the name of the true owner could readily have been ascertained by searching tbe record, or was known to tbe assessing officer, and tbe property was assessed to other persons, tbe assessments have in many instances been declared void.

Other questions have been discussed at great length which have no special application to the facts in this case; for instance, upon *288 the general principle that parol evidence in certain cases is admissible for the purpose of proving that an absolute bill of sale was given as a chattel mortgage. A treatise is written upon the law of estoppel, and all the authorities upon this subject have been collected and cited in the brief. Every case should be disposed of upon' its own merits, with special reference to the questions raised in the court below.

The various authorities cited by plaintiff from the supreme court of Washington are not adverse to the views we have expressed. In Vestal v. Morris, 11 Wash. 452 , 39 Pac. 960 , the land was assessed in tbe name of one Burns, while one Bartlett was the owner, and the county officers had knowledge at the time of the assessment that Bartlett was the owner of the land; and the court held that under the statute then in force “the failure to assess the property in the name of the known owner was a substantial failure to comply with the law.” In Baer v. Choir, 7 Wash. 631, 634 , 32 Pac. 776 , and 36 Pac. 286 , certain lands were assessed to one Knight, and sold for the payment of the taxes due thereon. The court held that under certain provisions of the statute, which were quoted, it was clear that it was the intention of the law of 1871 that unusual care should be taken in the matter of assessing real estate to the owners thereof. In the course of the opinion the court said:

In Voorhies v. Hennessy, 7 Wash. 243 , 34 Pac. 931 , the court held that an attachment could not he levied upon property held by the debtor as mortgagee nnder a bill of sale absolute on its face, although the officer may have had no notice of the true relation of the debtor to the property. This is an authority only upon the general point that in a certain class of cases it is permissible to allow parol evidence for the purpose of proving that an absolute bill of sale was given as a chattel mortgage. It is enough to say that such a rule has no application to tax cases, especially nnder statutes similar td the statute of Washington, and upon the particular facts as shown in this case. The taxing power is an incident to sovereignty, the exercise of which belongs exclusively to the government and attaches to all property which comes within its jurisdiction, and the statutes of a state should never he construed in such a manner as to defeat the right of the government “by any subtle device or ingenious sophism whatsoever.” Cooley, Tax’n, 272-274; Board v. Anderson, 15 C. C. A. 471 , 68 Fed. 341 .

In Waddingham v. Dickson, 17 Colo. 223 , 29 Pac. 177 , the court said :

*289 This was said in a case involving the sale of real estate for taxes.

The contention of plaintiff's counsel, as set fortli in Ms brief, that:

•—cannot be sustained. Tlie rails were originally shipped for the purpose of building a railroad outside of Chehalis county. The wrecking of the cargo of the Abercorn in 1888 ended their voyage. They were towed from the wreck late in 1891 or early in 1892 to Gosmopolis and Houth Aberdeen, in Chehalis county, and there remained within the limits of the county until the sale for taxes. The bills of sale of the rails were recorded in that county. A portion of the rails was sold by the plaintiff in error to different parties in 1894, and Hie proceeds applied to the reduction of the loan made by it to the railway company. In June, 1898, information reached the State Trust Company that creditors of A. M. Gannon, of Spokane, were threatening to attach the rails under claim that Mr. Gannon had an interest in them. Mr. Mohr was consulted, and it was agreed that in order to protect (he interest of (lie railway company and State Trust Company, and prevent removal of the rails by outside parties, Mr. F. 1). Arnold, then the president of the First National Bank of Hoquiam, should be asked to take charge of the rails and see that they were not removed. A request to that effect was sent to Mr. Arnold, requesting him not to permit the rails to be removed. He put a watchman in charge. This ivas before the second bill of sale was recorded. The property was not in transitu. It had not been started upon its journey to any other place. In brief, there was nothing in die conduct of the parties in possession of the rails, or any one else, intimating any intention whatever to remove the same or any part thereof from Ghelialis county. From the time the rails were landed from the wreck they were in such a situation as to make them a part of the property within Chehalis county, and it was the duty of the assessing officer of said county to assess the rails therein. In order to constitute property in transitu, there must be at least an intention and fixed purpose to remove it within a reasonable time. An intention to remove the rails at some future time, depending upon certain contingencies which might or might not happen, is wholly Insufficient. C. N. Nelson Lumber Co. v. Town *290 of Loraine, 22 Fed. 54 ; Hill v. Graham, 72 Mich. 659, 667 , 40 N. W. 779 ; Carrier v. Gordon, 21 Ohio St. 605 , 609; Winnipiseogee Paper Co. v. Town of Northfield (N. H.) 29 Atl. 453 . In Carrier v. Gordon the court said:

See, also, Cooley, Tax’n, 98, and authorities there cited; State v. Dalrymple (N. J. Sup.) 28 Atl. 671 ; Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Hitchcock Co. (Neb.) 59 N. W. 358 ; State v. William Deering & Co. (Minn.) 57 N. W. 313 .

The court did not err in granting a nonsuit. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed, with costs.