Filed 1/11/23 Riverside County Probation Dept. v. Superior Court CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

RIVERSIDE COUNTY PROBATION

DEPARTMENT,

E077962

Petitioner, (Super.Ct.No. JUV086925) v.

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

RIVERSIDE COUNTY, [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT] Respondent;

J.A. et al.,

Real Parties in Interest.

THE COURT

The opinion filed in this matter on December 22, 2022 and modified on December 28, 2022 is further MODIFIED as follows.

On page 19, at the beginning of the last full paragraph, replace with

Let a petition for writ of mandate issue directing respondent superior court to vacate defendant’s commitment to Pathways and to dismiss the case.

Let a writ of mandate issue directing respondent superior court to vacate defendant’s commitment to Pathways and to dismiss the case.

1 Except for these modifications, the opinion remains unchanged. This modification does not effect a change in the judgment.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ

P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER J.

MILLER

J.

cc: See attached mailing list

2

MAILING LIST FOR CASE: E077962

Riverside County Probation Department v. The Superior Court; J.A. et al.

Superior Court Clerk Riverside County P.O. Box 431 - Appeals Riverside, CA 92502

Emily Christine Headlee Office of County Counsel 3960 Orange Street, Suite 500 Riverside, CA 92501

John F. Schuck Law Office of John F. Schuck 2065 Bowdoin Street Palo Alto, CA 94306

Paresh Babu Makan Law Offices of the Public Defender 4075 Main Street, Suite 100 Riverside, CA 92501

Sophia H. Choi Office of the District Attorney 3960 Orange Street Riverside, CA 92501

Appellate Defenders, Inc. 555 West Beech Street, Suite 300 San Diego, CA 92101 2396

3 Filed 12/28/22 Riverside County Probation Dept. v. Superior Court CA4/2 (first modification)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

RIVERSIDE COUNTY PROBATION

DEPARTMENT,

E077962

Petitioner, (Super.Ct.No. JUV086925) v.

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

RIVERSIDE COUNTY, [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT] Respondent;

J.A. et al.,

Real Parties in Interest.

THE COURT

The opinion filed in this matter on December 22, 2022 is MODIFIED as follows.

1. On page 9, at the end of the last full paragraph, replace

(In re J.B. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 410, 413, fn. 1, pet. for rev. filed Mar. 22, 2022.)

with

(In re J.B. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 410, 413, fn. 1.)

2. On page 13, at the end of the first partial paragraph, replace with

(People v. Fuentes (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 670, 679.)

2. On page 15, at the end of the last full paragraph, replace

People v. Hwang (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 358 (Hwang), review granted Apr. 14, 2021 (S267274)

with

People v. Hwang (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 358 (Hwang), review granted April 14, 2021, S267274, review dismissed July 22, 2022

Except for these modifications, the opinion remains unchanged. This modification does not effect a change in the judgment.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ

P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER J.

MILLER

J.

cc: See attached mailing list

2

MAILING LIST FOR CASE: E077962

Riverside County Probation Department v. The Superior Court; J.A. et al.

Superior Court Clerk Riverside County P.O. Box 431 - Appeals Riverside, CA 92502

Emily Christine Headlee Office of County Counsel 3960 Orange Street, Suite 500 Riverside, CA 92501

John F. Schuck Law Office of John F. Schuck 2065 Bowdoin Street Palo Alto, CA 94306

Paresh Babu Makan Law Offices of the Public Defender 4075 Main Street, Suite 100 Riverside, CA 92501

Sophia H. Choi Office of the District Attorney 3960 Orange Street Riverside, CA 92501

Appellate Defenders, Inc. 555 West Beech Street, Suite 300 San Diego, CA 92101 2396

3 Filed 12/22/22 Riverside County Probation Dept. v. Superior Court CA4/2 (unmodified opinion)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

RIVERSIDE COUNTY PROBATION

DEPARTMENT,

E077962

Petitioner, (Super.Ct.No. JUV086925) v.

OPINION

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

Respondent;

J.A. et al.,

Real Parties in Interest.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate from an order of the

Superior Court of Riverside County. Samah Shouka, Judge. Petition granted.

Minh C. Tran and Gregory P. Priamos, County Counsel, Kelly A. Moran, Chief

Deputy County Counsel, and Emily C. Headlee, Deputy County Counsel, for Petitioner.

No appearance for Respondent.

1 John F. Schuck, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Real Party in

Interest J.A.

Michael A. Hestrin, District Attorney, and Sophia Choi, Deputy District Attorney,

for Real Party in Interest the People.

Jennifer B. Henning; and James R. Williams, County Counsel (Santa Clara),

Kavita Narayan, Assistant County Counsel, Marcelo Quiñones, Lead Deputy County

Counsel, and Mona M. Williams, Deputy County Counsel, for California State

Association of Counties as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Petitioner.

When defendant J.A. was 15, he committed multiple heinous crimes. As the law

at the time permitted, he was tried in adult criminal court, found guilty, and sentenced to

life in prison.

In 2019, the law was changed so that a person who committed a crime at 15

cannot be transferred to adult court and must be dealt with, if at all, in the juvenile

system. At that point, due to a series of resentencings and appeals, the judgment against

defendant was not final. Therefore, in 2021 — when defendant was 40 — the juvenile

court vacated the sentence, declared him a ward, and committed him to the Division of

Juvenile Justice (DJJ); when the DJJ rejected the commitment, it committed him to a

secure youth treatment facility (SYTF) operated by the Riverside County Probation

Department (Probation). As we will discuss in more detail, the juvenile court ruled that,

despite his age, it had jurisdiction over him until the expiration of a two-year period of

control.

2 Probation then filed this writ proceeding. Probation and defendant both contend

that the juvenile court had no jurisdiction to order any disposition whatsoever; all it could

do was dismiss the petition and thus allow defendant’s immediate release. The People

respond that the juvenile court’s ruling was correct, albeit for different reasons than it

gave.

We will hold that, under Welfare and Institutions Code section 607,1 the juvenile

court had no jurisdiction to do anything other than to dismiss the petition. Accordingly,

we must grant an extraordinary writ.

I

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

In 1996, defendant was charged in juvenile court with multiple crimes, all

committed when he was 15.

At that time, a 15-year old accused of an offense specified in section 707,

subdivision (b) (707(b)), including those with which defendant was charged, could be

transferred to adult criminal court, if the juvenile court found him or her unfit for juvenile

treatment. (Former § 707, subd. (d), Stats. 1994, ch. 453, § 9.5, pp. 2523-2528.) The

juvenile court found defendant unfit and duly transferred him.

After a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of two counts of kidnapping during a

carjacking (§ 209.5), two counts of kidnapping to commit robbery (§ 209, subd. (b)), two

1 All further statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, unless otherwise specified.

3 counts of robbery (§ 211), two counts of carjacking (§ 215), one count of forcible

sodomy (§ 286, subd. (c)), one count of forcible rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)) and four counts

of forcible oral copulation in concert (§ 288a, subd. (d)), with various enhancements. In

1999, he was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms, plus seven years four months, in

prison.2

In 2014, the People conceded that defendant was entitled to resentencing under

People v. Caballero (2012) 55 Cal.4th 262, 268 [“sentencing a juvenile offender for a

nonhomicide offense to a term of years with a parole eligibility date that falls outside the

juvenile offender’s natural life expectancy constitutes cruel and unusual punishment”].

Accordingly, the trial court vacated defendant’s sentence and resentenced him to a total

of 40 years to life in prison.

Defendant appealed. In 2015, we affirmed (People v. Ortega (Nov. 23, 2015,

E061027) [nonpub. opn.]); however, he filed a petition for review, which was granted.

(People v. Ortega (Mar. 9, 2016, S230917) 2016 Cal. LEXIS 1398.)

In 2018, the Supreme Court transferred the appeal back to us with directions to

vacate and reconsider in light of People v. Contreras (2018) 4 Cal.5th 349 [sentencing a

juvenile offender to 50 years to life is cruel and unusual punishment, even if the juvenile

offender’s parole eligibility date is within his or her natural life expectancy] (Contreras).

(People v. Ortega (June 13, 2018, S230917) 2018 Cal. LEXIS 4334.)

2 In 2008, the juvenile court dismissed the petition. No new petition was ever filed. Arguably, in 2021, the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction for this reason alone. However, we need not decide this point.

4 Later in 2018, we held that, under Contreras, the trial court erred by considering

defendant’s life expectancy. We reversed and remanded for resentencing. In addition,

we noted that under Proposition 57, defendant was entitled to a fitness hearing. Because

it was not clear from the appellate record whether he had already had a fitness hearing,

we directed the trial court to make that determination on remand. (People v. Ortega

(Aug. 24, 2018, E061027) [nonpub. opn.].)

On January 1, 2019 — after we issued our remittitur but before defendant was

resentenced — Senate Bill No. 1391 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (SB 1391) went into effect.

SB 1391 amended section 707 so as to provide that, subject to exceptions not applicable

here, a person who committed a crime at the age of 14 or 15 cannot be transferred to

adult court.

Accordingly, in June 2021, the trial court ruled (with both counsel concurring)

that, in light of SB 1391, transfer was “moot” and adult sentencing should be “vacated.”3

It declared defendant a ward of the court and committed him to the DJJ.

In July 2021, however, the DJJ rejected the commitment. (See § 736, subd. (a).)

Thus, in August 2021, the juvenile court vacated the commitment and set a new

dispositional hearing.

3 The juvenile court correctly anticipated the holding of People v. Padilla (2022) 13 Cal.5th 152 that the presumption that an ameliorative amendment applies retroactively to a nonfinal judgment extends to a judgment that became nonfinal because it was vacated and resentencing was ordered.

5 Defendant objected that the juvenile court no longer had jurisdiction over him.

The Riverside County Probation Department (Probation) made a special appearance, also

arguing that the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction. The People argued that the juvenile

court had jurisdiction under section 607, subdivision (h).

The juvenile court agreed that it had jurisdiction under section 607, subdivision

(h). It committed defendant to Pathways to Success, an SYTF operated by Probation. It

stayed its decision temporarily to enable the parties to file a writ petition.

Defendant filed an appeal. Probation then filed a writ petition.

In the writ proceeding, we issued an order to show cause and stayed the trial

court’s order. We ordered that the appeal and the writ proceeding be considered together

(but not consolidated).4

II

DISCUSSION

Defendant and Probation contend that the juvenile court had no jurisdiction over

defendant because he was over 25.

A. Legal Background.

“‘A “juvenile court” is a superior court exercising limited jurisdiction arising

under juvenile law.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Ramirez (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 55, 66.)

4 For this reason, we have considered all parties’ briefs in both the writ proceeding and the appeal. We have also taken judicial notice of the record in the appeal.

6 Subject to exceptions not relevant here, “any minor who is between 12 years of

age and 17 years of age, inclusive, when he or she violates any law . . . defining crime . . .

is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, which may adjudge the minor to be a ward

of the court.” (§ 602, subd. (a).) This defines the juvenile court’s “initial jurisdiction.”

(People v. Chi Ko Wong (1976) 18 Cal.3d 698, 710, disapproved on other grounds in

People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal. 3d 1, 34-35.) By contrast, “[w]hen a juvenile is declared

a ward of the juvenile court, the juvenile becomes ‘subject to its continuing jurisdiction.’

[Citation.]” (In re Antoine D. (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1314, 1320.)

“Because the juvenile court’s [initial] jurisdiction is based on age at the time of the

violation of a criminal law or ordinance, ‘[i]t is . . . possible that a person might commit a

murder at age 17, be apprehended 50 years later, and find himself subject to juvenile

court [initial] jurisdiction at age 67.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Ramirez, supra, 35

Cal.App.5th at p. 66.) In that event, however, unless the juvenile court has a basis for

continuing jurisdiction, it must dismiss. (In re Arthur N. (1976) 16 Cal.3d 226, 241.)

Section 607 provides for the termination of continuing jurisdiction. In October

2021, when the juvenile court ruled, it provided, as relevant here:5

“(a) The court may retain jurisdiction over a person who is found to be a ward . . .

of the juvenile court until the ward . . . attains 21 years of age, except as provided in

subdivisions (b), (c), [and] (d) . . . .

5 All further citations to a subdivision refer to subdivisions of section 607, as it stood in October 2021, unless otherwise specified.

7 “(b) The court may retain jurisdiction over a person who is found to be a person

described in Section 602 by reason of the commission of an offense listed in subdivision

(b) of Section 707, until that person attains 23 years of age, subject to the provisions of

subdivision (c).

“(c) The court may retain jurisdiction over a person who is found to be a person

described in Section 602 by reason of the commission of an offense listed in subdivision

(b) of Section 707 until that person attains 25 years of age if the person, at the time of

adjudication of a crime or crimes, would, in criminal court, have faced an aggregate

sentence of seven years or more.

“(d) The court shall not discharge a person from its jurisdiction who has been

committed to the [DJJ] while the person remains under the jurisdiction of the [DJJ] . . . .

“(g) Notwithstanding subdivisions (b) [and] (c), . . . a person who is committed by

the juvenile court to the [DJJ] on or after July 1, 2012, but before July 1, 2018, and who

is found to be a person described in Section 602 by reason of the commission of an

offense listed in subdivision (b) of Section 707 shall be discharged upon the expiration of

a two-year period of control, or when the person attains 23 years of age, whichever

occurs later . . . .

“(h)(1) Notwithstanding subdivision (g), a person who is committed by the

juvenile court to the [DJJ], on or after July 1, 2018, and who is found to be a person

described in Section 602 by reason of the commission of an offense listed in subdivision

(c) of Section 290.008 of the Penal Code or subdivision (b) of Section 707 of this code,

8 shall be discharged upon the expiration of a two-year period of control, or when the

person attains 23 years of age, whichever occurs later . . . .”

“(2) A person who, at the time of adjudication of a crime or crimes, would, in

criminal court, have faced an aggregate sentence of seven years or more, shall be

discharged upon the expiration of a two-year period of control, or when the person attains

25 years of age, whichever occurs later . . . .

“(3) This subdivision does not apply to a person who is committed to the [DJJ]

. . . by a court prior to July 1, 2018, as described in subdivision (g).” (Former § 607,

Stats. 2021, ch. 18, § 4, pp. 220-221.)

The DJJ was “the state’s most restrictive placement for its most severe juvenile

offenders . . . .” (In re Miguel C. (2021) 69 Cal.App.5th 899, 902.) “The DJJ was

previously known as the California Youth Authority (CYA). [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 906,

fn. 4.) “The DJJ is also known as the California Department of Corrections and

Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Facilities (DJF). [Citation.] DJJ and DJF are used

interchangeably in case law. [Citation.]” (In re J.B. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 410, 413,

fn. 1, pet. for rev. filed Mar. 22, 2022.)

In 2020 the Legislature enacted Senate Bill No. 823 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.), also

known as “juvenile justice realignment.” (Stats. 2020, ch. 337.) Realignment requires

the eventual closure of DJJ and the devolution of its responsibilities onto the counties.

(§ 736.5, subd. (a).) The county-level equivalent of DJJ is an SYTF (§ 875), such as

Pathways. After July 1, 2021, with one exception, wards may no longer be committed to

9 DJJ. (§ 736.5, subd. (b).) Wards committed to DJJ before July 1, 2021 remain there,

unless released, discharged, or moved, until DJJ closes on June 30, 2023. (§ 736.5, subd.

(d).)

B. Subdivision (h)(2) as a Basis for Jurisdiction.

Defendant and Probation argue that defendant comes within subdivision (c), which

provides that the juvenile court may retain jurisdiction only until a ward turns 25.

Certainly he meets all of its requirements. He has been found to be “a person described

in Section 602” — i.e., a person who “violate[d] a[] law” when he was “between 12 years

of age and 17 years of age . . . .” (§ 602, subd. (a).) He committed 707(b) offenses —

robbery, kidnapping for purposes of robbery, and forcible sex offenses. (§ 707, subds.

(b)(3)-(b)(5), (b)(7), (b)(10).) Finally, in adult court, he would be facing a sentence of

seven years or more — in fact, he was sentenced to life.

The juvenile court ruled, however, that defendant comes within an exception

created by subdivision (h)(2). It viewed subdivision (h)(2) as independent of subdivision

(h)(1). Subdivision (h)(1) applies only to “a person who is committed by the juvenile

court to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Juvenile Justice,

on or after July 1, 2018, and who is found to be a person described in Section 602 by

reason of the commission of an offense listed in . . . [707(b)] . . . .” By contrast,

subdivision (h)(2) has no such prefatory qualification. The juvenile court concluded that,

unlike subdivision (h)(1), subdivision (h)(2) is not limited to a person committed to the

DJJ.

10 We disagree, for six reasons.

First, the structure of section 607 shows what the Legislature intended.

Subdivisions (a), (b), (c), and (d) are primarily jurisdictional provisions.

Subdivision (a) starts by setting up a presumption that jurisdiction terminates at 21. It

makes an exception for subdivision (b), which allows the juvenile court to exercise

jurisdiction over wards who have committed 707(b) offenses until they are 23. It also

makes an exception for subdivision (c), which allows the juvenile court to exercise

jurisdiction over wards who have committed offenses that would entail a sentence in

adult court of seven years or more until they are 25. Each of these subdivisions limits

jurisdiction strictly by age; they do not provide for any extended period of control.

Subdivisions (g), (h)(1), and (h)(2) are primarily discharge provisions.

Subdivision (g) and subdivision (h)(1) are substantially similar. They both apply only to

wards committed to the DJJ; subdivision (g) applies only to wards committed between

July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2018, whereas subdivision (h)(1) applies only to wards

committed after June 30, 2018. Subdivision (h)(2), by contrast, is not expressly limited to

a ward committed to the DJJ. Each of these subdivisions provides for a two-year period

of control, which may extend beyond the age limits in subdivisions (a), (b), and (c).

None of them, however, gives the juvenile court any jurisdiction.

Of course, there is a relationship between jurisdiction and discharge. Subdivision

(d) ties the two together by ensuring that the juvenile court continues to have jurisdiction

until the ward is discharged. To repeat, it provides: “The court shall not discharge a

11 person from its jurisdiction who has been committed to the [DJJ] while the person

remains under the jurisdiction of the [DJJ] . . . .” It is an express exception to subdivision

(a). Thus, it gives the juvenile court jurisdiction during any extended period of control

under subdivisions (g) and (h)(1). As amicus the California State Association of

Counties (Association) points out, “This concurrent jurisdiction allows the juvenile court

to vacate or modify an order committing a person to [the] DJJ, if, for example, it finds

that the person is not safe or is not being provided adequate rehabilitative, educational, or

other needed services. [Citation.]”

Significantly, subdivision (d) confers jurisdiction only if a ward is committed to

the DJJ. Even assuming subdivision (h)(2) is really a standalone provision, it is still

merely a discharge provision. The juvenile court has jurisdiction under subdivision

(h)(2), if at all, only through subdivision (d), and subdivision (d) requires a DJJ

commitment.

Second, under the juvenile court’s interpretation, subdivision (c) and subdivision

(h)(2) would almost entirely overlap, yet they prescribe different outcomes. Subdivision

(c) applies to a ward who both committed a 707(b) offense and who would be subject to

an adult sentence of seven years or more. In the juvenile court’s eyes, subdivision (h)(2)

applies to any ward who would be subject to an adult sentence of seven years or more.

On that view, every ward who comes under subdivision (c) would also come under

subdivision (h)(2) and thus would be subject to a two-year period of control. Then why

have subdivision (c) at all? “‘As [our Supreme Court has] stressed in the past,

12 interpretations that render statutory terms meaningless as surplusage are to be avoided.’

[Citation.]” (People v. Fuentes (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 670, 679, pet. for rev. filed Jun.

14, 2022.)

Third, subdivision (h)(3) demonstrates that both subdivision (h)(1) and

subdivision (h)(2) apply only to a ward committed to the DJJ. As noted, it provides:

“This subdivision does not apply to a person who is committed to the [DJJ] . . . by a court

prior to July 1, 2018, as described in subdivision (g).” It does not carve out non-DJJ

commitments prior to July 1, 2018. Thus, if subdivision (h)(2) applied to non-DJJ

commitments, then wards given non-DJJ commitments before July 1, 2018 would be

subject to a two-year period of control, but wards given DJJ commitments before July 1,

2018 would not. (See also subd. (j).) This would be absurd.

Fourth, at the Association’s request, we have considered the legislative history of

subdivision (h). When statutory language is ambiguous, we may look to its legislative

history. (People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1369.) Certainly subdivision (h)(2)

is sufficiently ambiguous for us to do so here.

“We have often found enrolled bill reports to be ‘“instructive”’ as to the

Legislature’s intent, purpose, and understanding in enacting a statute . . . .’ [Citation.]”

(People v. Ruiz (2018) 4 Cal.5th 1100, 1111, fn. 3.) Subdivision (h) was originally added

(as then-subdivision (g)) by Assembly Bill No. 1812 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.), effective

June 27, 2018. (Stats. 2018, ch. 36, § 30, p. 1435.) According to the enrolled bill report

by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: “AB 1812 requires a person who is

13 committed to the [DJJ] on or after July 1, 2018, for specified offenses and who, at the

time of adjudication would have been eligible for transfer to a court of criminal

jurisdiction and who was adjudicated of a crime or crimes that, in criminal court, would

have carried a maximum possible sentence of 7 years of more, to be discharged upon the

expiration of a two year period of control, or when he or she attains 25 years of age,

whichever occurs later . . . .” (Cal. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Enrolled Bill

Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 1812 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) prepared for Governor Brown

(June 20, 2018) p. 7, italics added.) In other words, it read now-subdivision (h)(2) as

subject to all of the requirements of now-subdivision (h)(1), including the requirement

that the ward must be committed to the DJJ.

Fifth, section 875, enacted as part of realignment, provides that the juvenile court

can commit a minor who has committed a 707(b) offense to an SYTF. (§ 875, subd. (a).)

As relevant here, it further provides: “[I]f the ward has been committed to a secure youth

treatment facility based on adjudication for an offense or offenses for which the ward, if

convicted in adult criminal court, would face an aggregate sentence of seven or more

years, the ward shall not be held in secure confinement beyond 25 years of age, or two

years from the date of commitment, whichever occurs later.” (§ 875, subd. (c)(1)(A).)

Thus, section 875, subdivision (c)(1)(A) essentially mirrors subdivision (h)(2), except

that it substitutes an SYTF for the DJJ. However, it expressly requires an SYTF

commitment. Evidently the Legislature understood subdivision (h)(2) to implicitly

require a DJJ commitment.

14 Sixth, according to the leading treatise, subdivision (h)(2) requires a DJJ

commitment: “With one exception, a ward committed to the DJJ for an offense listed in

Welf & I C § 707(b) or Pen C § 290.008(c) must be discharged on the expiration of a 2-

year period of control or when the ward attains 23 years of age, whichever occurs later.

Welf & I C § 607(h)(1). The exception is that a ward committed to the DJJ for an

offense that would be punishable by 7 years or more for an adult may be held until age 25

or until expiration of a 2-year period of control, whichever occurs later. Welf & I C §§

607(h)(2) . . . .” (Cal. Criminal Law: Procedure and Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar 2022)

Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings, § 56.65, italics added.)

The juvenile court based its ruling on a footnote in People v. Hwang (2021) 60

Cal.App.5th 358 (Hwang), review granted Apr. 14, 2021 (S267274). In Hwang, in 2001,

a defendant who had been 15 at the time of the crimes was prosecuted, convicted, and

sentenced in adult court. (Id. at p. 361.) In 2018, the Department of Corrections and

Rehabilitation recommended that the sentence be recalled and that the defendant be

resentenced, because his sentence was unlawful under a 2009 case. (Id. at p. 362.) The

defendant then requested a transfer hearing, pursuant to Proposition 57. The trial court

denied the request and imposed a modified adult sentence. (Ibid.)

The appellate court held that both Proposition 57 and SB 1391 applied

retroactively to all judgments not yet final when they went into effect. (Hwang, supra, 60

Cal.App.5th at pp. 364-366.) “That this defendant is now over 25 years old does not

change our conclusion . . . .” (Id. at p. 365.) It further held that the recall and

15 resentencing reopened the finality of the judgment. (Id. at pp. 366-367.) It concluded:

“The appropriate remedy is a remand to the trial court with directions for the matter to be

transferred to the juvenile court for a juvenile adjudication. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 367.)

In the footnote, it commented: “We observe that our opinion does not require

defendant’s automatic release from custody. Under Welfare and Institutions Code

section 607, subdivision ([h])(2), ‘A person who, at the time of adjudication of a crime or

crimes, would, in criminal court, have faced an aggregate sentence of seven years or

more, shall be discharged upon the expiration of a two-year period of control, or when

the person attains 25 years of age, whichever occurs later, unless an order for further

detention has been made by the committing court pursuant to Article 6 (commencing

with [Welfare and Institutions Code s]ection 1800) of Chapter 1 of Division 2.5.’

Welfare and Institutions Code section 1800, subdivision (a) permits the Director of the

Division of Juvenile Justice to ask a prosecuting attorney to file a petition for a person

who ‘would be physically dangerous to the public because of the person’s mental or

physical deficiency, disorder, or abnormality that causes the person to have serious

difficulty controlling his or her dangerous behavior.’ [Citation.]” (Hwang, supra, 60

Cal.App.5th at p. 367, fn. 6.)

Thus, the Hwang court seems to have believed that the juvenile court could still

exercise jurisdiction over the approximately 33-year-old defendant under subdivision

(h)(2), and moreover that it could order him held beyond his discharge date under section

1800. This was dictum. The court’s holding did not turn on whether the defendant was

16 entitled to automatic release. Beyond citing subdivision (h)(2) and section 1800, the

court provided no analysis for its conclusions.

For the reasons already discussed, we respectfully disagree with the dictum in

Hwang.

C. The Effect of the DJJ Commitment.

The People do not rely on Hwang. In fact, they all but concede that the trial

court’s reasoning was erroneous: “[T]he prefatory language of subdivision (h)(1) is

relevant and likely applicable to subdivision (h)(2) as well . . . .”

The People argue, however, that defendant was committed to the DJJ (even though

the DJJ rejected the commitment and the juvenile court then vacated it). Defendant and

Probation respond that the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to make the DJJ

commitment.

The provisions for a two-year period of control, in subdivisions (g), (h)(1), and

(h)(2), tee up the question: Two years from when? Subdivisions (g) and (h)(1) expressly

apply only to a ward who is committed to the DJJ. As we have already held, subdivision

(h)(2) must be construed as likewise applying only to a ward who is committed to the

DJJ. The only reasonable construction of all three subdivisions is that the period of

control begins when the DJJ commitment begins.

As part of realignment, section 607 has been amended, effective June 30, 2022, so

as to provide that the juvenile court has jurisdiction over a ward who has committed a

707(b) offense until the ward turns either 23 or 25, “or two years from the date of

17 commitment to a secure youth treatment facility . . . , whichever occurs later . . . .”

(Current subds. (b), (c).) This confirms our understanding that all two-year periods of

control begin on the date of the commitment.

The People argue that, as subdivision (c) is a jurisdictional provision, this

amendment means “that jurisdiction was established . . . by the juvenile court’s

commitment of J.A. to Pathways, an SYTF, and that the juvenile court may retain

jurisdiction over J.A. for two years from the date of commitment to Pathways.”6 As

Probation points out, however, the amendment added the same language to subdivision

(b). Aside from age, all offenders who fall under subdivision (c) also fall under

subdivision (b). Thus, if this language were a springing source of jurisdiction, regardless

of age, there would be no need to add it separately to each subdivision.

Actually, this just highlights the bootstrapping nature of the People’s argument.

Yes, the amendment clarifies that, once a juvenile court makes a commitment to an

SYTF, it can “retain jurisdiction” for two years. But it does not give the juvenile court

jurisdiction to make a commitment to SYTF in the first place. The source of that

jurisdiction must be found elsewhere. And as to J.A., we do not find it anywhere.

Yet again, the overall scheme of section 607 is clear: A DJJ commitment must be

made while the juvenile court has jurisdiction of the ward because the ward is under 21,

23, or 25, under subdivision (a), (b), or (c), respectively. Once a DJJ (or SYTF)

6 Defendant and Probation contend that the amendment is not retroactive and that, if it is retroactive, it is unconstitutionally ex post facto. We need not decide these questions. We assume it can validly be applied to defendant.

18 commitment is made, the two-year period of control begins, and it may continue beyond

the age of 21, 23, or 25, as the case may be; the juvenile court retains jurisdiction during

this extended period under subdivision (d). If the juvenile court does not have

jurisdiction to make a valid DJJ (or SYTF) commitment, a two-year period of control can

never begin.

By reading subdivision (h)(2) as a “standalone” provision, the trial court was

grasping at the only straw that would even arguably support it committing defendant to

the DJJ. However, subdivision (h)(2) is operative only after a DJJ commitment has

already been made; it does not give a juvenile court jurisdiction to order the commitment.

In sum, the juvenile court had no authority to commit a 40-year-old to the DJJ.

III

DISPOSITION

Let a petition for writ of mandate issue directing respondent superior court to

vacate defendant’s commitment to Pathways and to dismiss the case. Our stay order is

vacated.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ

P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER J.

MILLER

J.

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