NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 12 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARIA R. ORBE ABARCA, AKA Maria No. 16-70915 Roxana Orbe Abarca, Agency No. A087-746-355 Petitioner,

v. MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted January 10, 2023** Pasadena, California

Before: WATFORD, FRIEDLAND, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.

Maria Orbe Abarca (“Orbe Abarca”), a native and citizen of Mexico,

petitions for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

upholding the denial by the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) of her application for asylum

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). and withholding of removal. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.

Because the BIA adopted the decision of the IJ and added additional reasoning, we

review both decisions for substantial evidence. Singh v. Holder, 764 F.3d 1153,

1159 (9th Cir. 2014). We deny the petition.

Orbe Abarca is not entitled to a rebuttable presumption of an objectively

well-founded fear of future persecution because the threats she faced from the

individual who arranged her transport to the United States (“El Negro”) did not

amount to past persecution.1 See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060, 1062

(9th Cir. 2021) (“Most threats do not rise to the level of persecution . . . . We have

been most likely to find persecution where threats are repeated, specific and

combined with confrontation or other mistreatment.” (cleaned up)).

The BIA’s conclusion that Orbe Abarca did not otherwise meet her burden

of establishing a well-founded fear of persecution is supported by substantial

1 Orbe Abarca did not fail to exhaust her claim of past persecution, even if that claim ultimately fails. Although she did not file a brief when proceeding pro se before the BIA, her attorney referenced El Negro’s prior threats when arguing before the IJ. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Before a petitioner can raise an argument on appeal, the petitioner must first raise the issue before the BIA or IJ.” (emphasis added) (quoting Rojas-Garcia v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 814, 819 (9th Cir. 2003))); Arreguin-Moreno v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 1229, 1232 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[W]hen the BIA cites Burbano in its decision, all issues presented before the IJ are deemed to have been presented to the BIA.”).

2 evidence.2 There is no evidence in the record supporting Orbe Abarca’s claim that

El Negro is part of a powerful organization or is aware that she was willing to

testify against the driver of the truck in which she was smuggled. Orbe Abarca and

the family members whose addresses she provided to El Negro have not been

threatened or harmed since her apprehension at the border in 2010, and there is no

evidence that the murder of Orbe Abarca’s uncle in 2013 was related to El Negro.

Nor has Orbe Abarca argued that she faces persecution from anyone other than El

Negro and his affiliates. She therefore has not shown that she faces the requisite

risk of persecution for either asylum or withholding of removal. See Wakkary v.

Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1064-65 (9th Cir. 2009) (stating that an individual must

show at least a ten percent chance of future persecution for asylum, and more than

a fifty percent chance for withholding of removal).

PETITION DENIED.

2 Orbe Abarca also challenges the agency’s approach to analyzing the social group and nexus elements of her claims. Because her claims fail for the independent reason of lack of an objectively well-founded fear of persecution, we do not address those elements.

3