NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 30 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL RHINE, No. 22-35245

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00876-RAJ-BAT v.

GINA PEREZ; UNITED STATES OF MEMORANDUM*

AMERICA,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted August 28, 2023**

Before: BENNETT, SUNG, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

Daniel Rhine appeals the district court’s dismissal of his defamation claim

against Gina Perez and the United States, which partially substituted itself as a

defendant pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d). We have appellate jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court’s dismissal de novo. Saleh v. Bush,

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). 848 F.3d 880, 886 (9th Cir. 2017). We affirm.

1. The only statements that Rhine challenges on appeal were made by Perez

while she was an employee of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).1 But

the United States has substituted itself as a defendant with respect to those claims.

See 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d) (Westfall Act). “A party may bring an action against the

United States only to the extent that the government waives its sovereign

immunity.” Valdez v. United States, 56 F.3d 1177, 1179 (9th Cir. 1995). The

Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) “represent[s] a limited waiver of that sovereign

immunity for tort claims arising out of the conduct of a government employee

acting within the scope of his or her employment.” Id. But a defamation claim is

not actionable under the FTCA, as the FTCA does not apply to “[a]ny claim arising

out of . . . libel [or] slander.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h).

Rhine, however, also challenges the United States’ partial substitution. To

succeed in this challenge, Rhine “bears the burden of presenting evidence and

disproving the [] decision to grant . . . scope of employment certification by a

preponderance of the evidence.” Saleh, 848 F.3d at 889 (quoting Green v. Hall, 8

F.3d 695, 698 (9th Cir. 1993) (per curiam)). Even assuming that Rhine’s challenge

1 Rhine’s complaint describes two specific statements, one made on March 4, 2019, and the other made on July 12, 2019. He also mentions a statement made on January 24, 2020, but the complaint does not contain allegations related to this statement.

2 is preserved for appeal, he fails to meet that burden. Under Washington law, an

employee acts outside of the scope of their employment when their actions are

“different in kind from that authorized, far beyond the authorized time or space

limits, or too little actuated by a purpose to serve the master.” Robel v. Roundup

Corp., 59 P.3d 611, 621 (Wash. 2002) (en banc) (quoting Restatement (Second) of

Agency § 228(2) (Am. L. Inst. 1958)). Because Perez made her statements about

Rhine as a FAA employee, because the statements were made to FAA

investigators, and because they concerned Rhine’s alleged workplace conduct,

Perez’s statements were at least in part “actuated by a purpose to serve the” FAA.

Id. The district court therefore correctly dismissed Rhine’s defamation claim

against the United States for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.2

2. To the extent that any claim remains against Perez, the district court

correctly dismissed Rhine’s complaint for failure to state a claim. Rhine fails to

adequately plead the elements of a cause of action for defamation under

Washington law: (1) a false statement; (2) lack of privilege; (3) fault; and (4)

damages. Herron v. KING Broad. Co., 776 P.2d 98, 101 (Wash. 1989) (en banc).

2 Although Rhine seeks “leave to amend through the FTCA,” the district court’s “[d]ismissal with prejudice and without leave to amend” was appropriate because “it is clear on de novo review that the complaint could not be saved by amendment.” Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). As explained previously, the FTCA categorically does not apply to any claim arising out of libel or slander. See 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h).

3 “[E]xpressions of opinion” are “not actionable.” Robel, 59 P.3d at 621 (citation

omitted). The statements identified by Rhine amount to, at most, statements of

opinion.

AFFIRMED.

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