FILED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION JUN 26 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

OSCAR ALBERTO ALONSO- No. 21-231

CASTENADA,

Agency No. A200-626-073 Petitioner,

v. MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted June 14, 2023** Pasadena, California

Before: BYBEE and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER,*** District Judge.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Sidney A. Fitzwater, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation. Oscar Alberto Alonso-Castenada (“Alonso-Castenada”), a citizen of Mexico,

petitions for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

denying his motion to reopen pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). We have

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. See Kucana v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233, 253 (2010).

Reviewing the agency’s factual determinations for substantial evidence and legal

questions de novo, see Najmabadi v. Holder, 597 F.3d 983, 986 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing

Bhasin v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 977, 983 (9th Cir. 2005)), we deny the petition.

1. The BIA properly concluded that Alonso-Castenada failed to establish prima

facie cases of eligibility for asylum and withholding of removal because he failed to

establish membership in a cognizable social group. “An asylum or withholding

applicant’s burden includes (1) demonstrating the existence of a cognizable particular

social group, (2) his membership in that particular social group, and (3) a risk of

persecution on account of his membership in the specified particular social group.”

Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1132 n.3 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “[I]t is now well-established that an applicant seeking relief based on

membership in a particular social group must establish that the group is: ‘(1)

composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined

with particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in question.’”

Diaz-Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1077 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Matter of

2 M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (BIA 2014)). “Under the BIA’s established

standards, social groups must be determined on a case-by-case basis.” Id. at 1080

(quotations and citations omitted). Although Alonso-Castenada asserts membership

in social groups consisting of individuals with past criminal history or individuals who

testify against smugglers, the BIA properly concluded that Alonso-Castenada failed

to meet his burden of establishing membership in a cognizable social group, and thus

has failed to establish prima facie cases of eligibility for asylum and withholding of

removal.

2. The BIA properly concluded that Alonso-Castenada failed to establish a

prima facie case of eligibility for protection under the CAT. To qualify for protection

under the CAT, “[t]he burden of proof is on the applicant . . . to establish that it is

more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed

country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2) (2022). “To qualify as torture, actions

must be ‘inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a

public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’” Nasrallah v. Barr, 140

S.Ct. 1683, 1688 n.1 (2020) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1) (2019)). Although

“country conditions alone can ‘play a decisive role in granting relief under [CAT],’”

Nuru v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 1207, 1219 (9th Cir. 2005) (alteration in original)

(quoting Kamalthas v. I.N.S., 251 F.3d 1279, 1280 (9th Cir. 2001)), “generalized

3 evidence of violence and crime” in the country of removal that is not particular to the

petitioner is an insufficient basis for granting such relief. Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder,

600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam).

Although Alonso-Castenada maintains “that there has been an increasing rate

of homicides in Mexico since he was last before the Immigration Court, and that the

Mexican government has demonstrated an unwillingness or inability to adequately

protect its citizens,” he has provided only generalized evidence of an increase of

violence and crime in Mexico, and has presented no evidence particular to himself by

which the BIA could concluded that he more likely than not will face torture inflicted

by or with the consent of the Mexican government. Therefore, the BIA properly

concluded that Alonso-Castenada failed to establish eligibility for protection under the

CAT.

PETITION DENIED.

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