NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 10 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MATEO MATEO-SIMON, No. 21-205

Petitioner, Agency No. A213-082-392

v.

MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 8, 2023** Pasadena, California

Before: CALLAHAN, FORREST, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Mateo Mateo-Simon seeks review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ (BIA) dismissal of his appeal of an immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of his

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the

Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 1 and we deny the petition.

Our review is confined to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent that the

BIA incorporates the IJ’s decision as its own. See Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d

1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 2016). Factual determinations are reviewed for substantial

evidence and may be reversed if “the evidence in the record compels a reasonable

factfinder to conclude that the BIA’s decision is incorrect.” Vinh Tan Nguyen v.

Holder, 763 F.3d 1022, 1029 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). Under 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1), the Attorney General may grant asylum to a person who is unable or

unwilling to return to his or her country “because of persecution or a well-founded

fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion.” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478,

481 (1992) (citations omitted). To be eligible for withholding of removal, an

applicant bears the burden of demonstrating that “his or her life or freedom would

be threatened in the proposed country of removal on account of” a protected

ground. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b). This requires showing “a clear probability—i.e.,

that it is more probable than not—that he would suffer future persecution.” Hoxha

v. Ashcroft, 319 F.3d 1179, 1185 (9th Cir. 2003). Similarly, an applicant for CAT

relief must show that “it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if

removed.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); see Unuakhaulu v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 931,

2 939 (9th Cir. 2005). Moreover, an applicant for CAT relief must show that the

torture would be inflicted with the consent or acquiescence of a public official.

8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1); see Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1071, 1079 (9th Cir.

2008).

Mateo-Simon argues that his credible testimony, the harm already

perpetrated against him, and “horrific social conditions” in Guatemala constitute a

compelling showing of past persecution and support a grant of asylum or

withholding of removal. His arguments are not persuasive.

First, Mateo-Simon has failed to show that the BIA erred in determining that

his proposed particular social group —“young Mayan males targeted by wealthy

women”—was not a cognizable particular social group under 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A) because “it is circularly defined by the harm [Mateo-Simon]

experienced and fears.” See Diaz-Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1080 (9th Cir.

2020) ("[A] particular social group must exist independently of the harm

asserted."). Because Mateo-Simon’s proposed particular social group was not

cognizable, the BIA reasonably determined that Mateo-Simon “failed to

demonstrate the requisite nexus between his claimed past harm and fear of future

harm and a protected ground under the Act.”1

1 Because we reject Mateo-Simon’s arguments on their merit, we do not address the government’s assertion that the lack of citations in Mateo-Simon’s brief amounts to a waiver of his opportunity to challenge the denial of asylum. 3 Second, the record does not compel a finding that Mateo-Simon was

subjected to past persecution. His only allegation of actual harm is from 2004,

when at the age of 13, he intervened in a fight involving his brother. He also

alleges that a criminal gang attempted to recruit him when he was around 14 but

does not claim that the gang harmed him. The BIA thus reasonably concluded that

Mateo-Simon’s “general fear of being recruited or harmed by criminal gangs,” did

not establish eligibility for either asylum or withholding of removal. See Sharma

v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1063 (9th Cir. 2021) (infrequent experiences of

insignificant harm insufficient to compel a finding of past persecution).

Finally, Mateo-Simon has not made the requisite showing for CAT relief:

that it is more likely than not that, if returned to Guatemala, he would be tortured

by or with the acquiescence of a government official. See Unuakhaula, 416 F.3d at

939. But for his intervention in support of his brother in 2004, Mateo-Simon has

had no cause to seek assistance or protection from officials, and he offers no

specific evidence of mistreatment by officials, of him or others similar to him.

Mateo-Simon’s generalized evidence of violence and crime in Guatemala is

insufficient to prove that he faces a likelihood of mistreatment rising to the level of

torture. See Lalayan v. Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 840 (9th Cir. 2021).

The petition is DENIED.

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