FILED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

JUL 26 2023

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HOPE MEDICAL ENTERPRISES, INC., No. 22-55173 DBA Hope Pharmaceuticals, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:19-cv-07748-CAS-PLA

v.

MEMORANDUM*

FAGRON COMPOUNDING SERVICES,

LLC; et al.,

Defendants-Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Christina A. Snyder, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 21, 2023 Pasadena, California

Before: S.R. THOMAS, NGUYEN, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.

Fagron Compounding Services, LLC and others (“Fagron”) appeal the

district court’s judgment in favor of Hope Medical Enterprises, Inc. (“Hope”) in

Hope’s diversity action alleging Fagron violated state unfair-competition laws by

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. selling prescription drugs prohibited by state drug-approval laws. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Following a bench trial, we review the

district court’s conclusions of law de novo. Oakland Bulk & Oversized Terminal,

LLC v. City of Oakland, 960 F.3d 603, 612 (9th Cir. 2020). We also review a

district court’s decision regarding preemption de novo. Cohen v. ConAgra Brands,

Inc., 16 F.4th 1283, 1287 (9th Cir. 2021). We reverse.1 Because the parties are

familiar with the factual and procedural history of the case, we need not recount it

here.

Federal law preempts state law when the state requirement “stands as an

obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives

of Congress.” Stengel v. Medtronic Inc., 704 F.3d 1224, 1231 (9th Cir. 2013) (en

banc) (citation omitted). The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”)

prohibits private enforcement: “all proceedings to enforce or restrain violations of

the FDCA must be ‘by and in the name of the United States,’ except for certain

proceedings by state governments.” Nexus Pharms., Inc. v. Cent. Admixture

Pharmacy Servs., Inc., 48 F.4th 1040, 1044 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 21 U.S.C. §

337(a)). The FDCA regulates the manufacturing of compounded drugs and

exempts manufacturers of compounded drugs from the requirement to obtain drug

1 We also deny Fagron’s motion for judicial notice (Dkt. 32). 2 approval from the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in certain instances. Id.

at 1042–43; 21 U.S.C. §§ 353a–b.

In Nexus, we held that the FDCA preempted a pharmaceutical company’s

suit alleging that another pharmaceutical company violated several states’ unfair-

competition laws by selling an unapproved, compounded drug that was “essentially

a copy” of an FDA-approved drug under section 503B of the FDCA. Id. at 1044.

We reasoned that the FDCA’s prohibition on private enforcement bars a drug

manufacturer from suing another drug manufacturer for economic harm “because

the defendant violated the FDCA.” Id. at 1050.

Nexus controls here. Because Hope seeks to “enforce its interpretation” of

the FDCA’s rules for manufacturing compounded drugs against a competitor, the

FDCA’s prohibition on private enforcement and the doctrine of implied

preemption bar the suit. Id. at 1050–51.

We also reverse the district court’s award of fees and costs to Hope.

REVERSED.

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