NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 8 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HUMBERTO PEREZ-BARAJAS, No. 22-165

Petitioner, Agency No. A077-165-294

v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 07, 2023** San Francisco, California

Before: FRIEDLAND and NELSON, Circuit Judges, and KATZMANN,*** Judge.

Humberto Perez-Barajas, a Mexican native and citizen, petitions for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) affirmance of an Immigration

Judge’s (IJ) denial of his applications for withholding of removal under the

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Gary S. Katzmann, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation. Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and the Convention Against Torture

(CAT). “We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 to review final orders of

removal,” Wang v. Sessions, 861 F.3d 1003, 1007 (9th Cir. 2017), and deny the

petition.

“We review the BIA’s denials of . . . withholding of removal[ ] and CAT

relief for ‘substantial evidence’ and will uphold a denial supported by

‘reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.’” Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting

Kamalyan v. Holder, 620 F.3d 1054, 1057 (9th Cir. 2010)). “Where the BIA

issues its own decision but relies in part on the immigration judge’s reasoning,

we review both decisions.” Singh v. Holder, 753 F.3d 826, 830 (9th Cir. 2014)

(quoting Flores-Lopez v. Holder, 685 F.3d 857, 861 (9th Cir. 2012)).

1. Perez-Barajas contends that the BIA and IJ erred in determining that

his family was not a particular social group and that he could safely return to

Mexico. “Withholding of removal requires the petitioner to demonstrate his or

her ‘life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the

[petitioner’s] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,

or political opinion.’” Tamang v. Holder, 598 F.3d 1083, 1091 (9th Cir. 2010)

(alteration in original) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)). A petitioner can meet

this standard by showing past persecution that “establish[es] a presumption of

fear of future persecution” or “through an independent showing of clear

probability of future persecution.” Id.

2 22-165 Substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s determination that

Perez-Barajas did not experience past persecution. Persecution “is an extreme

concept that means something considerably more than discrimination or

harassment.” Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation

omitted). The IJ explained that Perez-Barajas was not persecuted because he has

not been physically harmed and any threats against his family following his

father’s murder were unfulfilled. See id. at 1062 (“Mere threats, without more,

do not necessarily compel a finding of past persecution.” (cleaned up and citation

omitted)).

Moreover, the BIA correctly affirmed the IJ’s determination that Perez-

Barajas does not face a clear probability of future persecution. The BIA noted

that Perez-Barajas’s family members—who were also threatened—have

continued to live in the same town as the individual who murdered petitioner’s

father without harm. Sinha v. Holder, 564 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[A]

petitioner’s fear of future persecution is weakened, even undercut, when

similarly-situated family members living in the petitioner’s home country are not

harmed.” (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

To the extent Perez-Barajas fears persecution by cartels, that petitioner has

returned to Mexico on multiple occasions without harm and could reasonably

relocate to Tijuana, where he previously lived without persecution, is dispositive

of his claim for withholding of removal under the INA. See Akosung v. Barr, 970

F.3d 1095, 1101 (9th Cir. 2020) (withholding of removal is unavailable if

3 22-165 applicant could avoid persecution through relocation and it is reasonable to expect

applicant to do so).

2. Perez-Barajas next asserts that the BIA and IJ erred in concluding

that he is not eligible for CAT relief. CAT relief requires a showing that “it is

more likely than not that [the petitioner] would be tortured if removed to the

proposed country of removal” and that the torture is inflicted by, at the instigation

of, or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official. Gonzalez-Caraveo v.

Sessions, 882 F.3d 885, 894 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)).

That the perpetrator was imprisoned following the murder of Perez-

Barajas’s father shows that the government did not instigate or acquiesce in

torture, as required under 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(c)(2), 1208.18(a)(1). Moreover,

as previously noted, substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s determination

that Perez-Barajas could safely and reasonably relocate within Mexico. See

Tzompantzi-Salazar v. Garland, 32 F.4th 696, 704–05 (9th Cir. 2022) (the ability

to relocate is sufficient to deny relief under CAT). Perez-Barajas is therefore not

entitled to relief on his CAT claim.

The petition for review and motion to stay removal (Dkt. No. 3) are

DENIED.

4 22-165